紫外—Fenton试剂的作用机理及在废水处理的应用

本文研究了紫外光、铁离子对过氧化氢的催化分解作用，证实了紫外光和铁离子对过氧化氢的催化分解存在协同效应，并通过研究三价铁离子与紫外光的相互作用，探讨了协同效应产生的机理，ＵＶ－Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ试剂对硝基苯、十二烷基苯碘酸钠（ＤＢＳ）模拟废水的处理结果表明：将紫外光引入Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ试剂可大大提高Ｆｅｎ－ｔｏｎ试剂的化性能，对生物难降解或难化学氧化的有机污染物具有良好的处理效果。     

铁、铝催化过氧化氢氧化有机物特征

氧化作为水处理常用的方法,对水质和水处理过程影响深远,因而备受关注.运用三维荧光光谱和紫外差异分析等技术研究过氧化氢单独氧化、铝催化过氧化氢氧化、铁催化过氧化氢氧化对水体有机物的作用;并分析其对溶解性有机物(DOM)的结构和形成消毒副产物潜能的影响.结果表明,铁、铝明显催化过氧化氢对有机物的氧化过程,且铁催化能力明显强于铝.当催化剂投量均为0.018 mmol·L~(-1),过氧化氢投加量3.5 mg·L~(-1)时,UV254和TOC值的去除率分别是铁催化35.5%、36.4%和铝催化5.0%、29.3%,而单独氧化仅为14.0%、16.7%.利用三维荧光光谱和紫外差异吸收值去卷积分可以明显检测出上述3种氧化对有机物结构影响的差异.催化氧化不改变荧光峰位置,但不同程度地削弱了各荧光峰强度和区域荧光积分值.其中,铁催化对于类蛋白区、可见光区类富里酸和紫外区类富里酸降解程度较高.由紫外差异去卷积分得到,3种体系对水体有机物紫外结构破坏位点在272 nm处是一致的,但破坏程度不同.如3.5 mg·L~(-1)H2O2、0.018 mmol·L~(-1)催化剂投量时,紫外吸收差异值ΔA272/A272分别为单独氧化7.0%,铝催化8.3%,铁催化18.9%.催化氧化对有机物紫外结构铝催化特征位点为λ339 nm、λ364 nm;铁催化特征位点为λ319 nm、λ425 nm.铝、铁离子催化氧化均提高了三卤甲烷的去除率,铝催化去除率优于铁催化.     

催化湿式氧化/过氧化法处理难降解有机物的研究进展

常规的水处理工艺成熟,运行成本低,但其对难降解有机物的处理效果差,难以满足日益严格的排放标准.本文将催化湿式氧化法(CWAO)与催化湿式过氧化氢氧化法(CWPO)合称为催化湿式氧化/过氧化法,两者都具有效率高、占地少的显著特征,可以直接把难降解有机物分解为二氧化碳和水,已成为新的研究热点.本文综述了催化湿式氧化/过氧化法降解有机物的原理和进展,分析了催化剂对常规湿式氧化/过氧化反应过程的加速和降解效率的影响,讨论了催化湿式氧化/过氧化技术存在的主要制约瓶颈,提出了有机物的定向调控转化和资源化是今后减污降碳的主要方向.     

腐植酸臭氧氧化和过氧化氢催化氧化处理特性比较

以TOC和UV254为指标,比较了不同条件下腐植酸的臭氧氧化和过氧化氢催化氧化效果,运用HPLC和热裂解-GC-MS分析考察了氧化前后有机物分子量分布和官能团构造的变化情况．研究结果表明：过氧化氢和臭氧单独作为氧化剂对水中TOC基本上没有去除作用,但均能导致水中UV254浓度的降低;在几种催化剂的作用下,过氧化氢对TOC和UV254的去除效果明显提高,其中以O3作为催化剂的效果最好,Fe^2＋次之,而Mn^2＋和Cu^2＋的催化效果较差;过氧化氢催化氧化和臭氧化均导致有机物分子量分布向小分子的方向转移,氧化后水中以羧酸、醇、胺、酯、醚、烷烃为代表的含氧基团和饱和构造基团明显增多;过氧化氢催化氧化和臭氧氧化均有助于改善混凝处理和活性炭吸附处理的效果．关键词腐植酸,臭氧,过氧化氢,催化氧化．     

