城市河流整治的生态规划要点——以北京市温榆河为例

在城市化进程中人们对城市河流的利用强度日益增大，在饱受污染危害之后，城市的规划和建设者注意到，河流不仅是饮水之源、排污渠道，更是人类生存的重要生态依托，因此，碧水工程已经成为各地城市生态整治的工作重点。但是，河流的生态功能是什么？服务功能又是什么？碧水工程不应只解决水质污染问题，而应保护和恢复河流的生态功能，利用好河流的生态服务功能。本文以北京市温榆河的生态规划为例，充分尊重河流的线性廊道特征，在景观生态学理论和技术的支持下，提出了修复温榆河生态通道功能和恢复天然河流水的运动规律的生态建设要点。     

宁国多措并举实施“碧水工程”

宁国市地处水阳江、青弋江等多条河流源头区,东津河、中津河、西津河穿城而过,构筑了一幅独特的“城在山水中、山水在城中”的立体画卷。为保护这一奇特的生态景观,近年来,宁国市环保局按照“生态立市”发展战略,以污染源头控制为根本,加强生态建设与保护;以环境执法为手段,加强流域环境整治;以环保能力建设为基础,加强污染纠纷防控;以落实目标责任为前提,加强长效保护机制建设,全面实施“碧水工程”,努力打造碧水长流、清新宜人的最佳人居环境。以污染源头控制为根本,加强生态建设与保护。按照“生态立市”要求,坚决落实建设项目环保第一审…     

近年来人类活动对湍河湿地生态影响的初步探究

湍河是汉江流域上游的一条主要河流。随着南水北调中线工程的实施，该地区成为名副其实的“地下水库”。近年来随着人类活动的加强，人为因素在湿地生态演变过程中的干预越来越明显。本文从草地生态角度分析了湍河湿地生态现状和影响因素。研究表明，湍河湿地生态整体上好转，局部出现退化情况。在此基础上初步提出了防止局部生态恶化的综合治理对策。     

峨眉河乐山市中区段水环境污染及防治对策

为了确保峨眉河乐山市中区段水环境质量满足社会经济的发展，在全面调查峨眉河流域污染现状的基础上，对该流域水环境进行系统的分析和评价，得出乐山市中区段水环境质量达到国家《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002）中Ⅱ类水质标准，流域的主要污染为城镇生活污染源。同时，计算出峨眉河的水环境容量，提出对污染源施行总量控制方案。并根据峨眉河流域污染源的实际情况，针对城镇生活污染源、工业污染源和面源的不同特点提出具体的防治对策。     

新疆孔雀河流域生态综合治理分区探讨

孔雀河流域及其沿河荒漠河岸林是塔里木河流域及其下游"绿色走廊"的重要组成,在区域生态安全保障与绿洲经济稳定发展中具有重要作用。近几十年,在人类活动为主的扰动下,流域生态系统退化显著,基于流域各生态系统服务功能与具体特征,实施孔雀河流域分区生态综合治理具有实际的意义。这项工作基于多年研究认识,结合孔雀河各区域生态环境问题以及解决措施与途径,将其分为三个生态保育治理分区:1博斯腾湖湖泊-湿地生态保育区;2孔雀河上、中游胡杨林生态恢复治理区;3孔雀河下游荒漠河岸林生态保育恢复区。针对每个分区各自特征制定相应的生态保育对策,旨在因地制宜地对孔雀河流域实施有效的生态修复与保育。     

基于水质浓度超标倍数河流生态补偿量化的研究——以梁滩河为例

针对跨行政单元的污染型河流,选定河流上下游行政区政府为补偿主体,以水域功能目标为补偿基准,在污染物通量核算模型基础上,引入了均衡因子的概念,在考虑研究主要污染物COD削减成本的情况下,建立了水质浓度超标倍数核算模型,核算多种超标污染物的生态补偿量。研究以梁滩河流域为例核算生态补偿量,结果表明:核算过程简便,核算结果基本能够反映区域污染特征,符合"污染者付费"原则。本文最后结合梁滩河的生态补偿实践,对污染型生态补偿运行模式进行了探讨并提出了建议。     

