城市绿化需要转变观念

森林作为城市的"肺",作为城市生态系统中具有自净功能的重要组成部分,在美化城市景观、改善人居环境、吸收降解城市污染物、减轻或消除城市热岛效     

重工业城市——柳州市热岛效应的空间分布和时间演变

柳州市作为广西最大的工业城市、国家Ⅱ型大城市和中国五大汽车城之一,近年来其城市规模不断扩张,工业化进程不断加速使得城市热岛现象表现得越来越显著,但对柳州市热岛效应研究很少,尤其是多年连续遥感监测研究尚属空白。本文主要研究柳州市区城市热岛效应现状及其影响因素。通过辐射传输方程法反演柳州市近20年地表温度,分析其影响因素,阐明地表温度与城市发展、地形、下垫面、地物光谱的关系。研究结果表明:柳州市热岛效应基本呈"点状→面状→带状"时空演变规律,与城市规模扩大、经济发展加速密切相关;不透水面对热岛效应的促进最强,植被对热岛效应的抑制最有效;对重工业城市热岛效应的研究而言,相较于羟基特征值,铁染特征值可以作为更好的指标。根据柳州市热岛效应的时空演变规律和发展趋势,对城市工业布局和建设规划提出科学合理的建议。     

基于GIS技术的可达性分析在城市总体规划中的应用研究

我国可达性研究相对薄弱，尤其在城市尺度内的研究比较缺乏。探讨了可达性在城市规划中的应用，提出了可达性与城市规划结合的新理念；选择势能模型构建可达性分析模型，结合GIS技术中的网络分析、空间插值，评价了城市总体规划对居民可达性的影响。通过规划，居民出行时耗显著减少，居民出行便捷程度全面改善；将可达性理论与GIS技术结合应用于城市总体规划，提出了规划自检的新方法，有助于决策者做出最优决策。     

生态城市四元主体模型的构建

生态城市作为人类的理想居住地，其构建和发展与人类的生产和生活息息相关。明确一个生态城市系统的构成主体及各构成主体在生态城市的构建和发展过程中所起的作用，对研究生态城市至关重要。通过对生态城市构成主体及发展阶段的分析研究，提出由非政府组织、政府、企业、城市居民四方面主体构建生态城市的四元主体模型设想；通过分析各主体参与构建模型的必要性和作用，阐述了在生态城市发展的不同阶段四元主体模型的演变过程。     

大英县生物多样性保护规划布局研究

生物多样性保护是全球关注的热点话题。为更好地指导城市生物多样性保护规划，在这里以大英县为例，结合大英县生物多样性现状、经济发展状况及地理气候条件，依据生物多样性保护相关法律法规，对其生物（植物）多样性保护规划的布局作一探讨。     

成市都温度场统计特征

一、引言及资料在目前的城市气候研究中,常把市区温度高于郊区温度的现象,称为“城市热岛”,而把热岛中心温度减去同时间、同高度(通常距地1.5米高处)郊区温度的差值,称为“热岛强度”。它是城市气候中的一个显著特征,也是各个城市所共有     

谁在支撑城市的发展

城市及其周边或区域的生物多样性为城市居民提供诸多的生态服务。当今的城市发展模式不仅过多地占据了生物多样性必要的生存空间,而且损害了生态系统结构和功能的完整性。通过有效生态途径(城市生态研究、生态规划设计、生态工程技术和生态管理)来调节和控制城市的发展速度、规模、结构和性质,在城市发展空间中,按照生态优先原则规划和建设好每一片有限的土地,使城市保有合理的生物多样性栖息地和城乡协调的生态空间,是我国城市可持续发展的当务之急。     

城市旅游者寻路行为的研究内容和研究方法

从寻路行为概念辨析、寻路行为研究对象、城市旅游者寻路行为过程模型研究、寻路引导系统方式、寻路行为影响因素五个方面对城市旅游者寻路行为的研究内容和成果进行概述,归纳了城市旅游者寻路行为的研究方法,认为城市旅游者寻路行为研究是旅游地理学研究中有待发展的领域。     

