土壤中氯吡嘧磺隆和镉对玉米幼苗19种氨基酸的影响

采用液质联用法研究了土壤中氯吡嘧磺隆和镉对玉米幼苗体内的19种氨基酸含量的影响.结果表明,在两种污染物的共同胁迫下,玉米幼苗中的脯氨酸含量显著上升,19种氨基酸含量的总量显著上升.在氯吡嘧磺隆的单一胁迫下玉米幼苗中的亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸随着农药的浓度增加含量减少.     

吡嘧磺隆在水稻、土壤和田水中的消解和残留

建立了水稻(糙米、稻壳和植株)、土壤和田水中吡嘧磺隆的残留分析方法.待测样品通过二氯甲烷或二氯甲烷/丙酮(1∶1,V/V)提取,C18固相萃取小柱净化后,采用高效液相色谱串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)测定吡嘧磺隆的含量,并研究了2010—2011年北京、安徽和海南等3地水稻、土壤和田水中吡嘧磺隆的消解动态和残留行为.实验结果表明,对水稻、土壤和田水的添加回收率均在73%—103%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于10%,在糙米、稻壳、植株、土壤、田水中的吡嘧磺隆最低检测浓度(LOQ)为0.005 mg.kg-1,符合残留试验要求.消解和残留试验结果表明,吡嘧磺隆在田水和土壤中的消解符合一级动力学,半衰期分别为5.29—6.42 d和4.99—6.42 d.秧苗期施药,收获时水稻和土壤中均未检出吡嘧磺隆的残留.     

4种烟嘧磺隆多元复配除草剂对意大利蜜蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂的急性毒性及初级风险评估

为明确4种烟嘧磺隆复配除草剂对意大利蜜蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂的急性毒性影响并评估其初级风险。采用饲喂法、点滴法和玻璃管药膜法,分别测定了8%烟嘧·氯吡嘧磺隆、16%烟嘧·硝磺·氯吡嘧磺隆、36%烟嘧·莠去津和22%烟嘧·氯吡·氯氟吡氧乙酸异辛酯对意大利蜜蜂成年工蜂和玉米螟赤眼蜂的急性毒性,并分别采用危害商值和安全系数进行初级风险评估。结果表明,上述4种制剂对意大利蜜蜂成年工蜂的经口毒性48 h-LD_(50)(半致死剂量,median lethal dose)分别为68.03、1.60×10~2、1.40×10~2和100μg a.i.·蜂-1,接触毒性48 h-LD_(50)分别为18.53、53.01、89.98和100μg a.i.·蜂-1,危害商值均小于50,对意大利蜜蜂均为低毒且低风险。4种制剂对玉米螟赤眼蜂的急性毒性24 h-LR50(半致死用量,median lethal rate)分别为1.88×10~(-4)、5.46×10~(-4)、2.12×10~(-3)和1.68×10~(-3)mg a.i.·cm~(-2),安全系数分别为0.16、0.23、0.59和0.51,其中8%烟嘧·氯吡嘧磺隆和16%烟嘧·硝磺·氯吡嘧磺隆对玉米螟赤眼蜂为高风险性,36%烟嘧·莠去津和22%烟嘧·氯吡·氯氟吡氧乙酸异辛酯为中等风险性。因此,这4种复配制剂对蜜蜂成年工蜂的风险性较低,但对赤眼蜂的风险性较高,所以在喷洒防除期间应与赤眼蜂释放期错开。     

