催化臭氧氧化去除垃圾渗滤液中难降解有机物的研究

研究了Fe(Ⅱ),Mn(Ⅱ),Cu(Ⅱ)作用下,均相催化臭氧氧化去除垃圾渗滤液中高浓度的腐殖质.分析催化剂用量、溶液pH值对腐殖质催化臭氧氧化降解的影响.结果表明,与单纯臭氧氧化比较,催化臭氧氧化对UV254和色度去除率无明显改善,但可明显提高以TOC和CODCr表征的有机物去除率;当投加催化剂过量时,以TOC和CODCr表征的有机物去除率虽降低,但仍有促进作用.但Fe2 的过量投加将明显抑制UV254和色度的去除效果.在碱性条件下,催化臭氧氧化法具有更好的去除效果.三种催化剂催化效果为Cu(Ⅱ)＞Mn(Ⅱ)＞Fe(Ⅱ).采用Cu(Ⅱ)催化臭氧氧化处理实际渗滤液生化处理出水,对CODCr,色度和UV254都显示出较好的去除效果.     

水中天然有机物的臭氧氧化处理特性

通过小型实验和液相色谱分析，研究了水中天然有机物的臭氧氧化反应的特性和反应前后有机物分子量的变化情况。结果表明，臭氧氧化的主要功效不在于降低以TOC为代表的水中有机物总量，而是改变了有机物的性质和结构。通过臭氧氧化处理，水中大分子有机物分解氧化为小分子有机物分解氧化为小分子有机物，且具有饱和构造的有机物成分明显增加。     

焦化废水二级生化出水中有机污染物的氧化特性

考察了O3氧化法与UV/O3氧化法对焦化废水二级生化出水中溶解性有机物的去除效果,以及二级出水中有机污染物的氧化特性.结果表明,O3氧化法对于二级出水的UV254值具有较高的去除效率,30min内即可达75.7%,但对COD和DOC的去除效果很差,150min的去除率仅为37.1%和33.7%.而UV/O3氧化法对二级生化出水UV254,COD和DOC均具有良好的去除效果,150min时的去除率分别为95.3%,90.2%和77.8%.经过O3氧化法处理后,疏水性物质的浓度明显下降,而弱疏水有机物与亲水性有机物浓度有所上升;UV/O3氧化法处理对疏水性有机物和弱疏水有机物均具有良好的去除效果,而亲水性有机物浓度仅得到部分降低.     

臭氧氧化-苦草深度处理对猪场尾水中有机物的去除效果

利用臭氧氧化-苦草(Vallisneria natans)深度处理猪场尾水,测定了不同浓度臭氧氧化处理有机物含量和组分的变化,并考察了臭氧氧化-苦草处理去除有机物的效果。结果表明,10(AO1)、30(AO2)和50 mg·L-1(AO3)3个臭氧投加浓度处理分别使UV254降低15.6%、17.6%和29.4%,UV436降低12.2%、7.6%和22.0%,使DOC/UV254比值增加13.9%、16.7%和39.4%;臭氧氧化-苦草处理使DOC含量、UV254和UV436分别降低8.5%~17.6%、16.2%~35.3%和12.9%~21.8%,使DOC/UV254比值增加10.3%~35.6%。臭氧氧化可使猪场废水中半挥发性有机物形态发生转化,可提高废水可生化性以及有机污染物的降解效率。     

铁、铝催化过氧化氢氧化有机物特征

氧化作为水处理常用的方法,对水质和水处理过程影响深远,因而备受关注.运用三维荧光光谱和紫外差异分析等技术研究过氧化氢单独氧化、铝催化过氧化氢氧化、铁催化过氧化氢氧化对水体有机物的作用;并分析其对溶解性有机物(DOM)的结构和形成消毒副产物潜能的影响.结果表明,铁、铝明显催化过氧化氢对有机物的氧化过程,且铁催化能力明显强于铝.当催化剂投量均为0.018 mmol·L~(-1),过氧化氢投加量3.5 mg·L~(-1)时,UV254和TOC值的去除率分别是铁催化35.5%、36.4%和铝催化5.0%、29.3%,而单独氧化仅为14.0%、16.7%.利用三维荧光光谱和紫外差异吸收值去卷积分可以明显检测出上述3种氧化对有机物结构影响的差异.催化氧化不改变荧光峰位置,但不同程度地削弱了各荧光峰强度和区域荧光积分值.其中,铁催化对于类蛋白区、可见光区类富里酸和紫外区类富里酸降解程度较高.由紫外差异去卷积分得到,3种体系对水体有机物紫外结构破坏位点在272 nm处是一致的,但破坏程度不同.如3.5 mg·L~(-1)H2O2、0.018 mmol·L~(-1)催化剂投量时,紫外吸收差异值ΔA272/A272分别为单独氧化7.0%,铝催化8.3%,铁催化18.9%.催化氧化对有机物紫外结构铝催化特征位点为λ339 nm、λ364 nm;铁催化特征位点为λ319 nm、λ425 nm.铝、铁离子催化氧化均提高了三卤甲烷的去除率,铝催化去除率优于铁催化.     

