铁对铜绿微囊藻生长活性及产毒的影响

以MA培养基为基础,向无铁培养基中添加不同质量浓度的FeCl3,对对数生长期的铜绿微囊藻进行接种培养,比较不同Fe3+浓度下,铜绿微囊藻的生长、活性及产毒状况.结果表明,无Fe3+时,藻的生长、细胞活性和产毒受到抑制;Fe3+浓度增大时,有利于藻的生长,且当Fe3+质量浓度为0.42 mg/L时,培养42 d后细胞密度达到最大(4.5×1010个/L).过高或过低浓度的Fe3+均会抑制藻细胞活性和毒素的产生.Fe3+质量浓度为0.04 mg/L时,脱氢酶活性较好;质量浓度为0.10 mg/L时,适宜藻毒素MCLR的生成,且单位生物量藻细胞的MCLR产量可达0.32 mg.研究表明,Fe3+浓度对藻细胞完整性的影响不大,而且藻细胞的最佳生长条件并不是其最佳产毒条件.     

温度与氮浓度对两种微囊藻生长和产毒的影响

采用半连续培养的方法,研究了磷限制条件下温度与氮质量浓度的交互作用对铜绿微囊藻和水华微囊藻的生长及产毒的影响.结果表明,不同温度下,氮质量浓度对两种微囊藻比生长速率的影响不同.随氮质量浓度的增加,15℃和20℃时比生长速率增加较快,25℃时增加缓慢;温度的降低对水华微囊藻的生长抑制作用较铜绿微囊藻小.两种微囊藻的单个细胞叶绿素a含量受温度及氯质量浓度的影响极显著,而交互作用的影响较主效应小.单个细胞藻毒素含量受温度影响最大,显著负相关;氮质量浓度的影响次之,显著正相关.但两种微囊藻的生长状况越好时相应的总毒素质量浓度也越高.因此,磷限制条件下,温度和氮质量浓度对两种微囊藻的生长及产毒有明显的交互作用,氮质量浓度的降低会进一步抑制微囊藻的生长并降低总藻毒素质量浓度.     

芦苇水浸提液对水华微囊藻的化感作用研究

通过测定水华微囊藻(Microcystis flosaquae)细胞密度、叶绿素a、藻胆素质量浓度及SOD活性,研究了不同质量浓度芦苇(Phragmites communis)水浸提液对水华微囊藻的化感抑制作用。结果表明:1)低质量浓度芦苇水浸提液对水华微囊藻生长有促进作用,芦苇水浸提液质量浓度≥20 g/L时对水华微囊藻具有明显抑制作用;2)芦苇水浸提液质量浓度≥20 g/L时,可破坏水华微囊藻的光系统Ⅱ,减少其同化产物,促进叶绿素a的降解,而藻胆素不是主要作用靶点;3)当芦苇水浸提液质量浓度≥20 g/L时,藻细胞受到胁迫,其细胞活性氧的产量增加,抗氧化体系不能及时清除这些活性氧,导致植物细胞内发生过氧化反应,尤其是脂质过氧化反应,破坏细胞内膜系统,使抗氧化体系酶活性降低。     

天津近岸海域冬季浮游植物群落结构特征

2013年11月对渤海湾浮游植物和环境理化因子综合调查,调查共发现浮游植物56种,主要由硅藻组成,还有少量的甲藻和绿藻,常见种以硅藻为主;浮游植物细胞密度介于3.92×104~2 586.67×104cells/L,平均值为219.92×104cells/L。各采样点浮游植物多样性指数H’的变化范围为0.85~3.74,平均值为2.54;均匀度指数变化范围为0.34~0.82,平均值为0.62;丰富度指数变化范围为0.25~1.50,平均值为0.90。灰关联分析结果表明,影响渤海湾浮游植物分布的关键因子是亚硝酸盐、氨氮、活性磷酸盐和硝酸盐。     

亚硝态氮对铜绿微囊藻和四尾栅藻生长的影响

采用室内培养法.将铜绿微囊藻和四尾栅藻分别置于5种含不同质量浓度亚硝态氮(NO2--N)(0.5 mg/L、1.0 mg/L、2.0 mg/L、4.0mg/L和8.0mg/L)的培养液中,培养10 d,测定不同质量浓度NO2--N对铜绿微囊藻和四尾栅藻生长的影响.结果表明,0.5～8.0 mg/L的NO2--N可激活铜绿微囊藻的亚硝酸氧化酶和亚硝酸还原酶,进而促进铜绿微囊藻的生长.四尾栅藻因仅具有亚硝酸还原酶,因此只能利用0.5～2.0 mg/L的NO2--N,其利用能力远没有铜绿微囊藻强.培养8 d后,铜绿微囊藻培养液中NH4 -N和NO2 -N的质量浓度明显升高.而NO3--N质量浓度的变化不大;四尾栅藻培养液中NH4 -N,NO3--N和NO3--N质量浓度的变化不大.研究表明,低于8.0 mg/L的NO2--N可促进铜绿微囊藻的生长,高于2.0 mg/L的NO2--N抑制四尾栅藻的生长.     