吡嘧磺隆和苯噻酰草胺在水稻中的残留分析

本文建立了混合除草剂吡嘧磺隆和苯噻酰草胺在水稻上的残留分析方法,并研究了其在水稻中的消解动态和最终残留.样品经乙腈超声提取、二氯甲烷液-液分配和Pesticarb/NH2SPE净化后,通过HPLC-UVD检测.该方法对水稻植株、糙米、稻壳和土壤中的吡嘧磺隆最小检出量(LOD)为2.0×10-10g;田水中的吡嘧磺隆和苯噻酰草胺最小检出量(LOD)为1.0×10-10g.该方法对水稻植株、糙米、稻壳和土壤中的苯噻酰草胺最小检出量(LOD)为2.0×10-10g.试验结果显示,8%吡嘧·苯噻酰颗粒剂施药量分别为675 g(a.i.)·ha-1(其中吡嘧磺隆为42.2 g(a.i.)·ha-1)和1012.5 g(a.i.)·ha-1(其中吡嘧磺隆为63.3 g(a.i.)·ha-1),施药1次,2010年北京施药后120 d,安徽施药后92 d,湖南施药后70 d收获期糙米、植株、土壤和稻壳中吡嘧磺隆的残留量均低于0.01 mg·kg-1.     

嗪吡嘧磺隆在土壤和沉积物中的降解

采用室内模拟实验法,测定了嗪吡嘧磺隆在好氧与积水厌气(或厌氧)条件下的土壤降解和水-沉积物降解特性.研究结果表明,嗪吡嘧磺隆在好氧条件下,江西红壤、太湖水稻土、东北黑土中降解速率分别为0.041、0.008、0.004 d-1,积水厌气条件下分别为0.028、0.023、0.005 d-1,不同类型土壤中降解快慢顺序为:江西红壤太湖水稻土东北黑土,在太湖水稻土和东北黑土中积水厌气条件更有利于其降解,且土壤p H值是影响土壤中降解速率的主要因素;水-沉积物降解中,好氧条件下河流与湖泊水-沉积物系统中农药总量的降解速率分别为:0.031、0.032 d-1,厌氧条件下的降解速率分别为0.035、0.041 d-1,湖泊体系的降解速率快于河流体系,厌氧条件下降解速率快于好氧条件,且嗪吡嘧磺隆在水-沉积物体系中主要存在于水体中,系统降解速率主要受水体中的降解速率影响.可见,嗪吡嘧磺隆在中性至碱性土壤中具有较强稳定性,进入水-沉积物系统时主要分布于水体当中,可能会对水体和土壤环境造成一定的污染影响.     

甲酰氨基嘧磺隆在模拟环境中的降解特性

甲酰氨基嘧磺隆是一种新型磺酰脲类除草剂,其在环境中的归趋备受关注.采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了甲酰氨基嘧磺隆在不同土壤中的降解性、水解和光解特性.结果表明,甲酰氨基嘧磺隆在光照强度4000 lx,紫外强度25μW·cm~(-2)的人工光源氙灯条件下,甲酰氨基嘧磺隆的光解半衰期为1.72 h,易光解.25℃时,pH4、pH7和pH9条件下水解半衰期分别为4.17、91.2、97.6 d,50℃时的水解半衰期分别为1 d、4.75 d和14.5 d,温度和p H值对水解速率具有较大影响.甲酰氨基嘧磺隆在江西红壤、太湖水稻土和东北黑土中的降解半衰期分别为10.8、16.6、31.5 d,该药在酸性土壤中降解较快,影响其在土壤中降解速率的主要因素为土壤pH值.     

嘧磺隆对农作物的毒性及残效危害研究

利用盆栽试验研究了不同质量浓度嘧磺隆对大白菜、小麦的毒性及其残效危害。结果表明，嘧磺隆对大白菜和小麦均可产生明显毒害症状，生物学指标明显劣于对照；嘧磺隆可降低大白菜和小麦叶绿素含量，并使叶片细胞膜和原生质遭到破坏，导致叶片浸出液电导率增大；当嘧磺隆质量浓度为0．01mg／L时，对大白菜的产量有品著影响，可使产量降低51．1％；嘧磺隆质量浓度大于0．1mg／L时，其残效对后茬作物有毒害作用，而质量浓度小于0．01mg／L时则没有明显影响；在小麦返青期用质量浓度大于0．01mg／L的嘧磺隆处理时，小麦受到不同程度的危害，当质量浓度增大到0．1mg／L时，小麦生物学产量则显著下降。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定葡萄中氯吡脲和噻唑隆残留及消解

