新型酶联免疫测定废气中二噁英类物质

与传统酶联免疫分析方法检测2,3,7,8-TCDD以及采用毒性较大的2,3,7,8-TCDD做标准曲线不同,本文构建了一种新的单克隆抗体用于检测PeCDFs以及HxCDFs,并且采用新型毒性较低的2,4,5-TCP-(Gly)2制作标准曲线,同时优化了此种反应系统的反应条件,并采用此系统分析了来自中国的24个废气样品,计算出了换算方程,将结果与HRGC-HRMS进行了比较,呈现了良好的相关性,两者的相关系数R2为0.944,在中国可以应用此方法来进行二噁英类筛查性分析.     

聚合铝的形态稳定性及其动电特性的研究

本文采用改进的Ａｌ－Ｆｅｒｒｏｎ快速测定法研究了混凝过程中铝盐与聚合铝水解形态的转化规律及稳定性，并对混凝反应过程中铝与聚合铝溶解－沉淀形态分布与理论溶解度进行了对比，同时采用流动电流技术直接测定了铝盐与聚合铝絮凝剂的荷电状况，最后对发生在混凝过程中铝与聚合铝最佳凝聚形态进行了讨论。     

鸭绿江（丹东段）江水中未知有机污染物分析鉴定与有毒有机物名录筛选

采用美国惠普公司MC/GS联用仪,对鸭绿江（丹东段）江水中有机污染物种类、组成进行了分析鉴定,进而采用高压液相色谱法对多环芳烃类进行定量测定与评价,进行了该江段有毒有机物名录筛选,提出由27种有毒有机污染物组成的名单。     

美国恶臭污染管理及测试方法

介绍了美国目前的恶臭法规和政策问题。在最近几年中,恶臭标准化问题已经取得了令人瞩目的进展。在美国,大气和废物管理协会(A＆WMA)的EE-6恶臭委员会向美国试验与材料协会(ASTM)转交了关于美国试验与材料协会(ASTM)E-679-91方法的建议性替代方案。另外,该方案推荐对嗅觉计使用最小的流量速率3L/min。然而美国大量的恶臭实验室采用了接近20L/min流量速率的欧洲标准。作者提出疑问:美国标准中调整后的嗅觉测量法中采用较低的流量速率和测定值是否与欧洲标准中采用的较高的流量速率和较高的恶臭测定值存在矛盾呢?     

快速溶剂萃取-超高效液质联用法分析土壤中的四溴双酚A

采用快速溶剂萃取仪(ASE)对土壤样品中的四溴双酚A进行了快速萃取,同时,采用超高效液相色谱与质谱联用仪(UHPLC MS/MS)对样品进行了准确定性与快速定量分析.结果表明,该方法的线性回归方程为Y=76468X-9958,相关系数r=0.9993,线性范围为0.05—50μg.mL-1,检出限为0.01μg.mL-1.采用该方法对某地化工污染土壤样品进行了分析,结果四溴双酚A的含量为0.021μg.g-1(干重),样品基质加标回收率为88.1%—107.2%,RSD值为6.8%.     

扬中县土壤背景值及其与恶性肿瘤死亡率关系

本文对我国癌症高发区扬中县土壤环境背景值作了论述,并与同期调查的全国和江苏省土壤背景值进行对比,采用多元素综合效应比值、相关、多元回归分析法,探讨了癌症发病率与土壤微量元素间的关系。     

采用超高效液质联用法测定水体中十二烷基硫酸钠

采用离线固相萃取(SPE)对水体样品中的十二烷基硫酸钠进行了富集浓缩,同时,采用超高效液相色谱与质谱联用仪(UHPLC-MS)对样品进行了准确定性与快速分析.结果表明,该方法的线性回归方程为y=752.1x-5.97,相关系数r=0.995,线性范围为0.05—50μg·m L~(-1),方法定量限为0.05μg·m L~(-1).采用该方法对浦东某区域水体3份样品进行了分析,结果显示水体中十二烷基硫酸钠的含量为未检出—0.011μg·m L~(-1)之间,样品基质加标回收率为67.0%—105.0%,RSD值为5.8%.     

