青藏高原金露梅灌丛草甸植物群落对退化演替的响应

为了明晰金露梅(Potentillafruticosa)灌丛草甸植物群落对退化演替的响应,以空间代时间的方法,于2018年8月中旬在青藏高原祁连山南麓分别选取原生、中度、重度和极度4种不同演替阶段的金露梅灌丛草甸,对其植被群落进行研究,以探究金露梅灌丛草甸生态功能退化过程中植被群落及土壤养分的演变特征。结果表明,(1)随着退化程度的加剧,地上生物量和地下生物量现存量均呈逐渐减小趋势,且原生金露梅灌丛地上生物量(387.73±25.53)g?m~(-2)和中度退化样地(328.55±36.23) g?m~(-2)显著高于重度退化样地(210±35.04) g?m~(-2)和极度退化样地(182.19±49.99) g?m~(-2)(P0.05),放牧改变了植物群落结构,禾草和莎草地上生物量逐渐减小,而杂类草地上生物量逐渐增加。(2)与地上生物量相似,原生金露梅灌丛(48 46.01±747.10)g?m~(-2)和中度退化样地(4 723.99±505.64)g?m~(-2)地下生物量现存量显著高于重度退化样地(2 590.75±276.45)g?m~(-2)和极度退化样地(1 011.84±163.46) g?m~(-2)(P0.05),且随着退化程度的加剧,表层土壤全碳、全氮和有机质呈增加趋势,地下根系生物量趋于向表层土壤发展。(3)随着退化程度的加剧,群落物种丰富度逐渐下降,且原生金露梅灌丛和中度退化样地物种丰富度显著高于重度退化和极度退化样地(P0.05)。此外,群落物种丰富度与地上生物量呈显著正相关(P0.05)。研究表明,过度放牧会导致植被群落发生分化,物种丰富度下降,最终导致金露梅灌丛草甸退化为杂类草草地,甚至黑土滩次生裸地。研究结果对今后退化金露梅灌丛草甸的放牧管理具有重要的指导意义。     

高寒草甸不同类型草地群落特征及优势种植物生态位差异

为了解高寒草甸不同种群利用资源和占据生态空间的能力,结合野外试验和室内分析等手段对青藏高原杂类草草甸、矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)草甸、小嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)草甸和藏嵩草(Kobresia tibetica)沼泽化草甸的群落数量特征及主要优势种植物的生态位进行研究.结果表明,不同群落类型高寒草甸物种组成、Shannon-Wiener和Simpson多样性指数均表现出杂类草草甸矮嵩草草甸小嵩草草甸藏嵩草沼泽化草甸;地上生物量为藏嵩草沼泽化草甸矮嵩草草甸杂类草草甸小嵩草草甸;不同群落类型优势种群所占的比例存在差异性.生态位宽度以及主要优势种植物生态位重叠值在不同植被类型差异明显,垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)在杂类草和矮嵩草草甸的生态位宽度最大,小嵩草和藏嵩草分别在小嵩草草甸和藏嵩草沼泽化草甸中最大,且生态位越大与其他植物的生态位重叠程度较高.但同一物种在不同群落类型所占的生态位宽度和生态位重叠值也不同,生态位宽度大的物种间生态位重叠值也越大.说明高寒草甸优势种群在资源利用能力或环境的生态适应能力方面有较大的差异性,环境资源的异质性是导致群落组成不同的关键因子.     