氯吡脲,可促进细胞增大和分化,能防止落花落果,常作为植物生长调节剂应用于葡萄的种植过程中.氯吡脲对人体、牲畜等具有一定的毒性,对眼睛和皮肤具有轻度刺激.噻唑隆也是一种常用于葡萄中的植物生长调节剂,可促进植物芽的分化,而残留于植物中的噻唑隆对人畜具有低毒作用,可对眼睛产生轻微的刺激.很多国家对于氯吡脲和噻唑隆在农业生产中的限量都制定了严格的残留限量标准,如我国国家标准GB 2763—2014中规定了氯吡脲和噻唑隆在葡萄中的最大残留限量都为0.05 mg·kg-1.国内外关于氯吡脲和噻唑隆残留的检测方法主要包括液相色谱和液相色谱-质谱联用等.     

单嘧磺隆在小麦田中的残留试验研究

研究了单嘧磺隆的残留分析方法 ,单嘧磺隆在土壤中的消解动态和在土壤、小麦中的最终残留 .土壤经甲醇 /氨水混合液提取 (小麦用丙酮 /水混合液 ) .液液分配及C1 8小柱净化、用带紫外检测器的高效液相色谱仪测定 .单嘧磺隆的最低检出量为 4ng ,在土壤和小麦中的最低检出浓度为 0 0 2mg·kg- 1 .本方法的平均添加回收率为 91 1 7— 1 0 3 8% ,变异系数为 1 47— 1 1 8% .应用上述方法 ,测定了单嘧磺隆在北京、山东两地土壤中的消解动态以及在土壤、小麦中的最终残留 .结果表明 :在北京土壤中的半衰期为 9 2 4d ;在山东土壤中的半衰期为 1 3 5 9d;当按推荐剂量施药 ,小麦收获时 ,在土壤和小麦中 ,北京、山东两地均未检出单嘧磺隆     

新型杀菌剂氟吡菌胺对9种环境生物的急性毒性及其在斑马鱼体内的生物富集

为评价新型杀菌剂氟吡菌胺对环境生物的毒性风险,避免其在使用过程中对我国特有的环境生物产生危害,测定了氟吡菌胺对意大利蜜蜂、日本鹌鹑、斑马鱼、家蚕、斜生栅藻、大型溞、玉米螟赤眼蜂、赤子爱胜蚓和黑斑蛙蝌蚪等9种代表性环境生物的急性毒性,并以斑马鱼为试材,研究了氟吡菌胺的生物富集性,即根据鱼类急性毒性结果 LC50(96 h)=1.489 mg·L~(-1),设计生物富集试验水样浓度为LC50的1/2、1/10和1/100,即0.745 mg·L~(-1)、0.149 mg·L~(-1)和0.0149 mg·L~(-1),连续暴露8 d,采用液相色谱法测定3个浓度下氟吡菌胺在斑马鱼体内的富集量。结果表明,氟吡菌胺对斑马鱼、斜生栅藻和大型溞3种水生生物的急性毒性为中毒级,对黑斑蛙蝌蚪急性毒性为高毒级,其对蜜蜂、鸟类、家蚕、蚯蚓和天敌赤眼蜂等环境生物均为低毒或低风险;斑马鱼在0.745、0.149和0.0149 mg·L~(-1)的氟吡菌胺水溶液中暴露192 h时,生物富集系数BCF分别为33.65、26.39和193.25;根据化学农药环境安全评价试验准则评价标准,10BCF≤1000,氟吡菌胺属于中等富集性农药。     

Preparation of hapten-specific monoclonal antibody for cadmium and its ELISA application to aqueous samples

High-affinity and specific monoclonal antibodies against cadmium-ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) complex have been produced using the hybridoma technique. A hapten was synthesized and characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and UV-Vis. Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for quantitative detection of cadmium in aqueous sample was developed. The monoclonal antibody with high level of binding affinity for Cd-IEDTA-BSA and high specificity for soluble Cd-EDTA complex showed less than 0.99% cross-reactivity with other 11 metals. The limit of detection was 0.10 μg·L^-1, and the effective linear range was 10^-1–10³ μg·L^-1. The intra- and inter-assay coefficient variations were 1.5%–6.3% and 3.2%–7.4%, respectively. The spike recovery in different water samples were between 98.5% and 110.3%. The detection limit of this assay was well below the allowable concentration of cadmium (3 μg·L^-1), and the working range was wider than that of other methods which showed the range of 2.19–86.38 and 0–10³ μg·L^-1. The competitive ELISA established in this paper was sensitive and accurate in the screening of cadmium in aqueous samples. The results will lay a solid foundation for construction of an immunoassay kit for cadmium.     