ZnO-MgO/Al2O3吸附-臭氧催化氧化处理难降解有机废水

以活性氧化铝为载体,采用浸渍法制备催化剂,对甲基橙及草酸模拟废水进行处理.在中性条件下,臭氧催化氧化比单独臭氧氧化能提前30 min使得甲基橙溶液褪色,反应105 min时,臭氧催化氧化对TOC的去除率高达96.53%,比单独使用臭氧氧化对甲基橙TOC去除率提高了47.19%,在处理草酸废水时臭氧催化氧化对TOC去除率高达80.59%,比单独使用臭氧氧化对草酸TOC去除率提高了59.14%.在处理甲基橙及草酸的小试实验中催化剂对有机污染物的吸附作用起到了加快反应进行的作用.在对垃圾渗滤液超滤出水时,O₃与COD质量比为1:1时,臭氧催化氧化对COD去除率为49.09%,比单独使用臭氧氧化提高36.37%,臭氧催化氧化对TOC的去除率是单独使用臭氧氧化的2.54倍,在处理垃圾渗滤液纳滤浓水时,臭氧催化氧化对COD去除率高达88.72%,比单独使用臭氧氧化提高37.60%,并且臭氧催化氧化对TOC的去除率是单独臭氧氧化的1.6倍.臭氧催化氧化反应过程中产生的羟基自由基对有机物更快的反应速率.     

臭氧氧化处理高盐量水中有机物过程中镁离子的损失

采用臭氧氧化分别与混凝、活性炭吸附联用处理,对镁离子随有机物的去除而损失进行分析.结果表明,单独臭氧氧化不能有效去除高盐量水中的有机物.通过GC-MS分析和荧光检测,指出臭氧氧化改变了水中有机物的结构特征,增加了水中羧酸类有机物含量,从而导致镁离子与其发生络合配位.当这些有机物通过混凝或者活性炭吸附被去除时,与其发生配位的镁离子也会随之从水中损失.     

液相中MnO2催化臭氧化降解磺基水杨酸

研究了β-MnO2,γ-MnO2和MnSO4产生的胶状MnO2在液相中催化臭氧化降解磺基水杨酸的催化性能。结果表明，液相中MnO2催化臭氧化降解磺基水杨酸的活性与体系的pH值有关，而与其物相无关．在本实验条件下，三种MnO2在pH=1．0时均显示了较好的催化臭氧化活性，而在pH=6．8和8．0时却无活性。实验结果还表明，催化剂催化分解臭氧活性的高低与其催化臭氧化降解有机物的活性并无直接关系。     

γ-Fe-Ti-Al_2O_3催化臭氧氧化水中布洛芬并阻断溴酸盐生成研究

以葡萄糖为模版,采用蒸发诱导自组装法合成了铁、钛掺杂γ-Al_2O_3(γ-Fe-Ti-Al_2O_3)介孔催化剂,并将其用于臭氧氧化含Br~-水中布洛芬. X射线衍射(XRD)、氮气吸附-脱附(BET)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征结果表明,铁、钛成功掺杂进入γ-Al_2O_3骨架,分布均匀,保持了γ-Al_2O_3有序的介孔结构,具有较大的比表面积,钛的价态为Ti~(4+)和Ti~(3+)共存,铁的价态是Fe~(3+).铁、钛的掺杂显著提高γ-Al_2O_3催化臭氧氧化含Br~-水中布洛芬的活性,且有效阻断了溴酸盐的生成,反应60 min后,TOC去除率由γ-Al_2O_3的54%提高到86%,而单独臭氧氧化仅为13%.电子自旋共振和催化剂表面Fe~(2+)离子捕获实验表明,羟基和超氧自由基是反应活性氧物种,有利于有机物的矿化;有机物能够强化γ-Fe-Ti-Al_2O_3催化剂中的Fe~(3+)还原为Fe~(2+),从而有利于溴酸盐的阻断还原.     