内蒙古辉河自然保护区植物功能型的空间变异性研究

为了揭示辉河国家级自然保护区不同功能区植物功能型及生物多样性的变化特征,采用样带与样地结合的方法在核心区、缓冲区和实验区进行植被调查。选取3块生境条件基本相同的样地(面积为250 m×250 m),每块样地设置3条样带,每条样带上设置8个样方(面积为1 m×1 m)。分析丰富度指数、多样性指数、群落生物量和生活型植物功能型在不同功能区的空间变异性。结果表明,研究区植物以多年生杂类草和多年生禾草为主;在核心区和缓冲区,多年生禾草和多年生杂类草的物种数较多,一年生草本极少;在实验区,多年生禾草和多年生杂类草等功能型的物种数明显减少,而一年生草本增加。从核心区、缓冲区到实验区,灌木的优势度逐渐增加,与核心区相比,缓冲区多年生禾草和多年生杂类草的优势度无显著差异(P0.05);实验区多年生禾草和多年生杂类草的优势度均显著低于核心区相应功能型的优势度(P0.05),而一年生草本的优势度从核心区、缓冲区到实验区依次增加。多年生禾草、多年生杂类草的生物量及群落总生物量从核心区、缓冲区到实验区依次减少;灌木和一年生草本的生物量则依次增加。缓冲区物种Patrick丰富度指数最高,且显著高于实验区和核心区(P0.05);与核心区相比,缓冲区Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均无显著差异(P0.05)。     

放牧管理对藏北高寒沼泽草甸群落结构的影响

采用样带法研究了冬季放牧、冬春季放牧和全年放牧3种放牧管理模式对西藏高寒沼泽草甸高度、盖度、地上生物量及群落结构的影响.研究表明,3种放牧管理模式下的高寒沼泽草甸植被群落物种数差异不显著（p〉0.05）,高度、盖度和地上生物量差异显著（p〈0.05）。冬季放牧、冬春季放牧和全年放牧沼泽草甸地上生物量依次降低。放牧管理对沼泽草甸群落多样性影响较大,不同放牧管理模式下的沼泽草甸Shannon-Wiener指数差异显著（p〈0.05）,冬春放牧沼泽草甸Shannon-Wiener指数较冬季放牧和全年放牧沼泽草甸低。冬季放牧和全年放牧沼泽草甸Margalef指数和Pielou指数差异不显著,显著（p〈0.05）高于冬春季放牧沼泽草甸。     

海拔对藏北高寒草地物种多样性和生物量的影响

高寒草地是青藏高原生态系统的主体,高寒草地物种多样性和生物量沿海拔梯度的空间分布格局在气候变化及人为干扰的双重影响下已发生重大变化。为明晰海拔对物种多样性和生物量的影响,以藏北地区那曲市罗玛镇高寒草地为研究对象,于2018年8月采用样方调查法对不同海拔梯度高寒草地植物高度、盖度、地上生物量及物种多样性沿海拔变化进行调查和统计分析,探讨藏北高寒草地物种多样性和地上生物量在海拔上的变化规律及二者的关系。研究表明:(1)植物盖度和地上生物量分别由海拔4 600 m的89.0%和64.7 g·m~(-2)降至4 800 m的67.3%和41.8 g·m~(-2),即植物盖度和地上生物量随海拔的升高呈线性降低的趋势;(2)不同海拔梯度间植物物种组成存在较大差异,高海拔段中旱生禾本科植物逐渐被耐寒喜湿植物取代;(3)物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener指数沿海拔呈单峰分布格局,而E.Pielou均匀度指数则呈U型分布格局;(4)物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener指数与地上生物量呈负二次函数关系;地上生物量与土壤温度呈指数增长趋势,与土壤湿度呈指数降低的趋势。研究结果初步揭示了藏北高原高寒草地不同海拔梯度物种多样性及其生物量的垂直分布差异,以及不同海拔梯度间水热组合差异对物种多样性及其生物量的影响。     