乌鲁木齐市米东区大气降水的化学特征及来源分析

为研究乌鲁木齐市米东区大气降水中的化学组分特征及来源,对2017-2019年降水中主要离子浓度及来源进行了分析.研究结果显示,米东区2017-2019年降水的雨量加权pH年均值为7.95,雨量加权平均电导率年均值为16.15 mS·m-1,雨量加权平均总离子浓度为72.75-95.89 μeq·L-1,年均浓度为81....     

碳基纳米铜复合材料对普通小球藻胁迫作用的研究

随着科技的飞速发展,纳米类材料在电化学、药物运输、生物传感器等领域中得到了广泛的应用,这导致了其通过各种途径进入水、土壤、大气等环境介质中,对生态环境安全造成潜在威胁。以水体中环境浓度的碳基纳米铜复合材料为受试浓度范围,以环境适应性和污染物耐受性均较强的普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)为对象,研究了水体中不同浓度碳基纳米铜复合材料对普通小球藻的细胞胁迫作用,使用分光光度法检测了0,0.05,0.5,5,50 mg·L^-1碳基纳米铜暴露条件下普通小球藻叶绿素a含量的变化。运用非靶向代谢组学(气相-质谱联用)检测法探究了不同浓度碳基纳米铜胁迫条件下第8天普通小球藻细胞内代谢物相对丰度变化、代谢通路及相关代谢组学特性的变化。结果表明,在培养周期的第8天,藻细胞叶绿素a含量随碳基纳米铜浓度的升高而降低,当碳基纳米铜达到50 mg·L^-1时,将严重抑制藻细胞叶绿素a的产生。代谢组学检测结果表明,当碳基纳米铜复合材料的浓度达到50 mg·L^-1时,藻细胞中与叶绿素合成密切相关的碳固定过程、氨基酸代谢过程均受到了严重抑制。这表明,高浓度碳基纳米铜会扰乱普通小球藻的细胞代谢并产生明显胁迫作用。文章旨在评估水体中碳基纳米铜复合材料对水体初级生产者普通小球藻的胁迫作用,以期为水体污染修复与藻细胞生态毒理学的研究提供一定的数据支持与参考。     

Optimization of thermophilic anaerobic-aerobic treatment system for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)

Optimization of an integrated anaerobic-aerobic bioreactor (IAAB) treatment system for the reduction of organic matter (Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) concentrations) in Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) to legal standards with high methane yield was performed for the first time under thermophilic condition (50°C–55°C) by using response surface methodology (RSM). The experiments were conducted based on a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) with three independent operating variables, organic loading rates in anaerobic compartment (OLR_an) and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) concentration in anaerobic (MLVSS_an) and aerobic compartments (MLVSS_a). The optimum conditions for the POME treatment were determined as OLR_an of 15.6 g COD·L^-1·d^-1, MLVSS_an of 43100 mg·L^-1, and MLVSS_a of 18600 mg·L^-1, where high aerobic COD, BOD and TSS removal efficiencies of 96.3%, 97.9%, and 98.5% were achieved with treated BOD of 56 mg·L^-1 and TSS of 28 mg·L^-1 meeting the discharge standard. This optimization study successfully achieved a reduction of 42% in the BOD concentrations of the final treated effluent at a 48% higher OLR_an as compared to the previous works. Besides, thermophilic IAAB system scores better feasibility and higher effectiveness as compared to the optimized mesophilic system. This is due to its higher ability to handle high OLR with higher overall treatment efficiencies (more than 99.6%), methane yield (0.31 L CH₄·g^-1 COD_removed) and purity of methane (67.5%). Hence, these advantages ascertain the applicability of thermophilic IAAB in the POME treatment or even in other high-strength wastewaters treatment.     