政府行政权力调整对城市绿色全要素生产率的影响——来自“撤县设区”和“省直管县”改革的经验证据

本研究利用“撤县设区”和“省直管县”改革来刻画行政权力向市级政府的集中和分散，构建双重差分模型，基于地级市面板数据，检验了行政权力调整对城市绿色全要素生产率的影响。研究结果表明，行政权力集中加强了市级政府的资源统筹调配能力，通过提高技术创新水平、增加环保支出规模、降低工业产值比重等渠道，显著提升了城市绿色全要素生产率。而行政权力分散的影响效应相反，并不利于城市绿色高质量发展。相较而言，行政权力集中的正效应在政府行为规范度较高、市辖区经济较强的城市表现更突出，行政权力分散的负效应在政府行为规范度较低、县区经济相对较强的城市有着充分体现。对于高行政级别的城市，行政权力调整的影响并不显著。据此，从优化各级政府职能体系，分阶段、分类型，渐进式推进行政管理体制改革等方面提出对策建议。     

城市生物多样性保护——规划理想与实现途径

城市规划的核心价值应是协调城市各要素之间的关系,处理好城市开发建设中的外部性问题,实现城市整体最优与可持续发展。城市建设中大规模无序开发建设、绿化建设的盲目性、环境污染、空间分隔化等问题都对生物多样性保护构成了挑战。城市规划中要重视城市绿地系统规划中的生物多样性保护,运用生物多样性信息指导城市规划,实现构建我国城市规划中生物多样性保护框架的目标。     

城市热岛效应研究进展

本文主要从热岛效应研究方法、热岛效应形成及影响因素、减轻热岛效应的措施等方面讨论了城市热岛效应的研究进展，提出了热岛效应研究存在的问题和建议。     

EXTRA URBAN AND INTRA URBAN RAINFALL ENHANCEMENT BY A MEDIUM SIZED CITY1

An experiment on urban effects of warm season rainfall of a moderately sized city and its downwind towns found no evidence of global enhancement. However, there are grounds for believing that the intra urban distribution of precipitation is influenced by urban variables among which air pollution and urban roughness are considered primary. The presence of an urban heat island did not appear to improve rainfall. On the contrary, it appears to be a factor in the relative aridity of the downtown sector of the city.     

Managing the adverse thermal effects of urban development in a densely populated Chinese city

Guangzhou city in South China has experienced an accelerated urban development since the 1980s. This paper examines the impact of the urban development on urban heat islands through a historical analysis of urban-rural air temperature differences. Remote sensing techniques were applied to derive information on land use/cover and land surface temperatures and to assess the thermal response patterns of land cover types. The results revealed an overriding importance of urban land cover expansion in the changes in heat island intensity and surface temperature patterns. Urban development was also related to a continual air temperature increase in the 1980s and 1990s. The combined use of satellite-derived vegetation and land cover distributions with land surface temperature maps provides a potential useful tool for many planning applications. The city's greening campaigns and landscaping designs should consider the different cooling effects of forest, shrubs and grassy lawns for temperature control and should plant more tall trees.     

Is everyone hot in the city? Spatial pattern of land surface temperatures,land cover and neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics in Baltimore,MD

Urban heat island effect refers to the phenomenon that ambient air and surface temperatures in urban areas are several degrees higher than surrounding rural areas. Higher temperatures not only impact the comfort of urban dwellers, but also increase energy use, ozone production, and the risk of death for humans in a heat wave. Our research focuses on the variation in land surface temperature in the Gywnns Fall Watershed, Maryland. We found that land surface temperature is highly variable spatially, resulting in "hotspots" within the heat island. We further explore how this temperature variation relates to social factors on the scale of the census-based block group. We show that land surface temperature is statistically higher in block groups that are characterized by low income, high poverty, less education, more ethnic minorities, more elderly people and greater risk of crime. These variables were mapped to evaluate the spatial relationship of land surface temperatures to social factors. This spatially explicit approach facilitates identification of specific areas to prioritize for heat prevention and intervention efforts. We demonstrate, through an exercise, how incorporating data on land surface temperature and social factors into heat intervention strategies could contribute to efficient allocation of limited resources and services. The exercise also indicates where heat prevention efforts, such as tree-planting programs, are most needed to help reduce heat exposure and moderate the urban heat island effect.     

