广州市燃煤电厂PM_(2.5)扩散模拟及控制策略研究

近年来广州市的雾霾天气频发,能见度大幅降低,燃煤电厂排放的PM2.5被认为是重要的影响因子之一。基于稳态高斯高架连续点源模型在不利于大气扩散的气象条件下,对广州市周边31个燃煤电厂的颗粒物污染扩散进行模拟。结果表明:当东南风、南风、东风为主导风向时,装机容量较大的红海湾、平海、妈湾、铜鼓、沙角C、珠海A等燃煤电厂均在广州的上风向地区,这些燃煤电厂排放的PM2.5会增加广州城区PM2.5浓度。同时,根据PM2.5贡献率调整发电系数,对燃煤电厂的发电运行进行管理,为未来有效控制PM2.5浓度提供了新思路。     

高原山体遮挡对湖泊和城区风场的影响

为了探究高原山体遮挡对湖泊和城区上空风场变化的影响,选取昆明市西山和西山东侧的草海及部分城区为研究对象,以1∶1 800的缩尺比制作了实物模型,利用风洞实验模拟了有山体遮挡和无山体遮挡在主导风西南风作用下的风场变化,并结合数值模拟验证了有山体遮挡情况下的风洞实验。实验结果表明:山体遮挡对下风向的山脚区和湖泊区风速影响较大;山体高度为260和460 m时,距离山体4 500 m范围内山体对下风向山脚区和湖泊区中部及南部的风速削减较大;山体高度为110 m时,山体对下风向区域的影响主要体现在对山前风速的削减,并未对湖泊和城市区域产生较为明显的风速梯度变化。     

生物膜填料塔净化模拟烟气和电厂烟气中SO2和NOx的对比实验

对生物膜填料塔对模拟烟气和电厂烟气的净化效果进行了实验研究。实验对比分析了在相同的实验条件下生物膜填料塔对不同烟气中SO2和NOx的净化效率。实验结果表明，在循环液温度在24～35℃、空床停留时间（EBRT）为60s、喷淋量为8～10L／h、脱硫塔的pH为0．8～1．5、脱氮塔的pH为7．5～8．0的条件下，生物膜填料塔对模拟烟气和电厂烟气中SO2的净化效率都很高，但模拟烟气条件下的总脱氮率的平均值为80％，而在电厂烟气条件下只有35％。经分析认为，脱氮率产生差异的主要原因是电厂烟气中杂质的影响，以及烟气中氧气含量的不同，同时因为生长条件不同从而驯化出的微生物群体组成也不同。     

基于复杂地形的高斯烟羽模型改进

针对复杂地形条件下化工行业气体泄漏的污染扩散难以预测的问题,基于传统大气扩散的高斯烟羽模型结合空间插值对原有算法进行了改进。以研究区的数字高程模型(DEM)数据为基础,采用C#语言和ArcGIS Engine作为开发工具实现了复杂地形条件下的污染扩散模拟的可视化表达。通过分析不同参数条件下的大气扩散影响,发现地形起伏明显影响地表气体扩散浓度值。相较于传统研究方法,此模拟结果更符合实际大气扩散规律。     

计算流体力学模拟街道峡谷特征和风向对细颗粒物污染扩散的影响

街道峡谷结构和风向会对街道峡谷内的污染物浓度和扩散特征带来一定影响。利用计算流体力学(CFD)软件,针对街道峡谷高宽比、建筑物间隔(建筑物间空隙与街道总长度的比值)和风向对街道峡谷内细颗粒物扩散的影响进行数值模拟。模拟结果表明,建筑物间隔为20%,风向为北风,风速为3m/s,街道峡谷高宽比分别为1∶2、1∶1和2∶1时,街道中心线距地面1.5m高度细颗粒物最大质量浓度分别位于-19.3、-88.0、-19.3m(以与街道中心点的距离计,正值表示在街道中心点以东,负值表示在街道中心点以西,下同)位置,为37.5、46.4、28.4μg/m3。街道峡谷高宽比为1∶1,风向为北风,风速为3m/s,建筑物间隔分别为0、20%和40%时,街道中心线距地面1.5m高度的细颗粒物最大质量浓度分别位于148.0、-92.3、-186.7m位置,为88.1、31.6、33.7μg/m3。街道峡谷高宽比为1∶1,建筑物间隔为20%,风速为3m/s,且分别处于西风、北风和西南风时,街道中心线距地面1.5m高度的细颗粒物最大质量浓度分别位于165.3、58.0、1.5m位置,为10.6、11.2、16.0μg/m3。可见,CFD模拟近地面污染物扩散时应考虑街道峡谷结构和风向的影响。     

江苏省典型铅酸蓄电池企业周围环境铅污染水平调查

目的调查江苏省典型铅酸蓄电池企业对周围环境的影响。方法按照国家相关标准和规范对该企业内、外的环境样品进行检测。结果下风向区土壤铅含量中位数均明显高于上风向区域(L相似文献   

