西风区黄土–古土壤的碳酸盐含量对磁化率影响研究

本文选择伊犁盆地塔勒德黄土– 古土壤序列,系统地开展了沉积物碳酸盐和磁化率等指 标研究,初步探讨了伊犁黄土碳酸盐含量对磁化率增减的影响机制。研究发现,塔勒德古土壤 中低频磁化率值中明显低于黄土层,且较黄土高原古土壤值小,频率磁化率也远小于黄土高原; 碳酸盐含量在S₁ 层中含量明显高于黄土,且较黄土高原古土壤高,与剖面磁化率负相关,在古 土壤中相关度更显著。去除碳酸盐的设计实验显示加入蒸馏水后沉积物磁化率值变化在10％以 内;加入醋酸（HAc）后样品磁化率值均增加,其最大增幅达12.89%（黄土）,古土壤的磁化 率增加9% 以上;加入稀盐酸后影响程度不一,在黄土中约在15%,而对古土壤影响较大,最大 可达35%,表明沉积物中碳酸盐含量对磁化率的影响不仅是简单的稀释作用,还与干旱气候环 境下碳酸盐化、次生碳酸盐化作用相关。     

西风区末次冰期以来昭苏黄土剖面微量元素分布特征及其环境意义

通过对新疆伊犁昭苏黄土剖面微量元素和粒度的测定分析,并与黄土高原黄土进行 对比,揭示了西风区末次冰期以来黄土微量元素地球化学变化特征,探讨了其古气候意义。 分析结果表明,伊犁黄土除Sr 和Cr 元素出现富集外,其他微量元素含量与黄土高原总体具 有较好的相似性,可能表明末次冰期以来伊犁黄土形成环境较黄土高原干旱;伊犁黄土除 Sr、Zn、Co 和Ni 元素含量分布变化比黄土高原稍大外,其他微量元素变化均比黄土高原小 的多,可能意味着末次冰期以来伊犁地区环境变化幅度总体较黄土高原小的多。此外,研究 结果还表明,伊犁黄土Zr 元素主要赋存在粒径>20 μm 的粗颗粒中,暗示着黄土中锆石组分 主要赋存于这种粗颗粒组分中;该剖面微量元素在风化成壤过程中,其迁移性由强至弱依次 为Zr > Y > Sr > Cr > V > Ga > Rb > Ni > Cu > Ba > Th > Zn > Co > U,均出现不同程度的富集,富 集率均较低且变化幅度较小,可能指示末次冰期以来伊犁黄土沉积环境较为干旱且波动变化 较小。     

新疆塔城黄土的形成

中亚黄土是研究区域古气候和古环境变化的重要载体。但是对于受到广泛研究的黄土 高原黄土来说,对中亚东部塔城黄土的报道较少。基于对塔城黄土粒度的系统分析,与伊犁盆 地黄土、典型黄土高原的黄土对比,我们发现无论是粒度频率曲线、粒度结构散点图、还是三 角图,塔城黄土与伊犁盆地清水河黄土较相似,而与黄土高原黄土不同,塔城黄土粒度频率分 布曲线为三峰分布,粒度组成比较分散,分选较差,细、中颗粒含量较少,主要以粗颗粒物质 为主,属近源风成黄土。结合当地地形和现代环流分析,我们认为中亚萨雷耶西克阿特劳沙漠 为塔城黄土提供主要的物源,盛行西风为粉尘的搬运提供足够的动力,向西开口的山间盆地地 形为粉尘的沉积提供有利的沉积中心,这三个条件的共同作用导致了塔城盆地厚层黄土的沉积。     

黄土沉积物中次生细粒强磁性矿物记录的古气候信息

伊犁地区位于我国新疆地区西北部,为天山山脉环绕。区内降水自西向东递增,而温 度则由于海拔高度的抬升而逐渐降低。上述地理环境有利于分析和探讨温度和降水与黄土沉积 物中次生细粒强磁性颗粒数量之间关系。本研究在伊犁河谷西部地区,对不同海拔高度黄土表 层沉积物进行样品采集。环境磁学分析结果显示：黄土沉积物中次生细粒强磁性矿物含量与降 水量之间存在很好的正相关关系,而与温度之间存在反相关关系。结合黄土高原的研究结果可 以发现：温度对黄土沉积物中次生细粒强磁性矿物的数量影响微弱,降水是控制其含量的主要 因素;即：在黄土古气候研究中,次生细粒强磁性矿物的磁化率可以作为古降水量的代用指标, 但对温度变化不敏感。     

伊犁尼勒克黄土石英颗粒微形态特征及其成因与物源意义

石英颗粒表面微形态分析是判断沉积物成因和来源的重要方法之一。对伊犁盆地尼勒克黄土石英颗粒表面微形态特征进行了研究,并将其与冰川、河流、沙漠样品进行比较,结果表明尼勒克黄土石英颗粒磨圆较差,冰川和水流作用的微形态特征明显,系近源风力搬运沉积。通过对比分析讨论了石英粉砂的可能产生机制,认为流水和寒冻风化作用为伊犁黄土的形成提供了重要动力来源。尼勒克黄土的物质来源和匈牙利黄土类似,而与黄土高原黄土有较大差别,这主要表现在经受风力搬运-沉积的次数上或者风力搬运的距离上。该研究为解译伊犁地区黄土的古气候环境意义提供了重要基础。     

