高锰酸盐指数测定中加热方法探讨

用６００Ｗ电炉直接加热１００ｍｉｎ代替水浴加热３００ｍｉｎ，测定了樯样和地面水样，结果表明符合环境监测质量要求，方法较简便快速，尤适合大批样品分析。     

湖水总磷测定中样品预处理的探讨

通过对湖泊水总磷的测定，就如何使标准曲线和样品的预处理简便、快捷、省时等方面进行了探讨，结果表明，不消解与不同消解时间的空白值与标准曲线试验，经检验无显著性差异；用过硫酸钾法预处理，样品经１０～４０ｍｉｎ加热（１２０℃）消解测定，总磷标样及样品测定结果经检验均无显著性差异。     

废水中硫化物分析预处理方法的改进

在加热条件下打开大气采样器，调节好流量，利用负压把硫化氢由反应瓶抽至吸收管内，然后按标准方法对吸收液进行分析。本法优化条件为水浴温度７０°Ｃ～７５°Ｃ；流量０．５ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ；抽气时间２０ｍｉｎ。分析结果：标准偏差０．２１；变异系数１．４％；加标回收率９５％。结果优于标准方法，缩短预处理时间，操作简便，不需要氮气，成本低。适于各种含硫化物废水的测定预处理。废水中硫化物分析预处理方法的改进@林颖$梧州市环境监测站!广西梧州543002     

水中悬浮物的测定要点

水中悬浮物的测定要点李凤莲（航天总公司０６７基地环境监测站，西安７１００００）经实验表明，①样品称量所用时间相同（７ｍｉｎ），而冷却时间不同（分别为４０、３０ｍｉｎ），则两次称量最小误差０７ｍｇ，最大误差２３ｍｇ，５次称量无一样品达到恒重。②冷却...     

地面水总氮测定中样品消解时间的改进

针对过硫酸钾氧化－紫外分光光度法测定水样总氮方法中消解时间需保持３０ｍｉｎ的问题，进行了缩短时间为试验，确认消解时间由３０ｍｉｎ缩短至１０ｍｉｎ，总氮测定结果令人满意。     

总氮测定样品消解时间的改进

《水和废水监测分析方法 (第 3版 )》规定 ,过硫酸钾氧化 -紫外分光光度法 (简称紫外法 )测定总氮的样品 ,需在压力蒸气消毒器或家用压力锅内加热 ,在锅内温度达到 1 2 0℃时 ,要保持温度 30ｍｉｎ。此法消解时间长 ,对常规大批样品和应急快速测定带来许多不便。今对不同消解时     

总磷测定中样品消解加热时间的改进

在《水和废水监测分析方法（第３版）》（以下简称《方法》）中，地面水总磷测定一般可采用过硫酸钾消解法消解。《方法》规定，在高压蒸汽消毒器内加热，在锅内压力达到１１ｋｇ／ｃｍ２（相应温度为１２０℃）时，要保持此压力３０ｍｉｎ。此法消解时间较长，对大批样...     

光度法测定硫酸盐方法的改进

①向水样及标液中加２ｍｌ２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的盐酸溶液；②加热煮沸时间延长至１０ｍｉｎ；③用两层慢速定性滤纸过滤。改进后的硫酸盐测定：①空白值降至００１８～００２５，方法检测限为０４ｍｇ／Ｌ，低于原方法的检测限；②与原方法作对比标准曲线，经回归直线...     

直接加热消解法测定土壤底质中的有机质

选用ＸＪⅠ型ＣＯＤ消解装置作加热器，测定土壤、底质的有机质。通过不同消解时间的实验设计，选取８ｍｉｎ作为该法的消解时间；通过４种不同类型土壤、底质有机质的测定，并将其测定值与甘油浴法〔１〕作比较，得出该法精密度好，准确度高，相对标准偏差在１４％～２７％之间，相对误差在－３４％～１５％之间     

化学需氧量(COD_(Cr))和生化需氧量(BOD_5)的快速测定——重铬酸钾紫外曝气法

１化学需氧量１１概述１１１方法原理在强酸性溶液中，加入一定量的重铬酸钾作氧化剂，于１６５℃恒温加热消化水样３０ｍｉｎ，重铬酸钾被水中有机物质（包括还原性物质）还原为三价铬，根据重铬酸钾在３３０～３７０ｎｍ之间吸收峰面积的减小，换算为化学需氧量（...     