不同地形环境下道路、河流对人口分布影响的分析——以黄山市为例

利用黄山市人口统计数据（2000年）及地形数据，根据地形起伏度进行地形分区，在不同地形环境下分析道路、河流对人口分布的影响。结果表明，道路和河路在平原盆地区、低山丘陵区及中高山区对人口分布的影响范围依次为2km、1．5km、1km和1．8km、1．2km、0．8km。通过建立道路、河路影响指数反映其对人口分布的影响程度。结果表明，按影响程度排列的地形环境依次是平原盆地区，低山丘陵区和中高山区。     

庄墓河“蝶变”

正庄墓河全长七十多公里,流域面积一千多平方公里,是瓦埠湖的上游支流,也是长丰县境内最长的一条河流,经庄墓镇最终流入瓦埠湖。多年来,由于庄墓镇未建污水收集管网和污水处理设施,生活污水就近排入庄墓河,庄墓河的水质已经恶化。2011年,庄墓河污染治理成为瓦埠湖生态环境保护试点项     

贵州省凯里市鱼洞岩溶大泉成因与水质污染研究

为推进凯里市鱼洞河流域酸性矿井水治理，进而改善鱼洞河流域水环境现状，采用资料收集、地质及水文地质测绘、物探、钻探、水质分析、地下水动态长观等工作方法，深入研究了鱼洞河岩溶大泉形成及水质污染成因。研究结果表明鱼洞岩溶大泉出露于平路河断层破碎带中，由泥盆系尧梭组承压水与栖霞茅口组潜水混合而成，受地形切割，在平路河(鱼洞河支流)右岸出露。水质污染主要是因为原高家庄煤矿、州煤矿采矿破坏了顶板二叠系栖霞茅口组岩层中地下水径流管道，顶板含水层中地下水充入采空区中与黄铁矿(FeS₂)发生水解反应，致使铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、硫酸盐(SO₄^2-)、pH等指标严重超标，煤矿关闭后老空区水位上升，老空水再次通过斜井、导水裂缝带等进入岩溶管道，进而污染了鱼洞泉。通过该项研究，夯实了鱼洞河流域煤矿酸性矿井水地学治理的理论基础，进一步完善了鱼洞河流域酸性矿井水治理路径，对类似流域酸性矿井水治理研究更是一个不可或缺的经验参考。     

黄河三角洲湿地环境评价及生态影响

通过对黄河三角洲湿地地区主要河流的调查,并对其2002年和2017年的水文水质进行监测比较。河流断面监测结果表明,黄河三角洲上7条河流水质全部遭受污染,其中神仙沟、小清河、淄河、广利河达严重污染,但随着时间的推进,水质日益好转。黄河三角洲环境污染对湿地生态环境和生态系统组成及稳定性造成了重大影响,主要表现在:因环境污染而导致生境的破坏;因生境破坏或污染物毒害而引起生物多样性破坏;因生境、生物多样性破坏等综合因素引起的生态结构破坏及功能丧失。     

新安江-钱塘江流域水环境健康风险评价研究

本文采用美国环境保护署推荐的水环境健康风险评价模型,对新安江—钱塘江流域水体通过饮水途径导致的人体健康风险进行评价。结果表明:水环境质量监测的11项污染物浓度均符合或优于地表水三类标准。对人体有健康风险的有毒污染物主要是化学致癌物Cr(Ⅵ);非致癌物中氨氮的健康风险最大;个人化学致癌物年总风险远大于非致癌物年总风险;2014年新安江—钱塘江流域的三都大桥断面、西区、闸口、七堡断面的水环境健康个人总年风险均超过国际辐射防护委员会推荐的标准,分别超标0.03、0.69、0.20、0.23倍,其主要原因是这些断面的Cr(Ⅵ)的风险略高。因此,加强对化学致癌物Cr(Ⅵ)的管控,是降低水环境健康风险的有效途径。     

沱江上游（绵远河,石亭江）环境水文条件分析

本文对无实测水文资料的平原水网区使用水文比拟法进行环境水文条件分析并提出有效的处理方法及合理的成果。     

拯救母亲河

一条大河波浪宽,风吹稻花香两岸。这是无数长江人对于长江的记忆。那时的感觉是,生活在长江边真幸福。然而,时光轮转,时过境迁,在沿江开发热潮和GDP高歌猛进的冲击下,负重的长江也变脏了。     

Impediments to River Rehabilitation

Rehabilitation of river ecosystems is generally initiated when a river is no longer able to provide benefits to humans and other living beings. The major purposes of river rehabilitation projects are improving water quality, conserving nature, rehabilitating fisheries and riparian habitats, flood mitigation, and creating recreational opportunities. For a river rehabilitation project to be successful, it must have specific and clearly explained objectives, although these objectives will vary for each project depending upon factors such as economics, public demand, ecosystem benefits, and the like. In this article, we provide a critical analysis of the purposes that drive river rehabilitation projects and we identify and discuss impediments that can cause a project to deviate from its intended goals. We also discuss major constraints on rehabilitation efforts that can result in failed projects.     