In vitro agonistic and antagonistic endocrine disrupting effects of organic extracts from waste water of different treatment processes

Effluents from wastewater treatment plant （WWTP） have been reported to have a broad spectrum of endocrine disrupting compounds （EDCs）. The majority of studies have focused on the occurrence of estrogenic activity, while ignoring nuclear hormone receptors （NRs） pathways. In the present study, a battery of in vitro yeast bioassays and a cell bioassay, including antagonistic and agonistic effects on estrogen receptor （ER）, androgen receptor （AR）, progesterone receptor （PR）, estrogen- related receptor （ERR） and aryl hydrocarbon receptor （AHR）, were conducted to evaluate the removal efficien- cies of EDCs by different treatment processes of a WWTP located in Beijing. Estrogenic, anti-estrogenic, anti- androgenic, anti-progesteronic, anti-ERR and the activa- tion of AHR activities were detected in samples from all treatment processes and the receiving water. The concen- tration of estrogenic contaminants with estradiol （E2） equivalent concentrations ranged from 0.82 x 10-9 to 3.54 x 10 9g Ee_EQ.L-1. The concentration of anti-estrogenic contaminants with 4-hydroxytamoxifen （4-OHT） equiva- lent concentrations ranged from 1.24 × 10-6 to 2.36 x 10-6 g 4-OHT-EQ.L-1. The concentration of anti-androgenic contaminants ranged from 2.21 x 10-s to 3.52 × 10-6g flutamide-EQ. L-1. The concentration of anti-progesteronic contaminants ranged from 3.15 x 10^-5 to 2.71 x 10^-4g RU486-EQ. L-1. The concentration of anti-ERR contami- nants ranged from 7.09 x 10-5 to 6.50 x 104 g 4-OHT-EQ × L^-10. The concentration of AHR activators ranged from 1.7 × 10-10 to 3.4 × 10^-10g TCDD-EQ-L-1. These processes including secondary clarifier, coagulation, as well as coal and sand filtration could eliminated 67.2% of estrogenic contaminants, 47.0% of anti-estrogenic contaminants, 98.3% of anti-androgenic contaminants, 88.4% of anti- progesteronic contaminants, 65.4% of anti-ERR contami- nants and 46.9% of AHR activators. WWTP effluents contain multiple receptor disruptors may have very complex adverse effects on exposed organisms.     

Upgrade of three municipal wastewater treatment lagoons using a high surface area media

Lagoon-based municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are facing difficulties meeting the needs of rapid population growth as well as the more stringent requirements of discharge permits. Three municipal WWTPs were modified using a high surface area media with upgraded fine-bubble aeration systems. Performance data collected showed very promising results in terms of five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), ammonia (NH₃) and total suspended solids (TSS) removal. Two-year average ammonia effluents were 4.1 mg·L^-1 for Columbia WWTP, 4 mg·L^-1 for Larchmont WWTP and 2.1 mg·L^-1 for Laurelville WWTP, respectively. Two- year average BOD₅ effluents were 6.8, 4.9 and 2.7 mg·L^-1, and TSS effluents were 15.0, 9.6 and 7.5 mg·L^-1. The systems also showed low fecal coliform (FC) levels in their effluents.     