放牧干扰对祁连山高寒金露梅灌丛草甸群落的影响

以祁连山北支冷龙岭东段南麓的甘柴滩夏季牧场集体长期混合(藏系绵羊、牦牛)放牧的高寒金露梅Potentilla froticosa灌丛草场为对象,利用空间分布代替时间演替的方法,采用方格网法取样分析调查,对不同放牧压力梯度下金露梅灌丛群落的结构、组成、物种多样性、地上生物量进行研究,结果表明:①放牧居住点由远到近,放牧压力梯度不断增加,金露梅株高、密度、覆盖度、地上生物量和丛间草地的地上生物量均有不同程度的降低,地上的总生物量降低幅度达84.77%.金露梅株高与放牧压力梯度遵循对数方程;而金露梅密度、覆盖度、丛间草本地上生物量与放牧压力梯度呈幂函数关系.②随着放牧压力梯度断增加,金露梅灌丛下层群落的物种组成及其结构有显著变化.禾本科、莎草科和杂类草植物的地上生物量均有不同程度的下降,而杂类草的地上生物量占地上草本植物总生物量的比例由56.0%上升到79.69%;莎草科生物量占地上草本植物总生物量的比例略有所上升;禾本科的地上生物量占草本植物地上总生物量的比例南31.2%下降到9.6%.     

围封和放牧对科尔沁沙质草地植被和土壤的影响

选择科尔沁沙地自由放牧和围封10年的沙质草地为研究对象,通过野外调查与室内分析相结合,分析了围封和放牧对沙质草地群落土壤和植被的影响,旨在为退化沙地恢复与重建提供科学依据。结果表明,(1)围封和放牧草地盖度、密度、地上生物量、高度存在显著差异(P0.01),围封使群落盖度、密度、地上生物量和高度分别增加了67%、79%、71%和44%。(2)放牧草地物种数为15种,围封草地为21种,放牧草地物种数增加了40%,大果虫实、狗尾草、差巴嘎蒿是放牧草地群落的优势物种,其重要值占71%;达乌里胡枝子、狗尾草、画眉草、猪毛菜和虎尾草是围封草地群落的优势物种,其重要值占60%。放牧草地处于一年生杂类草+差巴嘎蒿的沙地退化演替阶段,围封草地处于达乌里胡枝子+一年生禾草+一年生杂类草的沙地恢复演替阶段。(3)围封草地的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Margalef指数、Pielow均匀度指数均大于放牧草地,说明围封提高了群落的物种多样性。(4)围封和放牧草地群落0~20 cm和20~40 cm的土壤水分、土壤机械存在极显著差异(P0.01),围封使沙质草地群落土壤水分、土壤黏粉粒和细砂粒增加。除速效氮外,围封和放牧草地群落土壤的化学性质差异显著(P0.001)。围封与放牧草地相比,总磷、总氮、速效磷和有机质均呈上升趋势,增幅分别为72%、152%、15%和272%。(5)0~20 cm的土壤理化因子:土壤水分、粗砂粒、细砂粒、粉黏粒、有机质、全氮与植被特征因子显著相关(P0.01),表明群落植被与土壤之间相互影响较强。     

放牧强度对川西北高寒草甸植物生物量及其分配的影响

研究了四川省红原县境内4个不同放牧强度下高寒草甸植物群落的物种组成、生物量及其分配特征.随放牧强度的增加,植物群落表现出由垂穗鹅冠草(Roegnerianutans)和垂穗披碱草(Elymusnutans)等禾草为优势种的群落向以川嵩草(Kobresiasetchwanensis)和高山嵩草(Kobresiapygmaea)等莎草为优势种的群落演替的趋势.生长季节6-9月,草甸植物地上生物量以不放牧为最高,重度放牧显著小于不放牧;地下生物量随放牧强度的增加而呈增加趋势,重度和中度放牧显著高于不放牧和轻度放牧.不放牧、轻度、中度和重度放牧草地6-9月4个月植物总生物量平均值分别为1543.3、1621.6、2294.7和2448.5g·m-2,地下生物量占总生物量比例大小排序为重牧(87.8%)＞中牧(81.8%)＞轻牧(76.2%)＞不放牧(69.2%).草甸植物生物量的变化主要是由于放牧作用下植物群落优势种的变化而引起的,其分配比例的变化反映了草甸植物对放牧干扰的适应.     