污泥基活性炭表面官能团对其催化臭氧氧化活性的影响

对比考察了污泥基活性炭(SCAC)与3种商品活性炭表面官能团的种类、含量及其催化臭氧氧化去除对氯苯甲酸(p-CBA)效能的差异.同时采用(NH4)2S2O8和NaOH分别对SCAC表面进行酸、碱改性处理,探讨SCAC表面官能团对其催化臭氧氧化活性的影响.结果表明,SCAC表面酸性和碱性官能团含量均高于3种商品活性炭;SCAC和商品炭的加入对臭氧氧化去除p-CBA的效果均起到了促进作用,其中SCAC催化臭氧氧化效果最为明显.反应1.0 min时,p-CBA的去除率由单独臭氧氧化时的26.1%提高到60.2%.经(NH4)2S2O8和NaOH处理后,两种改性SCAC对p-CBA的催化氧化去除效果差异明显,NaOH改性后的SCAC表面碱性官能团丰富,其催化臭氧氧化去除p-CBA的效果得到加强,而经过(NH4)2S2O8改性的SCAC催化效果则有所下降.活性炭催化臭氧氧化反应Rct值([·OH]/[O3])计算结果进一步证明,SCAC表面的碱性官能团是其催化臭氧反应的主要活性位点,可以促进臭氧分子向·OH的转化.     

冰晶中双氧水的UV光解

本文采用253.7 nm的紫外灯光解冰晶中的双氧水,研究其光解率随光照时间和温度的变化.以及Cl~-,SO_4~(2-)和CO_3~(2-)对其降解的影响,结果表明,相同条件下三种离子对其影响大小依次为:Cl~->SO_4~(2-)>CO_3~(2-).对比冰晶和水溶液中双氧水的光解,冰晶中双氧水的光解速率低于水溶液中双氧水的光解速率.紫外-可见光谱(UV-vis)分析其光解产物,没有发现新的物质生成.由此可以认为,冰晶中双氧水主要在冰晶笼子中进行反应,少部分在类似液体层(QLL)中降解.     

偏电压对Ti/TiO2光电催化氧化富里酸的影响

采用光电催化反应器对水中天然有机物富里酸(FA)进行降解试验,考察了外加阳极偏电压对光电催化反应器降解富里酸的影响.结果表明,当外加电压为1.2V时,具有最佳的UV254和有机碳TOC去除率,当反应时间为2h时,富里酸的UV254和总有机碳TOC的去除率分别为77.4%和45.4%.另外,在反应初期(前1h内)富里酸光电催化反应动力学常数主要受外加偏电压的影响.     

Catalytic ozonation of organic compounds in water over the catalyst of RuO2/ZrO2-CeO2

This research investigates the performances of RuO₂/ZrO₂-CeO₂ in catalytic ozonation for water treatment. The results show that RuO₂/ZrO₂-CeO₂ was active for the catalytic ozonation of oxalic acid and possessed higher stability than RuO₂/Al₂O₃ and Ru/AC. In the catalytic ozonation of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), RuO₂/ZrO₂-CeO₂ did not enhance the DMP degradation rate but significantly improved the total organic carbon (TOC) removal rate. The TOC removal in catalytic ozonation was 56% more than that in noncatalytic ozonation. However this does not mean the catalyst was very active because the contribution of catalysis to the overall TOC removal was only 30%. The adsorption of the intermediates on RuO₂/ZrO₂-CeO₂ played an important role on the overall TOC removal while the adsorption of DMP on it was negligible. This adsorption difference was due to their different ozonation rates. In the catalytic ozonation of disinfection byproduct precursors with RuO₂/ZrO₂-CeO₂, the reductions of the haloacetic acid and trihalomethane formation potentials (HAAFPs and THMFPs) for the natural water samples were 38%–57% and 50%–64%, respectively. The catalyst significantly promoted the reduction of HAAFPs but insignificantly improved the reduction of THMFPs as ozone reacts fast with the THMs precursors. These results illustrate the good promise of RuO₂/ZrO₂-CeO₂ in catalytic ozonation for water treatment.     