水体突发性重金属污染胁迫下斑马鱼的行为反应分析

研究了斑马鱼在不同程度突发性的Zn2＋和Cr6＋胁迫下的行为反应,采用计算机视觉技术量化研究斑马鱼游动行为数据。结果表明,在Zn2＋和Cr6＋的突发性胁迫中,斑马鱼的行为反应快速且敏感,游动行为与污染物种类、质量浓度和暴露时间直接相关,并表现出比较相似的行为变化规律;随着胁迫程度的增加,斑马鱼游动速度的变化幅度增大,反应时间缩短,且其变化曲线符合生物行为的环境压力模型。斑马鱼的行为变化远远提前于生物的病理损伤或死亡,可利用斑马鱼暴露于污染物时的行为变化实现在线水体突发性重金属污染事故的监测预警。     

环境监控(监测)建设与发展过程的思考

论述环境监控系统的发展过程、具体应用和建设的意义。叙述环境监控系统的建设为解决环境质量监测、污染源在线自动监测和生态监测与具体部门相关联而造成信息孤岛的问题,提倡环保多业务综合共享信息的标准化;环境监控系统的建设是基础,应用是关键,运行维护管理是保障,三者不可偏废。让环境管理者产生形象思维,拓宽思路和视野,发现和解决新问题。     

Biodiversity and Saving the Earth

The challenges for reversing course in our stewardship of the earth's ecosystems has never been greater. Biodiversity is in decline on an unprecedented scale and it is tempting to use this as an indicator of the health of the earth's ecosystems. In fact it is one of a number of indicators that collectively provides information on trends in the condition of ecosystems. But the larger problem is the lack of integration between the social and natural sciences. Mainstream scientists continue to reject the notion that solving environmental problems requires an integration of values and processes. A conceptual model shows how these facets may be brought together. A holistic vision requires the integration of natural, social and health sciences. From this perspective the linkage between biodiversity, ecosystem resilience and management options is more clearly articulated.     

Eco-Efficiency of Electric and Electronic Appliances: A Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)

Several papers have studied the eco-efficiency of manufacturing systems to address strategic socioeconomic issues in the context of sustainability analysis. Their goal has been to take into account not only environmental impact aspects throughout the whole life cycle but also to incorporate the associated economic value as well, thus, giving a comprehensive vision of both factors. This paper focuses on different commonplace household electric appliances, comparing their eco-efficiency computed using a data envelopment analysis model. We consider the retail price as a measure of the product’s economic value and the ecopoint LCA score as the assessment of its environmental impact. We conclude that cell phones and the bulky analyzed appliances have the highest eco-efficiency scores, whereas the rest would require a more environmentally friendly redesign and/or an increase in their perceived value to improve their eco-efficiency.     

Automated benthic counting of living and non-living components in Ngedarrak Reef, Palau via subsurface underwater video

We introduce an automated benthic counting system in application for rapid reef assessment that utilizes computer vision on subsurface underwater reef video. Video acquisition was executed by lowering a submersible bullet-type camera from a motor boat while moving across the reef area. A GPS and echo sounder were linked to the video recorder to record bathymetry and location points. Analysis of living and non-living components was implemented through image color and texture feature extraction from the reef video frames and classification via Linear Discriminant Analysis. Compared to common rapid reef assessment protocols, our system can perform fine scale data acquisition and processing in one day. Reef video was acquired in Ngedarrak Reef, Koror, Republic of Palau. Overall success performance ranges from 60% to 77% for depths of 1 to 3 m. The development of an automated rapid reef classification system is most promising for reef studies that need fast and frequent data acquisition of percent cover of living and nonliving components.     