生活垃圾焚烧厂周边大气汞浓度分布及其健康风险评估

利用大气扩散模型AERMOD对生活垃圾焚烧厂周边大气的汞浓度分布进行模拟,并结合健康风险评估和敏感性分析对周边人群的非致癌风险进行评估。结果表明,汞浓度分布可能受风向影响。设置生活垃圾焚烧厂烟气中汞的排放限值为0.05mg/Nm~3,模拟得出高浓度汞出现在距离污染源1 000~1 500m处的西南和偏南方向,最大质量浓度为110ng/m~3。在呼吸吸入的暴露途径下,0~5岁儿童的非致癌风险约为成年人的3倍。成年男性的非致癌风险略大于成年女性。但均远低于美国环境保护署推荐的风险阈值,对人体健康基本不构成威胁。对儿童而言,呼吸速率对非致癌风险影响最大;对成年人而言,体重对非致癌风险影响最大。     

杭州市风、逆温的气候特征与大气污染

影响大气污染物扩散和稀释的主要因素有两方面。1.气象的动力因子——风和湍流。两者对污染物在大气中的扩散与稀释起决定作用。大气湍流是气流作无规则运动。风包括风向、风速。风向决定污染物迁移方向,风速大     

静电除尘器烟道进口处流场的数值模拟

利用Fluent软件对静电除尘器烟道进口处流场进行了数值模拟,在此基础上提出一种新型的能有效均风的电晕线布置方法.结果表明,两相邻(垂直叠放)烟道进口处的电晕线平行放置时,在强电场力作用下产生的高速离子风会阻碍气流的均匀分布；两相邻烟道进口处的电晕线交叉放置时,可以起到明显的均风效果,更有利于除尘器内气流的均匀分布和提高除尘效率.该方法为静电除尘器的改造和设计提供了一种新的思路.     

火电厂周围大气环境中硫化物分布规律的探讨

由于电厂排放的污染物量大且浓度高,对周围环境影响很大。选取山西省太原第一热电厂排放的SO_2作为研究对象,针对该电厂排放的SO_2传输特性和空间分布规律,在电厂周围按照不同的距离进行优化布点,测定SO_2及PM10中硫化物的量。SO_2和PM10中硫化物的量在空间上随着距离的增大,浓度也变高,直至出现浓度最大点,然后再随着距离的加大,浓度却随之减小,并且在距离大约2 000 m处取得最大值。这与用ADMS预测的结果吻合。该结果符合电厂高架源排放污染物在下风向的浓度变化规律,说明这些硫化物浓度变化主要是由电厂引起的。在有风雨情况下,SO_2和PM10中硫化物的降幅都在10%以上,雨量和风速的大小对PM10中硫化物的影响比起二氧化硫的更大。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

造纸废水混凝处理中SFT助凝替代性研究

中小造纸厂废水处理常用PAC作混凝剂 ,PAM作助凝剂。由于PAM成本很高 ,影响了处理设备的投运率。用超细滑石粉 (SFT)替代PAM助凝 ,与混凝剂PAC配合 ,其混凝处理效果基本相当 ,但是处理成本降低 0 .10元 /m3 。由于SFT属环境无害材料 ,不会给排泥带来二次污染     

红土吸附砷对其动电电位的影响

研究了遵义红土吸附砷对其动电电位的影响 ,从砷酸根浓度和体系pH对红土动电电位影响的角度作了探讨 ,结果表明 ,砷酸根离子浓度越大 ,Zata电位下降幅度越大 ,Zata电位也越低 ;随着体系pH的升高 ,氧化铁胶体动电电位逐渐下降 ,甚至改变了表面电位的符号。由此得出了红土吸附砷属于专性吸附的结论。     

活性炭三维电极法对印染废水的处理研究

对三维电极方法处理印染废水进行了实验研究,初步探讨了活性炭三维电极法处理印染废水的机理,对影响处理效果的各种要素,如反应时间、槽电压和pH值等进行了条件实验,得出了活性炭三维电极法处理印染废水的最佳运行条件为:停留时间120-180 min,槽电压25～30 V,进水pH值6.5～7.5。结果表明,该反应器能有效地降低废水色度,有较高的COD去除效率,并能提高印染废水的可生化性。     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%(质量百分比).反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.     

Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters

A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L⁻¹, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L⁻¹. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L⁻¹). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L⁻¹). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L⁻¹ (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected.     

Visualisation of the complexity of EUSES

The interdependencies of parameters applied in the models of EUSES are visualised in a directed connectivity graph. The parameters (inputs, defaults, state variables, outputs) are represented by boxes (nodes) and their relations by lines (edges). The visualisation, on the one hand, clarifies the complexity of the models in EUSES and, on the other hand, creates an overview and transparency. The parameters’ relations to each other can be recognised faster, and the models can be better understood. The complexity was quantified by the number (variety), kind (substance parameter, physico-chemical parameter, concentration, other parameters), and depth (dimension) of the parameter and the number of relations (connectivity). The variety of EUSES (without the modelsSimple Treat andSimple Box whose interior structure is not documented and without the effect and risk characterisation) amounts to 466, the connectivity to 961, and the maximal dimension is 21.