增温和增氮及其交互作用对藏北高寒草甸植物群落结构与物种多样性的影响

为探讨气候变暖和区域性氮沉降增加对青藏高原高寒草甸植物群落特征的影响,选择西藏自治区那曲市典型高寒草甸为研究对象,于2014年5月设置对照(CK)、增温(W)、增氮(N)、增温增氮(WN)4个处理,并在2017年和2018年观测了不同功能群植物地上生物量、高度、盖度和物种多样性指数等群落特征对增温增氮及其交互作用的响应,为当地高寒草地畜牧业发展提供有力依据。结果表明:(1)各处理均使群落总生物量显著增加(P0.05);(2)在增温处理下,禾本科高度显著增加,增温、增氮处理下,杂草高度显著增加;增氮处理下,莎草科盖度显著增加,增温增氮处理下,豆科盖度显著增加(P0.05);(3)2018年增温增氮处理下Simpson指数和莎草科物种丰富度显著降低,增氮处理下莎草科物种丰富度显著增加(P0.05);(4)相关分析表明,豆科物种生物量与土壤含水量呈显著负相关。综上所述,高寒草甸在未来气温和氮沉降增加趋势下,总生物量显著增加,物种多样性降低。     

围封6年对温带典型草原坡地物种多样性及其与地上生物量的关系的影响

以内蒙古太仆寺旗地区典型克氏针茅-羊草草原为研究对象,通过调查围封6年后围栏内外典型草原群落特征,分析围封、放牧处理下典型草原植物群落结构及地上生物量的动态变化,揭示围封放牧对植被群落结构、物种丰富度和地上生物量的影响。结果发现,在围封6年后,各功能群物种丰富度与盖度围栏内外的空间变化趋势基本一致。群落物种丰富度和地上生物量均随坡位下降而显著增加,初步显示了物种多样性与生态系统功能的空间变化的一致性。围栏内物种丰富度显著低于围栏外,而地上生物量却显著大于围栏外。围栏内多年生禾草、一年生植物物种丰富度显著低于围栏外,而半灌木盖度、生物量显著高于围栏外。围栏内外在禁牧和放牧不同处理下,表现出不同的草原退化方式：在禁牧条件下,尽管生物量有所恢复,但灌木和半灌木的增加却代表了草原的退化;放牧、刈割等人类活动增加了耐牧物种和不适口植物生长的可能,表现为草原退化指示物种增加,同样是草原退化的表现。围栏外一年生植物盖度和生物量显著高于围栏内,而一年生植物的频数也远远大于围栏内（围栏内外频数比13：71）,且独行菜、猪毛菜等仅出现于围栏外。同时,地上生物量随着物种丰富度的增加而增加,但只有围栏外的关系达到统计显著程度,说明围封调制了生物多样性与生态系统功能的关系。本研究表明,对于干旱半干旱典型草原的恢复,不能简单地采用长期完全禁牧措施,应当根据区域环境、植被以及社会经济情况,制定季节性放牧或者间歇性禁牧的恢复措施,从而保证草场的可持续性恢复利用。     

高原退化湿地纳帕海植物多样性格局特征及其驱动力

对滇西北纳帕海湿地不同退化演替阶段的植物群落结构特征及多样性格局的研究结果表明:纳帕海共有植物115种,隶属38科、82属,植物群落15个,包括3个沉水植物群落、2个浮叶植物群落、6个挺水植物群落、4个草甸群落。其中原生沼泽有湿地植物25种,隶属16科、17属,3个沉水植物群落、2个浮叶植物群落;沼泽化草甸有湿地植物35种,隶属19科、26属,6个挺水植物群落;草甸有湿地植物64种,隶属28科、55属,4个草甸群落;垦后湿地仅有农作物4种,隶属4科、4属。随着原生沼泽、沼泽化草甸向草甸、垦后湿地的退化演替,植物群落伴生种增多,优势种的优势度明显下降,群落结构逐渐变得复杂;原生沼泽、沼泽化草甸植物群落分布面积萎缩,草甸、垦后湿地面积不断增大;物种丰富度与多样性指数随原生沼泽、沼泽化草甸、草甸的退化演替而逐渐增加,草甸植物物种丰富度、多样性指数最大,而垦后湿地为最低值。纳帕海植物多样性格局特征是对不同人为干扰强度与类型的响应,当前影响植物多样格局的驱动力主要是排水垦殖、无序旅游、过度放牧和周边森林的破坏等人为生产活动。     

Quantifying relationships between bird and butterfly community shifts and environmental change.