县域土壤资源管理与施肥决策信息系统的建立——以北京市平谷区为例

以作物推荐施肥模型为智能决策支撑,建立了基于地块的县域土壤资源管理与施肥决策信息系统。该系统采用C/S和B/S混合结构,采用Delphi开发语言和GIS组件技术,对GIS、数据库和模型进行耦合与集成,实现了土壤资源和决策信息查询、更新;养分资源管理决策与咨询;耕地质量评价;耕地环境质量预警等四个主要功能。系统在北京市平谷区得到应用和验证,应用表明该系统对于区域土壤资源信息高效管理、决策和面向公众的土壤信息服务具有重要意义。     

镀镉退镀液化学处理法的研究

镀镉工件镉镀层的退除是镀镉工艺的组成部分之一。常用的NH_4NO_3退镀液在失效时,镉含量高达近百克/升,必须加以回收防止污染,采用化学法处理,工艺简单、经济、安全、可靠。本研究采用了(NH_4)_2CO_3为沉淀剂,对退镀液中的镉进行化学沉淀,以CdO形式进行回收。试验就沉淀剂用量、pH值对镉回收率与纯度的影响进行研究。并与目前采用的NaOH或Na_2CO_3沉淀剂进行了对比。结果表明,采用(NH_4)_2CO_3沉淀剂,比NaOH沉淀剂能获得高得多的镉回收率,并与Na_2CO_3相近。两者均>97％,而纯度以(NH_4)_2CO_3为最优,CdO纯度>99％。对上清液可重新用于退镀液的配制,或进一步用固体FeS处理,处理后的上清液镉含量完全符合国家工业废水排放标准。用不同工厂的实际退镀液进行了小试和生产试验,取得了相同的结果。     

垂直面绿化植物遮阳系数与叶面积指数研究

比较、分析了农业研究中提出的叶面积指数LAI与用于建筑节能领域的垂直面绿化植物叶片遮阳系数SCPVW两个概念的异同和各自的应用范围。指出城市绿化采用水平或垂直绿化方式时,由于下垫面差异,植物叶片的遮阳系数应当分别采用LAI和SCPVW进行计算。     

酞酸酯暴露及风险评价研究进展

酞酸酯的暴露及健康风险研究日趋深入。在综述了酞酸酯的物化性质、接触机会两方面特性,以及体内代谢、健康危害两方面的最新研究进展基础上,比较了其国内外相关标准现状,总结了酞酸酯暴露评估现状及健康风险研究现状,提出并分析了存在的问题,并对其今后的研究进行了展望。     

土壤中总石油烃污染（TPH）的微生物降解与修复研究进展

微生物降解和修复是处理土壤中总石油烃(TPH)污染最简单、有效的方法之一.论文阐述了土壤TPH污染的产生、危害以及物理、化学、生物等修复方法的各自特点,其中重点介绍了微生物修复方法,论述了土壤中TPH在微生物表面的吸附、转运,在微生物体内的降解以及相关降解酶及基因;详细介绍了电子受体、温度、pH、营养元素等外界因素对微生物修复TPH污染的影响,在此基础上对土壤TPH污染的微生物修复现状和发展趋势进行了讨论.     