Catalytic activity of cerium-doped Ru/AlO during ozonation of dimethyl phthalate

In this paper, factors influencing the mineralization of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) during catalytic ozonation with a cerium-doped Ru/Al₂O₃ catalyst were studied. The catalytic contribution was calculated through the results of a comparison experiment. It showed that doping cerium significantly enhanced catalytic activity. The total organic carbon (TOC) removal over the doped catalyst at 100 min reached 75.1%, 61.3% using Ru/Al₂O₃ catalyst and only 14.0% using ozone alone. Catalytic activity reached the maximum when 0.2% of ruthenium and 1.0% of cerium were simultaneously loaded onto Al₂O₃ support. Results of experiments on oxidation by ozone alone, adsorption of the catalyst, Ce ion’s and heterogeneous catalytic ozonation confirmed that the contribution of heterogeneous catalytic ozonation was about 50%, which showed the obvious effect of Ru–Ce/Al₂O₃ on catalytic activity.     

催化臭氧氧化降解罗丹明B的初步研究

研究了过渡金属硝酸盐及Al2O3为载体担载催化剂在罗丹明B臭氧氧化过程中的催化作用,考察了温度、pH值以及催化剂浓度等因素对反应的影响.结果表明,过渡金属离子可显著地提高罗丹明B的脱色速率,而担载型过渡金属氧化物催化剂活性较低.较低的pH值和反应温度有利于罗丹明B的催化臭氧化.罗丹明B溶液经过催化臭氧氧化后COD去除率可提高24%.     

Catalytic activity of cerium-doped Ru/Al2O3 during ozonation of dimethyl phthalate

In this paper, factors influencing the mineralization of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) during catalytic ozonation with a cerium-doped Ru/Al₂O₃ catalyst were studied. The catalytic contribution was calculated through the results of a comparison experiment. It showed that doping cerium significantly enhanced catalytic activity. The total organic carbon (TOC) removal over the doped catalyst at 100 min reached 75.1%, 61.3% using Ru/Al₂O₃ catalyst and only 14.0% using ozone alone. Catalytic activity reached the maximum when 0.2% of ruthenium and 1.0% of cerium were simultaneously loaded onto Al₂O₃ support. Results of experiments on oxidation by ozone alone, adsorption of the catalyst, Ce ion’s and heterogeneous catalytic ozonation confirmed that the contribution of heterogeneous catalytic ozonation was about 50%, which showed the obvious effect of Ru-Ce/Al₂O₃ on catalytic activity.     

Assessment of mutagenic potency of source water treated by ozone and adsorption processes

This research utilized the Ames test to determine the mutagenicity of water treated by advanced processes, including ozonation and granular activated carbon (GAC). Raw water samples for this research included those obtained from the Pan Hsin waterworks as well as samples containing humic acids. Treated samples were collected from the pilot‐scale advanced treatment plant. The Ames test was used to measure the mutagenicity of the water after each treatment process. For the Pan Hsin raw water samples treated with ozone or GAC, it was indicated that, regardless of whether samples were preozonated or not, they all showed a mutagenic potency less than 2 once the S9 enzyme was added. This level of mutagenicity is insignificant. The prepared humic acid samples, on the other hand, demonstrated a significant reduction in mutagenicity after the pre‐ozonation process, indicating that preozonation can lower the degree of mutagenicity. Furthermore, the mutagenicity of the prepared humic acid samples gradually decreased after the advanced treatment process. However, when chlorine was added later to these samples, the mutagenicity increased again. This research shows that the use of O3/GAC processes to treat water can successfully lower mutagenicity, indicating a great potential for applications in the treatment of drinking water.     

Variation in humic and fulvic acids during thermal sludge treatment assessed by size fractionation,elementary analysis,and spectroscopic methods

Thermal pretreatment can be applied to sludge anaerobic digestion or dewatering. To analyze the variation in humic substances during thermal sludge treatment, sludge humic and fulvic acids were extracted before and after 30-min thermal treatment at 180℃, and then their contents, molecular weight distributions, elementary compositions, and spectral characteristics were compared. The results showed that the total contents of humic and fulvic acids in the sludge almost remained constant during thermal treatment, but 35% ofhumic and fulvic acids were dissolved from the sludge solids. Moreover, both humic and fulvic acids were partly decomposed and 32% of humic acids were converted to fulvic acids. The median value of the molecular weights of humic acids decreased from 81 to 41 kDa and that of fulvic acids decreased from 15 to 2 kDa. Besides the reduction in molecular size, the chemical structures of humic and fulvic acids also exhibited a slight change, i.e. some oxygen functional groups disappeared and aromatic structures increased after thermal sludge treatment.