Quantifying the manner in which ecological communities respond during a time of decreasing precipitation is a first step in understanding how they will respond to longer-term climate change. Here we coupled analysis of interannual variability in remotely sensed data with analyses of bird and butterfly community changes in montane meadow communities of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Landsat satellite imagery was used to classify these meadows into six types along a hydrological gradient. The northern portion of the ecosystem, or Gallatin region, has smaller mean patch sizes separated by ridges of mountains, whereas the southern portion of the ecosystem, or Teton region, has much larger patches within the Jackson Hole valley. Both support a similar suite of butterfly and bird species. The Gallatin region showed more overall among-year variation in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) when meadow types were pooled within regions, perhaps because the patch sizes are smaller on average. Bird and butterfly communities showed significant relationships relative to meadow type and NDVI. We identified several key species that are tightly associated with specific meadow types along the hydrological gradient. Comparing taxonomic groups, fewer birds showed specific habitat affinities than butterflies, perhaps because birds are responding to differences in habitat structure among meadow types and using the landscape at a coarser scale than the butterflies. Comparing regions, the Teton region showed higher predictability of community assemblages as compared to the Gallatin region. The Gallatin region exhibited more significant temporal trends with respect to butterflies. Butterfly communities in wet meadows showed a distinctive shift along the hydrological gradient during a drought period (1997-2000). These results imply that the larger Teton meadows will show more predictable (i.e., static) species-habitat associations over the long term, but that the smaller Gallatin meadows may be an area that will exhibit the effects of global climate change faster.     

Grassland restoration with and without fire: evidence from a tree-removal experiment

Forest encroachment threatens the biological diversity of grasslands globally. Positive feedbacks can reinforce the process, affecting soils and ground vegetation, ultimately leading to replacement of grassland by forest species. We tested whether restoration treatments (tree removal, with or without fire) reversed effects of nearly two centuries of encroachment by Abies grandis and Pinus contorta into dry, montane meadows in the Cascade Range, Oregon, USA. In nine, 1-ha plots containing a patchy mosaic of meadow openings and forests of varying age (20 to > 140 yr), we compared three treatments affecting the ground vegetation: control (no trees removed), unburned (trees removed, slash burned in piles leaving 90% of the area unburned), and burned (trees removed, slash broadcast burned). We quantified changes over 3-4 years in soils, abundance and richness of species with differing habitat associations (meadow, forest, and ruderal), and recruitment of conifers. Except for a transient increase in available N (especially in burn scars), effects of burning on soils were minimal due, in part, to mixing by gophers. Tree removal greatly benefited meadow species at the expense of forest herbs. Cover and richness of meadow species increased by 47% and 38% of initial values in unburned plots, but changed minimally in burned plots. In contrast, cover and richness of forest herbs declined by 44% and 26% in unburned plots and by 79% and 58% in burned plots. Ruderal species and conifer seedlings were uncommon in both treatments. Although vegetation was consumed beneath burn piles, meadow species recovered significantly after three years. Long-term tree presence did not preclude recovery of meadow species; in fact, colonization was greater in older than in younger forests. In sum, temporal trends were positive for most indicators, suggesting strong potential for restoration. Contrary to conventional wisdom, tree removal without fire may be sufficient to shift the balance from forest to meadow species. In meadows characterized by historically infrequent fire, small-scale disturbances and competitive interactions may be more critical to ecosystem maintenance and restoration. Managers facing the worldwide phenomenon of tree invasion should critically evaluate the ecological vs. operational need for fire in ecosystem restoration.     