硝酸钙投加频次对污泥生物调理效果的影响

在接种了反硝化菌的剩余污泥中投加硝酸钙药剂,利用反硝化菌消耗NO₃^-进行反硝化作用去除污泥中易生物降解的有机物,利用Ca²⁺的中和、架桥作用,改善污泥的脱水性能.固定NO₃^-总投加浓度为100 mg·g^-1 TS,在6 d的时间内,按1次、2次、3次、6次的投加频次向污泥中投加硝酸钙.结果表明,1次投加对污泥脱水性能的提升最显著,较对照组而言,污泥CST降低了65.0%,SRF降低了73.2%,污泥脱水性能明显改善;投加硝酸钙后,污泥胞外聚合物中蛋白质含量大幅降低,S层、L层蛋白质分别从13.47 mg·L^-1、11.66 mg·L^-1降低至0.52 mg·L^-1、1.43 mg·L^-1;投加硝酸钙的污泥Zeta电位更趋于电中性.研究还发现,一次性投加硝酸钙产生了更多NO₂^-,有利于污泥结合水,即微生物细胞质的释放.释放出的有机碳被反硝化菌用作碳源,又增强了反硝化效果,从而促进了污泥EPS的破坏与降解,从而改善了污泥的脱水性能.     

嘉善冬季PM2.5化学组分特征及来源分析

为研究嘉兴地区嘉善冬季污染时段和清洁时段PM_2.5化学组分特征,结合气象数据对2019年1月嘉兴市嘉善县善西超级站在线自动监测PM_2.5及化学组分数据、气态污染物(NO₂和SO₂)进行了分析.结果表明,2019年1月嘉善善西超级站污染时段PM_2.5浓度(97.18μg·m^-3)为清洁时段(36.77μg·m^-3)的2.6倍.污染时段水溶性离子浓度(41.58μg·m^-3)较清洁时段(19.82μg·m^-3)高21.76μg·m^-3,但占比有所降低,含碳组分比例增加.OC;EC比值为3.93,可能受到燃煤及机动车排放的共同影响.低风速及高湿有利于NO₂和SO₂等气态污染物进行二次转化,污染时段硫转化率和氮转化率均比清洁时段高,分别增高7.93%和54.11%,说明NOx向硝酸盐二次转化较为明显,导致颗粒物浓度升高.聚类分析结果显示67.34%气流来自北方,且相应的气流轨迹上污染物浓度比周边高,说明污染物存在一定的长距离输送.结合风玫瑰图可以看出,污染主要为本地及其周边的输送,污染物的长距离输送在短时会使污染浓度突增.因此,在重点关注本地及周边污染的同时,偏北气流下的污染物区域输送不可忽视.     

Degradation of bisphenol A by microorganisms immobilized on polyvinyl alcohol microspheres

In this study, microorganisms （named B111） were immobilized on polyvinyl alcohol microspheres prepared by the inverse suspension crosslinked method. The biodegradation of bisphenol A （BPA） and 4-hydro- xybenzaldehyde, a degradation product of BPA, by free and immobilized B lll was investigated. The BPA degradation studies were carried out at initial BPA concentrations ranging from 25 to 150 mg·L^-1. The affinity constant Ks and maximum degradation rate Rmax were 98.3 mg·L^-1 and 19.7mg·mg^-1VSS·d^-1 for free B111, as well as 87.2mg·L^-1 and 21.1mg·mg^-1VSS·d^-1 for immobilized B 111, respectively. 16S rDNA gene sequence analyses confirmed that the dominant genera were Pseudomonas and Brevundimonas for BPA biodegradation in microorganisms B 111.     

十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)对土壤跳虫的急、慢性毒性效应

为揭示溴代阻燃剂对土壤生态系统的潜在危害,采用回避实验和繁殖实验评价了十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)对2种土壤跳虫Folsomia candida和Folsomia fimetaria的急/慢性毒性。48h的急性回避实验中,BDE-209对F.candida和F.fimetaria产生毒性效应的EC_(50)值分别为1.27和0.79mg·kg~(-1),LOEC值均小于0.5mg·kg~(-1)。慢性繁殖实验中,BDE-209对F.candida和F.fimetaria繁殖毒性的EC_(50)值分别为0.81和0.56mg·kg~(-1),LOEC值分别为<0.25和<0.5mg·kg~(-1)。研究表明,土壤BDE-209污染对跳虫的繁殖和环境行为有显著影响,且在较低暴露浓度下(0.25mg·kg~(-1))即对跳虫繁殖产生抑制效应;有性生殖的F.fimetaria比孤雌生殖的F.candida对BDE-209污染的毒性响应更为敏感。