爬行动物应用于毒理学研究的现状

在系统介绍了爬行动物作为受试生物在毒理学研究中的应用现状基础上,总结了不同污染物对常见爬行动物个体和器官水平的毒害作用,重点综述了蜥蜴和龟毒理学研究进展。同时,论述了研究爬行动物毒理学的重要性,提出适合不同毒理学实验使用的爬行动物物种,并指出了爬行动物毒理学今后研究的重点及面临的难题。     

The diversity and floristic characteristics of mosses in Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve北大核心CSCD

苔藓是生态系统的重要组分和自然保护区的重点保护对象之一,在物种资源和生态系统功能维护中具有重要作用.通过野外标本采集和室内鉴定,对九寨沟国家级自然保护区的藓类植物的物种组成和分布特点进行研究.结果表明:(1)九寨沟共有藓类植物38科90属211种(含变种),其中优势科为青藓科(Brachytheciaceae)、丛藓科(Pottiaceae)、灰藓科(Hypnaceae)、金灰藓科(Pylaisiaceae)、提灯藓科(Mniaceae)、真藓科(Bryaceae)和羽藓科(Thuidiaceae);并且调查发现两种濒危级别的珍稀藓种.(2)九寨沟藓类植物的区系地理成分可划分为10个,优势成分为东亚分布,占34.2%,其次为北温带分布,占30.9%.(3)通过与西南地区5个自然保护区藓类植物的相似系数和区系谱主成分分析发现,九寨沟藓类植物种类与贡嘎山的共有种最多,达到94种,在区系成分上也与贡嘎山和王朗相近.本研究表明九寨沟高原喀斯特生境藓类植物物种资源丰富,虽然区系地理成分具有多样和复杂性,但主要还是以东亚分布和温带分布为主,在物种相似度和区系成分上与贡嘎山和王朗的藓类植物一致性更高.(图3表6参47)     

若尔盖西部草甸的基本类型、特点及近几十年来的变化

2000年8月对若尔盖西部草地的调查，确定了该地18个草丛类型（不包括典型的沼泽植被）。经群丛间Pearson最大相关系数配合生境作图，将该地区的草地群丛分成3大类，即沼生草地，中生性草甸和旱生性草地。各群丛的SW指数，物种丰富度，地上生物量，裸地面积按照生境序列作图，显示中性草甸具有最高的物种丰富度和地上生物量。群丛C和J分别是沼生和旱生植被与中生性草甸之间的拐点式过渡类型，其物种丰富度明显比周期的群丛低，生境转换关键种分别为鹅绒委陵菜和垂穗披碱草。在草地物种组成上，杂类草占81．3％，莎草类仅占6．8％；群丛建群种方面，杂类草占61％，莎草类占28％；在次优势种方面，杂类草和禾草所占比重都有所增加。草原成分出现在丛中生至旱生的群丛中，在有些群丛中甚至成为次优势种。沼泽消退，黄河河道附近沙化以及过牧的阳坡山地生长带刺的旱生化植被，说明当地正经历着干旱化的过程，原因不仅有自然的还有人为的，特别是草地的过度使用。最后对当地草场的管理及发展提出了一些建议。图3表2参20     

Distribution of a novel infectious agent in healthy and diseased bicolor damselfish in Florida and the Caribbean

The disease damselfish neurofibromatosis (DNF) affects bicolor damselfish (Stegastes partitus) on reefs in Florida. This disease consists of peripheral nerve sheath and pigment cell tumors that are eventually fatal. The development of DNF is correlated with the appearance of unusual, extrachromosomal DNAs in affected fish that appear to be the genome of an undescribed, virus-like agent. Probes derived from these sequences were used to determine the distribution of this agent in diseased and healthy fish from several reefs in South Florida and from selected locations elsewhere in the range of this species. These analyses demonstrated that naturally diseased fish exhibited high levels of these DNAs in tumors and, to a lesser extent, in unaffected tissues. Fish with experimentally induced DNF exhibited similar levels of this DNA. Healthy adult fish had either no detectable levels of this DNA or very low levels, depending on the sensitivity of the detection technique used. Healthy adults from high disease prevalence reefs were more likely to test positive for this DNA than those from low disease reefs. Juvenile damselfish never contained detectable levels of this agent. Very low levels of this DNA were also detected in healthy fish from the Caribbean and the Bahamas. Dose-response experiments using tumor-derived cell lines indicated that tumor development was directly related to exposure dosages and that very low concentrations of this material did not yield tumor development. Taken together, these data indicate that high levels of this agent were correlated with the appearance of this disease and the very low levels often observed in healthy fish were not a predictor of tumor development.     