塔吉克斯坦黄土矿物与稀土元素组成特征

：黄土矿物和地球化学组成是研究黄土来源和成因的重要手段。利用X 射线衍射（XRD） 和电感耦合等离子体质谱技术（ICP-MS）对亚洲内陆塔吉克斯坦共和国的黄土分别进行了矿物 组成和稀土元素（REE）特征分析,并与黄土高原和新疆伊犁黄土进行了对比。研究结果表明： XRD 鉴定出塔吉克斯坦黄土有10 多种矿物,以石英为主,其次为长石、方解石,还有少量绿泥 石、云母类、白云石等,偶见多种重矿物,其矿物组成与黄土高原和新疆伊犁黄土类似,但石英、 方解石的含量较低,角闪石含量介于黄土高原与伊犁黄土之间,反映近源弱风化的环境。稀土 元素总含量（ΣREE）变化于130.61 ~ 205.62 μg?g^-1,平均值为158.81 μg?g^-1,明显低于黄土高原 黄土和新疆黄土,但黄土与古土壤的REE 特征参数及配分模式具有很好的相似性,说明两者具 有类似的风成成因。塔吉克斯坦黄土不同时代的矿物成分和REE特征参数、配分模式与黄土高原、 新疆黄土接近,显示出其经过搬运后的高度混合性特征,亦指示其为风成成因,而含量的细微 差异则主要反映了区域地质背景和源区的不同。     

准噶尔盆地南缘黄土磁化率变化规律及影响因素

准噶尔盆地南缘柏杨河典型风成黄土剖面的岩石磁学与粒度研究结果指示该地区黄土磁 性矿物以亚铁磁性矿物为主,主要载磁矿物为粗粒原生强磁性矿物,同时含有少量细粒磁性矿物, 磁性矿物含量远低于黄土高原黄土。磁性矿物磁晶粒度以假单畴和多畴（PSD/MD）为主,后期 成壤过程对磁性矿物颗粒的改造作用很小。柏杨河黄土磁化率增强机制较为复杂,磁学与粒度 的曲线对比表明风动力强度对含磁性矿物较粗颗粒具有分选作用,是导致磁化率变化的重要因 素,但二者的低相关性又暗示了风动力强度在解释磁化率增强机制中的局限性。古尔班通古特 沙漠在末次间冰期以来的收缩与扩张导致的物源变化可能是影响磁化率变化的又一重要因素。     

山东淄博佛村黄土沉积多指标记录的气候环境演变过程

对山东省淄博市寨里镇佛村黄土剖面(FC剖面)进行粒度、磁化率及色度等沉积学指标分析,结果表明:(1)FC剖面6个光释光样品年龄结果介于3.02±0.45—100.99±13.58 ka,说明FC剖面是末次间冰期以来的沉积物;(2)根据沉积物粒度频率分布曲线和粒度组成特征,并与伊犁黄土、黄土高原黄土对比,可判知FC剖面为风成沉积物;(3)FC剖面磁化率与色度曲线具有相似的变化趋势,较好指示了黄土沉积时的冷暖干湿变化;(4)根据粒度中值粒径(Md)、低频磁化率(χlf)、土壤颜色(L~*,a~*)、环境敏感组分(56.23—112.20μm)等气候代用指标并结合光释光测年结果,将FC剖面划分为5个部分,分别对应于深海同位素MIS1—MIS5时期。1、3、5部分分别对应MIS1、MIS3早期、MIS5阶段,夏季风强盛,气候较暖湿,发育古土壤;2部分对应MIS2和MIS3中晚期阶段,4部分对应MIS4阶段,冬季风强盛,气候较干冷,堆积黄土。     

黄土高原及周边地区土壤有机质对现代土壤磁化率的影响

磁化率是黄土-古土壤序列古气候研究的一个重要指标。本文调查了黄土高原及周边地区三种类型土壤的磁化率、土壤有机碳含量、有机碳同位素组成和碳氮比值等指标。样品采集自黄土-沙漠过渡区、黄土塬面和森林地区,代表了黄土高原地区主要的土壤类型。结果显示:黄土塬面、林区、黄土-沙漠过渡区土壤的磁化率变化区间分别为26.6×10~(-8)—61.4×10~(-8) m~3?kg~(-1)、68.6×10~(-8)—107.5×10~(-8) m~3?kg~(-1)、8.5×10~(-8)—44.4×10~(-8) m~3?kg~(-1)。黄土塬面土壤有机碳含量在0.05%到0.62%之间变化,而林区土壤的有机碳含量在1.19%到3.35%间变化。黄土塬面的土壤C/N比值也较低,在0.6到6.1之间变化,林区样品C/N比值在6.2到11.83之间变化。黄土-沙漠过渡区土壤磁化率较低,森林地区土壤磁化率较高,土壤磁化率与有机碳含量、C/N比值呈正相关关系。笔者认为有机质含量增加对土壤的磁化率增强有明显贡献。有机质含量较高时,更适宜土壤中磁性细菌的生长。同时,较高的有机质含量指示着较高植被覆盖,这也对土壤中磁性矿物增加有一定贡献。燃烧有机质还会使非磁性矿物更易转化为磁性矿物。这些因素都会增强土壤的磁化率。     

青海湖地区不同海拔黄土磁化率环境指示意义

青藏高原黄土蕴含丰富的古气候信息,但青海湖地区黄土中磁化率指示意义尚不明确,鉴于粒度指标意义明晰,对青海湖地区多个黄土剖面进行磁化率?—?粒度相关性研究,探究磁化率的指示意义,结果表明不同海拔磁化率存在差异:(1)低于3300 m时,磁化率和粒度对古环境指示作用较好,即气候暖湿,成壤作用增强,黏粒增加,强磁性矿物增加,磁化率升高,气候冷干时相反;海拔改变导致土壤环境变化,磁化率随海拔上升而增加.(2)高于3400 m时,粒度的古环境指示作用明确但磁化率不敏感,可能因为高海拔地区土壤易处于还原环境,强磁性矿物被溶解导致磁化率异常,磁化率随海拔上升而降低.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.