River Habitat Quality from River Velocities Measured Using Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler

Prior research has demonstrated the utility of metrics based on spatial velocity gradients to characterize and describe stream habitat, with higher gradients generally indicative of higher levels of physical heterogeneity and thus habitat quality. However, detailed velocity data needed to compute these metrics are difficult to obtain. Acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCP) may be used to rapidly collect detailed representations of river velocity fields. Herein we demonstrate use of ADCP to obtain ecologically relevant data and compute associated metrics. Data were collected from four reaches of the Little Tallahatchie River in northern Mississippi. Sampled reaches were selected to observe velocity regimes associated with three distinctly different conditions: downstream from a major flow obstruction (a low weir), downstream from the apices of each of two bends, and within an extremely long, straight reach created by channelization. Three-dimensional velocity data sets from each site were used to compute metrics of habitat quality proposed by others. A habitat metric based on the presence of rotational flow in the vertical plane proved to be the best discriminator among conditions within the sampled reaches. Two of four habitat quality metrics computed from these measured velocities were greatest for the sharpest meander bend. ADCP hold great potential for study of riverine physical aquatic habitats, particularly at the reach scale. Additional work is needed to develop generally applicable field protocols and data reduction tools. Specifically, guidelines for ADCP settings and configuration appropriate for a range of riverine site conditions must be developed. Advances in instrumentation are needed to allow collection of information in closer proximity to the free surface and solid boundaries.     

Establishing a Context for River Rehabilitation, North Fork Gunnison River, Colorado

Initial river rehabilitation efforts along the North Fork Gunnison River in Colorado focused on the use of in-stream structures and channel stabilization to create a single-thread channel with pools along a braided river. These efforts were based on the assumption that the river’s braided planform results primarily from land use during the past century. In order to establish a context for further rehabilitation, we evaluated the possibility that the river might be braided as a result of processes independent of land use. We estimated volume, grain-size distribution, and lithology of sediment sources along the river corridor and evaluated the planform stability of the river during the past century using historical sources, aerial photographs covering 1939–1997, and comparison of bankfull discharge and gradient in the study area to values published for braided and meandering rivers. Our results indicate that the North Fork Gunnison River has been primarily braided in its lower reaches during the past few hundred years, although the channel planform tends toward a single-thread channel during decades of lower precipitation and discharge. Although land use is not the primary cause of braiding along the North Fork Gunnison River, it has decreased channel stability, and rehabilitation efforts should be designed to reduce these effects. Our results illustrate the importance of planning river rehabilitation measures within a historical context that accounts for both catchment-scale and reach-scale controls on channel processes and planform.     

同饮一江水 共护母亲河

2011年7月27日,皖浙青年手牵手“同饮一江水、共护母亲河”活动在黄山市启动,本刊记者随队参加了为期四天的活动。新安江发源于安徽黄山市境内,地跨皖、浙两省,流域总面积达11674平方公里。得天独厚的一江水,养育了一代又一代的两岸人,     

Libya's Great Manmade River Project

When completed, Libya's Great Manmade River Project will transport through a system of pipelines 12–14 million m³ of water per day from the southern region of the country to the northern coastal areas. The system will provide water for municipal, industrial and agricultural users. This paper describes the project, the uses to which its water will be put and the institutional issues which need to be addressed when the Great Manmade River Project delivers vast quantities of water to the coastal areas. The biggest problem for Libya could be finding and training the vast numbers of technical people needed to manage and operate the system.     

保卫母亲河

发源于长白山的松花江,古老而神奇、美丽而多姿!她全长1900km,流域面积54.56万km2,流经吉林、黑龙江两省大部分地区和内蒙古东部,汇入中俄两国界河黑龙江,全流域人口6200多万。