锡林河河漫滩湿地植物群落特征及物种多样性分析

内蒙古高原草原区湿地具有不同于典型湿地的特征,同时还兼具草原的一些特征,在保持生物多样性和珍惜物种资源方面具有不可替代的重要作用.通过样方调查,以重要值为数量特征,采用指示种分析法和多样性指数测定,对内蒙古高原典型内陆河流——锡林河中游河漫滩湿地植被群落特征及物种多样性进行了系统分析和研究.结果表明:(1)锡林河中游河漫滩湿地植被依微地形由高河漫滩向低河漫滩可分为芦苇+羊草,黄花苜蓿+无茫雀麦,灰脉苔草+早熟禾,水甜茅群落,小糠草+蒙古扁穗草等5个群落,以禾本科、菊科、豆科三大草本为主,建群种有别于典型湿地和典型草原群落.(2)植物水分生态类型以湿生、中生为主且无水生类型,具有典型湿地和草原的双重特征;(3)湿地植物群落物种多样性、均匀性和丰富度表现出相似的变化趋势,多样性和丰富度较草甸草原低但高于典型草原;(4)锡林河河漫滩湿地植物群落是典型河流湿地和典型草原之间的过渡类型.表6,参28.     

Response of Avian Communities to Historic Habitat Change in the Northern Chihuahuan Desert

Abstract: Throughout much of the northern Chihuahuan Desert, the grasslands that were widespread at the time of European settlement have been replaced by desert shrublands. Little is known about the effects of this change on avian communities. We analyzed historic U.S. Government Land Office records to assess large-scale changes in vegetation cover from the 1880s to the present day. We studied vegetation and avian communities in one grassland habitat type and four desert shrubland habitat types to examine (1) how breeding-bird communities may have changed in response to habitat conversion from grassland to desert shrubland and (2) whether breeding-bird communities differ among the four desert shrubland habitat types that compose Chihuahuan Desert scrub in this region. To estimate the characteristics of 1880s black grama (    Bouteloua eriopoda ) grassland, we focused on plots located within extensive patches of present-day black grama and compared the avian communities found there with those in desert shrubland. Species richness was higher in desert shrubland than grassland. Among the desert shrubland habitat types, species richness was consistently highest in mesquite. Avian abundance patterns differed among the four desert shrubland habitat types. At least 30% of the avian community in each habitat pair was distinct. Conversion of grassland to shrubland in south-central New Mexico has likely been accompanied by a major turnover in the avian community. Remaining tracts of black grama provide habitat for species that may be uniquely adapted to the northern Chihuahuan Desert and should be protected.     

Cattle Grazing Impacts on Annual Forbs and Vegetation Composition of Mesic Grasslands in California

Abstract:   Livestock grazing represents a major human alteration of natural disturbance regimes in grasslands throughout the world, and its impacts on plant communities have been highly debated. We investigated the impact of cattle grazing on the California coastal prairie plant community with a focus on native annual forbs, a number of which are of conservation concern. In spring 2000 and 2001, we surveyed the vegetation community composition, vegetation structure, and soil chemical parameters at 25 paired grazed and ungrazed sites over a 670-km range of the ecosystem. Native annual forb species richness and cover were higher in grazed sites, and this effect was concomitant with decreased vegetation height and litter depth. Soil properties explained less of the variation. Exotic annual grass and forb cover were higher in grazed sites. Native grass cover and species richness did not differ in grazed and ungrazed sites, but cover and species richness of native perennial forbs were higher in ungrazed sites. Our results suggest that cattle grazing may be a valuable management tool with which to conserve native annual forbs in the ecosystem we studied but that grazing differentially affects the various life-history guilds. Therefore, land managers must focus on creating a matrix of disturbance regimes to maintain the suite of species native to these mesic grasslands. The results of this and other studies highlight the importance of considering the adaptation of vegetation communities to disturbance in making recommendations for grazing management.     