Fenton试剂氧化降解微囊藻毒素-LR

研究了Fenton试剂氧化降解微污染水体中微囊藻毒素MC-LR的效果,在H2O2浓度1.5mmol·l-1,Fe2 浓度0.10 mmol·l-1,反应温度为25±1℃,pH值为4.18及反应时间为30min的条件下,浓度为0.41mg·l-1的MC-LR去除率可以达到92.4%,降解过程符合准一级反应动力学.Fenton试剂氧化体系能有效地降解MC-LR,特别是在紫外光的照射下,MC-LR的降解速率得到大幅度提高.紫外光能促进Fe3 还原为Fe2 ,所以光助Fenton试剂氧化反应中可以使用Fe3 代替Fe2 .     

一种席夫碱铜配合物催化过氧化氢氧化降解三氯生

利用溶液法,合成了5-硝基水杨醛缩N-苯基邻苯二胺席夫碱及其铜配合物,通过元素分析、紫外可见吸收光谱、红外吸收光谱和X射线电子能谱等技术进行了结构表征和确认.考察了不同条件下该配合物催化过氧化氢氧化降解三氯生的反应,结果表明该配合物能迅速催化过氧化氢氧化降解三氯生.催化反应速度与配合物的用量、过氧化氢的用量和反应温度等因素有关,在起始三氯生浓度0.02 mmol·L~(-1),铜配合物0.05 mmol·L~(-1),过氧化氢1.0 mmol·L~(-1),pH=7.6,反应温度50℃,反应时间为30 min条件下,三氯生的去除率高达80.5%.通过反应过程中反应活性物质的测定,发现降解过程主要涉及羟基自由基的氧化机理.综上结果表明,席夫碱金属配合物可以作为催化剂催化过氧化氢在近中性条件下氧化降解水中三氯生.     

O_3/UV法降解水中对硝基酚

研究了臭氧、臭氧/紫外光(O_3/UV)法降解对硝基酸过程中各种操作条件(包括气量、气相臭氧浓度、温度、初始pH值、初始TOC值以及紫外光强度等)的影响.臭氧与紫外光相结合对去除TOC有协同效应.根据实验确定出这一过程的宏观动力学方程.     

TiO2-AC-PTFE光阳极的制备及光电催化降解苯酚

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备载钛活性炭,研究了钛酸丁酯、无水乙醇、去离子水、硝酸和活性炭的用量以及热处理温度对载钛活性炭的吸附性能和光催化性能的影响,优化载钛活性炭的制备条件,用载钛活性炭制备光阳极,以苯酚为目标污染物研究了光阳极的吸附性能、在紫外光照射下的光催化氧化性能、阳极电氧化性能和光电组合氧化性能.发现光阳极良好的吸附性能可以大幅度地提高苯酚的总去除率,光电组合氧化有明显的协同作用且宜在酸性条件下进行.     

H2O2—Fe^（Ⅲ）—麝香草酚蓝催化体系：测定超痕量铁

通过实验发现: Fe(Ⅱ)在HC1介质中以2,2’-联吡啶作活化剂催化过氧化氢,氧化麝香草酚蓝褪色的新指示反应.研究了影响反应速度的最佳条件,探讨了反应机理,建立了测定超痕量铁的新分析方法,方法灵敏度是4.6×10~(-12)g·ml~(-1),测定范围为0.00—80ng/25ml.该方法具有专属性,用于水体及分析纯级盐酸和碳酸钡试剂中铁的测定,获得了满意的结果.     

粘质沙雷氏菌酶促过氧化氢降解对氨基苯酚的研究

利用源于粘质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens)AB 90027的酶催化过氧化氢氧化降解对氨基苯酚,对降解过程的影响因素和对氨基苯酚的降解途径进行了研究,并分析了酶在细胞中的存在位置.结果表明,降解500mg·l-1对氨基苯酚溶液50ml,其适宜的条件为:H2O23ml,温度40℃-60℃,pH 9.0-10.0;在酶的催化作用下,H2O2氧化对氨基苯酚首先生成对苯醌,进一步氧化生成顺丁烯二酸、反丁烯二酸、草酸等有机酸并最终转化为CO2和H2O.可催化降解对氨基苯酚的酶为胞外酶.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.