Community Exchange and Training in the Suid Bokkeveld: A UNCCD Pilot Project to Enhance Livelihoods and Natural Resource Management

Community knowledge exchanges have played a key role in developmental processes in the Suid Bokkeveld community of South Africa. Two exchange visits were undertaken with the support of the Department of Agriculture and an NGO, the Environmental Monitoring Group, which have led to local economic development and enhanced capacity to manage natural resources in a sustainable manner. These pilot projects were undertaken within the framework of the Community Exchange and Training Programme of the Global Mechanism of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). The methodology applied included facilitation to develop a community-based vision for development, in terms of which the community exchange process was designed. A Facilitation Team of service providers conducted preparatory workshops, and identified potential partner communities. Two exchange visits were carried out, one focused on Rooibos production and marketing, and the other on community-based eco-tourism. Following report-back and planning workshops, emerging community-driven initiatives were supported through their formative stages. The initiatives have not only resulted in enhanced livelihoods, but the methodology has also been applied widely in a number of different contexts.     

Multimedia Integrated Modeling for Environmental Protection: Introduction to a Collaborative Framework

The EPA's Office of Research and Development is embarking on a long term project to develop a Multimedia Integrated Modeling System (MIMS). The system will have capabilities to represent the transport and fate of nutrients and chemical stressors over multiple spatial and temporal scales. MIMS will be designed to improve the environmental management community's ability to evaluate the impact of air and water quality and watershed management practices on stream and estuarine conditions. The system will provide a computer-based problem-solving environment for testing understanding of multimedia (atmosphere, land, water) environmental problems, such as the movement of chemicals through the hydrologic cycle, and the response of aquatic ecological systems to land-use change, with initial emphasis on the fish health endpoint. The design will attempt to combine the state-of-the-art in computer science, system design, and numerical analysis (i.e., object-oriented design, parallel processing, advanced numerical libraries including analytic elements) with the latest advancements in process level science (hydrology, atmospheric sciences, chemistry, ecology). The purpose of this paper is to introduce a vision for a MIMS and anticipate the challenges to its development.     

Assessment of the status of work zone air environment due to opencast coal mining

In India coal production will have to be increased to meat theenergy demand at a very high rate. By 2000 AD the coolproduction from opencast (O/C) mining will rise to 250 Mt. whichwill be about 70% of the total coal production. The increasing trend of O/C mining leads to cause air pollution problem. A surveywas conducted to assess the status of work zone air envirnmentdue to opencast coal mining in Jharia Coalfield. Keeping in viewof place of dust generation air quality monitoring stations wereselected. Methodology adapted for sampling and analysis of airpollutants have been described. Four season data revealed thatmaximum concentration of SPM was observed at dragline sectionand the next high concentration was at haul roads. At all thelocations SPM and RPM concentrations exceeded the permissiblelimits specified by Indian Pollution Control Board. Shift wiseand location wise analysis for getting higher concentration ofSO₂ and NO_x have been discussed. Wind velocity anddirections, mixing heights, ventilation coefficient of the areahave been analyzed. Huge dust generation creates vision problemto HEMM operators. The methodology adopted may be utilised onindustrial scale for various sites.     

Transitions-based strategic environmental assessment

Strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is emerging as an important tool for sustainability transitions, yet there has been limited research conceptualizing transitions-based SEA. If SEA's primary goal is to facilitate strategic change and guide decision-processes toward sustainability, an assessment framework that accounts for the multi-dimensional factors and relationships influencing transition processes seems highly relevant. This paper advances the transitions-based SEA design – an approach to SEA that is focused on the institutional environment and policy context for the development of strategic initiatives including institutional commitments, supporting policies, and opportunities. We do so within the context of energy transitions, bridging strategic planning theories, decision making, and transition management. Building on existing SEA frameworks that advance strategic thinking, the paper presents the foundational principles and strategic questions to be asked in a transitions-based SEA design. The framework was developed based on a review of sustainability transitions and SEA literature supplemented by expert input. The SEA design focuses on the guiding vision for transitions, the institutional context and governance arrangements, opportunities and risks of proposed sustainability pathways, progress indicators for on-going transition management, and impacts of the exogenous landscape. The framework defines a new functionality for SEA, pushing the boundaries of what SEA can achieve, and should accomplish, as a strategic assessment tool while also challenging conventional thinking and practice beyond its application to policies, plans and programs.