Vegetation pattern related tc grazing pressure in alpine meadows of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve

The present study aims to analyze the interaction of prevailing biotic pressure on plant species diversity in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (NDBR) which lies in northern part of Uttaranchal hills between 79 degrees 40'E to 80 degrees 05'E longitude and 30 degrees 17' N to 30 degrees 41'N latitude and covers an area of 2236.7 km2. A total of 75 species has been found which included the herbaceous plants viz., grasses, sedges and forbs. Generally, the plants have a short life span of 3-4 months. However, few species persist throughout the growth period i.e. May-October. Phytosociological study performed in plots of varying slope and grazing pressure intensity revealed that the dominant grasses were Danthonia cachemyriana and Poa annua and dominant forbs were Trachydium roylei and Geum elatum in all the plots. Grasses were abundant on west facing slopes while forbs preferred the even topography of east facing meadows. The grasses and sedges together had optimum density during July and August. In general, short lived species exhibited more diversity for one or two months whilst the long lived species exhibited optimum diversity althrough the snow free period. The species diversity is maximum (100%) in moderately grazed bughiyals i.e. Pacchu and minimum in intensively grazed bughiyals i.e. Martoli. The species distribution among the plots was 60-90% contagious and 11.2-38.0% randomirrespective of grazing pressure, thus highlighting the significance of grazing pressure in management of alpine meadows.     

Conservation of Insect Diversity: a Habitat Approach

Abstract: Neither time nor resources exist to design conservation plans for every species, particularly for little-studied, noncharismatic, but ecologically important taxa that make up most of biodiversity. To explore the feasibility of basing conservation action on community-level biogeography, we sampled a montane insect community. We addressed three issues: (1) the appropriate scale for sampling insect communities; (2) the association of habitat specialization—perhaps a measure of extinction vulnerability—with other ecological or physical traits; and (3) the correlation of diversity across major insect groups. Using malaise traps in Gunnison County, Colorado, we captured 8847 Diptera (identified to family and morphospecies), 1822 Hymenoptera (identified to morphospecies), and 2107 other insects (identified to order). We sampled in three habitat types—meadow, aspen, and conifer—defined on the basis of the dominant vegetation at the scale of hundreds of meters. Dipteran communities were clearly differentiated by habitat type rather than geographic proximity. This result also holds true for hymenopteran communities. Body size and feeding habits were associated with habitat specialization at the family level. In particular, habitat generalists at the family level—taxa perhaps more likely to survive anthropogenic habitat alteration—tended to be trophic generalists. Dipteran species richness was marginally correlated with hymenopteran species richness and was significantly correlated with the total number of insect orders sampled by site. Because these correlations result from differences in richness among habitat types, insect taxa may be reasonable surrogates for one another when sampling is done across habitat types. In sum, community-wide studies appear to offer a practical way to gather information about the diversity and distribution of little-known taxa.     

三江平原典型环型湿地生物多样性

以三江平原典型环型湿地为研究对象,在前人研究的基础上,结合野外调查,研究环型湿地生境多样性和物种多样性的现状及其形成原因,并探讨2者之间的关系。研究表明,三江平原环型湿地生境较为复杂,生境多样性高,生境多样性主要是由水文和地貌在不同层次的时空尺度上相互作用而形成和维持的;由环型湿地中心向边缘,湿地植物的丰富度指数和多样性指数呈先增加后减少的趋势,在塔头苔草(Carexcasiocaepa)群落处达到最大值,而漂筏苔草(Carexpseudocuraica)群落和沼柳-越菊柳(Salixbrachypoda Salixmyrtilloides)群落较低。湿地动物物种多样性丰富,大型土壤动物多样性与均匀性以芦苇-苔草群落为最高而其优势度最低,中小型土壤动物的均匀度和多样性以小叶章(Calamagrosticsangustifolia)沼泽化草甸最高而其优势度最低;三江平原环型湿地物种多样性和生境多样性关系密切。