Integrating climate change adaptation strategies in urban planning and landscape design of Addis Ababa City,Ethiopia

Climate change (CC) is now recognized as posing a serious threat to the sustainable development of Addis Ababa city, Ethiopia. As a consequence, city authorities are showing increasing interest in combating CC by streamlining adaptation measures into city development planning through a comprehensive and integrated approach. Nevertheless, in the past, the integration of CC adaptation into urban planning (UP) and landscape design (LD) was not given adequate consideration by planners and designers due to lack of knowledge regarding CC and the efforts that can be taken to mitigate its effects. The objective of this work is: ? To summarize the current state of knowledge of, and conceptualization of, the core elements of CC impacts and responses in Addis Ababa in terms of their implications for UP and LD in the city; ? To develop a common understanding among urban planners and related professionals of how improvements in UP and LD can contribute to CC adaptation; and ? To mainstream CC in future UP and LD endeavors. The results of this study show that integrating CC adaptation and other response options into UP and LD at the city, subcity/catchment, neighborhood, site/project, and building levels will enhance the sustainability of the city with respect to its resilience to flood risk hazards, water supply during drought periods, and urban heat island effects.     

Strategic planning harnessing urban policy mobilities: the gradual development of local sustainability fix

The aim of our article is to follow how global policy models affect local policy making. Each city has unique local challenges in promoting development, e.g. economic growth, but also needs to find a balance between these targets and demands for sustainable city solutions. In our empirical study, we follow how ideas of waterfront development – to attract new inhabitants and promote economic growth – and global demands of carbon control were used interactively in a strategic spatial planning process in the city of Tampere, Finland. During the six-year planning process, these two policy targets became interdependent, created a new policy-making domain, and led to a combinatorial development of sustainability elements arising from this domain. These findings demonstrate the serial use of global policy models in the creation of a local urban ‘sustainability fix’. To conclude, the intertwinement of diverse global policy models in a city planning process creates easily a recursive cycle that redefines urban sustainability within cities and intercity networks. This perspective makes local policy narratives and strategic planning highly important in urban sustainability research as promoting urban sustainability becomes an inherently ambivalent practice.     

基于城市规划和土地利用的城市地貌环境研究综述

城市的建设与发展都以特定的地貌体为基础，城市地貌环境与城市规划关系密切。简述了在城市规划和城市土地利用条件下，国内外城市地质、城市地貌、城市地貌灾害与城市地貌环境质量综合评价的历史与发展，讨论了当前城市地貌环境研究存在的问题和研究方向。     

Exploring the relationship between residential segregation and thermal inequity in 20 U.S. cities

A combination of the urban heat island effect and a rising temperature baseline resulting from global climate change inequitably impacts socially vulnerable populations residing in urban areas. This article examines racial/ethnic and socioeconomic inequities in the spatial distribution of exposure to urban heat in the context of climate justice and residential segregation in the U.S. An urban heat risk index (UHRI) is calculated from measures of land surface temperature, structural density, and vegetation abundance, acquired from summer 2010 remote sensing imagery. Twenty of the largest metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in the U.S. are selected and analysed using census tract-level socio-demographic data from the U.S. Census. Multilevel modelling is utilised to examine the statistical associations between urban heat, minority status, socioeconomic disadvantage, and MSA-level segregation of racial/ethnic minority groups. Variables representing socioeconomic status (i.e. household income, home ownership, and education level) are consistently and significantly associated with greater urban heat exposure. Minority status and measures of segregation have a significant but varied relationship with urban heat exposure, indicating that there are inconsistent associations with urban heat due to differing social geographies. Urban heat and social vulnerability present a varying landscape of thermal inequity in different metropolitan areas, associated in many cases with residential segregation.     

城市化及其对大气环境的影响

中国城市化的快速发展与能源消耗的迅速增加,给中国城市带来了众多大气环境问题。城市化不仅造成了如热岛效应等城市周边气候的变化,还带来了酸雨频发、空气颗粒物污染加重和汽车尾气污染严重等城市环境问题。对此,应当从科学编制城市发展规划,合理调整经济结构,加强环境管理与污染治理,增加城市绿化面积等方面入手,改善城市大气环境。     

Impact of land use and land cover changes on the ambient temperature in a middle scale city, Takamatsu, in Southwest Japan

There is a lack of information on urban heat island impact on the thermal environment due to low populated urban sprawl, although densely populated urban sprawl impact has been identified by several researchers. The Takamatsu area has recently developed in a low populated urban sprawl style without any increase in population. This paper examined the impact of a low populated urban sprawl on the thermal environment through an analysis of the last 30 years data set and investigated the contribution of vegetation fraction and population density to the temperature trend. As a consequence, it was shown that one of the most significant causative factors of temperature increase is an expansion of non-vegetated area even without population growth. This result implied that vegetated zones should be maintained in urban areas in order to realize sustainable urbanization.