West Indian Ocean phytoplankton: a numerical investigation of phytohydrographic regions and their characteristic phytoplankton associations

Phytoplankton samples were collected from a large area of the West Indian Ocean and 237 different species identified. The object of this study was to define structure in the species distributions and to relate this to environmental factors. Numerical methods of cluster analysis are described, with adaptation and application to this ecological study of phytoplankton. The phytoplankton stations were grouped according to their phytoplankton populations; these groupings were related firstly to the monsoon seasons, and secondly to the hydrology, in order to derive phytohydrographic regions. The species were then grouped according to hydrographical distribution in order to derive the floral elements (species associations) which typify the different regions. The samples divided seasonally into 2 overlapping clusters, those sampled prior to the South West Monsoon, and those sampled subsequently. In both seasonal groups 4 main phytohydrographic regions were isolated from (1) equatorial subsurface water; (2) the equatorial undercurrent boundary; (3) the South Equatorial Current; (4) the surface tropical water. A total of 11 different floral elements were derived to account for the phytohydrographic groupings. The distribution of the largest element (50 species) was centred in equatorial subsurface water. This element dominated all samples, and was considered to comprise the endemic Indian Ocean flora. The effects of the other minor floral elements were superimposed on the dominance or otherwise of this element in the samples. These different minor floral elements were characteristic of (a) different seasonal divisions; (b) regional differences in equatorial subsurface water; (c) traversing currents; (d) nutrientrich regions of instability.     

盐泽螺旋藻对染料的吸附性能研究

本文研究了经过一定处理后失活的盐泽螺旋藻对七种染料的吸附行为;同时探讨了不同重金属对失活的盐泽螺旋藻吸附染料的影响。     

Two-dimensional numerical and eco-toxicological modeling of chemical spills

The effects of chemical spills on aquatic nontarget organisms were evaluated in this study. Based on a review of three types of current eco-toxicological models of chemicals, i.e., ACQUATOX model of the US-EPA, Hudson River Model of PCBs, and critical body residual (CBR) model and dynamic energy budget (DEBtox) model, this paper presents an uncoupled numerical ecotoxicological model. The transport and transformation of spilled chemicals were simulated by a chemical transport model (including flow and sediment transport), and the mortalities of an organism caused by the chemicals were simulated by the extended threshold damage model, separately. Due to extreme scarcity of data, this model was applied to two hypothetical cases of chemical spills happening upstream of a lake. Theoretical analysis and simulated results indicated that this model is capable of reasonably predicting the acute effects of chemical spills on aquatic ecosystems or organism killings.     

16种农药对东亚小花蝽的生态风险评估

东亚小花蝽是我国北方林木、果园和农田的优势天敌昆虫。为评估常用化学农药对东亚小花蝽的毒害作用,首次测定了16种田间常用化学农药对东亚小花蝽的24 h急性接触毒性,并进行了生态风险评估。结果表明所试除草剂、杀菌剂和杀虫剂中的吡蚜酮对东亚小花蝽较为安全,3倍田间最高推荐剂量下的校正死亡率低于33.33%。阿维菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、吡虫啉和啶虫脒对东亚小花蝽的半数致死浓度LC0分别为36.567、15.798、4.992和4.487 mg a.i.·L~(-1)5,农田内风险可接受。噻虫嗪、联苯菊酯和呋虫胺对东亚小花蝽的LC_(50)分别为0. 002、0. 080和0. 968 mg a. i.·L~(-1),农田内危害商值分别为3 976.36、69.03和16.93,在农田内对东亚小花蝽造成的风险均不可接受。本研究的结果有助于合理施用化学农药以保护和利用东亚小花蝽。