海口市红城湖浮游植物群落结构特征分析

为了解海口红城湖浮游植物的群落结构特征,调查研究了2016年11月、2017年3月和2017年7月浮游植物群落结构和水质因子。结果表明,3次样品采集中共鉴定浮游植物种类141种(含变种和变型),隶属于7门56属,其中绿藻门的种类最丰富为60种,其次为裸藻门、硅藻门和蓝藻门,分别为35种、22种和15种,隐藻门为6种,甲藻门2种,金藻门1种。浮游植物细胞密度呈现先降低后升高的趋势,2016年11月浮游植物细胞密度为(1. 12±0. 49)×108cells/L,2017年3月浮游植物细胞密度为(4. 43±2. 31)×107cells/L,2017年7月浮游植物细胞密度为(8. 57±8. 83)×108cells/L。从浮游植物密度组成来看,2016年11月浮游植物细胞密度以绿藻门和蓝藻门为主,分别占43. 68%、27. 87%;其次为隐藻门和硅藻门,分别占12. 07%、10. 38%。2017年3月浮游植物细胞密度以绿藻门为主,占88. 78%; 2017年7月浮游植物细胞密度以绿藻门为主,占98. 22%。浮游植物优势种呈现一定的时间变化,在2016年11月为蓝藻门的细小平裂藻Merismopedia tenuissima,硅藻门的梅尼小环藻Cyclotella meneghiniana,隐藻门的尖尾蓝隐藻Chroomonas acuta、啮蚀隐藻Cryptomons erosa,绿藻门的球衣藻Chlamydomonas globosa;2017年3月为雷氏衣藻Chlamydomonas reinhardtii,硅藻门的梅尼小环藻Cyclotella meneghiniana,隐藻门的尖尾蓝隐藻Chroomonas acuta; 2017年7月为蓝藻门的细小平裂藻Merismopedia tenuissima,硅藻门的梅尼小环藻Cyclotella meneghiniana,绿藻门的丛球韦斯藻Westella botryoides。NMDS排序显示,水体中TN、TP和电导率是影响红城湖浮游植物群落结构的主要因子。     

东方香蒲对铜绿微囊藻多糖及亚显微结构的影响

采用东方香蒲(Typha orientalis Presl)和铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)共培养的试验方法研究了东方香蒲对铜绿微囊藻多糖及亚显微结构的影响。结果表明:在质量浓度为20 g/L和40 g/L的东方香蒲化感胁迫下,铜绿微囊藻总糖(TSP)、胞内多糖(IPS)及固着性胞外多糖(bEPS)含量呈现先增加后逐渐降低的趋势,溶解性胞外多糖(sEPS)含量在培养过程中呈现逐渐增加的趋势,表明东方香蒲化感胁迫在前期促进了铜绿微囊藻的多糖合成和分泌,但在培养后期抑制多糖合成,并进一步促进多糖分泌和溶解;在培养后期,藻细胞叶绿素荧光参数包括YⅡ(光系统Ⅱ有效量子产量)、ETR_(max)(线性最大电子传递速率)显著降低,表明东方香蒲对铜绿微囊藻的光合系统产生了明显的化感抑制,光合活性及光合效率明显下降;藻细胞亚显微结构显示,在培养后期,藻细胞类囊体片层分解断裂,表明经过持续地化感胁迫,东方香蒲诱导铜绿微囊藻产生氧化胁迫,藻的光合系统受到严重破坏。东方香蒲使用量越高,藻细胞结构损伤越严重。     

UV/H2O2催化氧化去除微囊藻毒素-LR

研究了UV/H2O2氧化降解微污染水体中微囊藻毒素MC-LR的效果,探讨了各种因素如H2O2浓度、pH值、光强、MC-LR浓度及反应时间对降解的影响.UV和H2O2氧化去除MC-LR具有协同作用,H2O2在UV照射下产生的羟基自由基对MC-LR有很强的氧化能力.MC-LR的降解过程可用准一级反应速率方程和二级反应速率方程拟合.反应速率常数随MC-LR的起始浓度增加而减少,反应半衰期随MC-LR的起始浓度增加而延长.在H2O2浓度为1.0 mmol/L、反应温度为(25.5±1)℃、pH值为6.8、光强2.5×104 lux及反应时间60 min的条件下,质量浓度为0.203 mg/L的MC-LR的去除率可以达到80.8%.结果表明,UV/H2O2氧化体系能有效地降解MC-LR.     

HgCl2对铜绿微囊藻的急性毒性效应研究

研究了铜绿微囊藻在HgCl2胁迫下的生理指标变化.试验以藻OD680值的变化及光合色素质量浓度为指标检测藻种生长状况,研究了不同质量浓度HgCl2对微囊藻的毒性效应.结果表明,0.05-1.00 mg/L的HgCl2各处理组对藻种的生长均有抑制作用,且胁迫质量浓度与生长抑制间呈现正相关.随着HgCl2质量浓度的升高,藻光合色素质量浓度降低.l mg/L组抑制程度最显著,藻液由黄绿色变为白色,颜色变化明显,72h生长抑制率为50.76％,96h叶绿素a合成抑制率为90.09％.胁迫96h后,各处理组叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的比值均比对照组低,Hg对叶绿素的影响比类胡萝卜素更为显著.     

豆瓣菜对铜绿微囊藻生长及生理特性的抑制影响

探讨了豆瓣菜(Nasturtium officinale)干粉对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)生长及生理特性的影响,由可溶性蛋白质量浓度、多糖质量浓度、叶绿素a质量浓度、电导率、核酸相对含量、抗氧化系酶(SOD、CAT和POD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化研究了其抑藻的生理生化机制。结果表明,当豆瓣菜干粉质量浓度小于0.5 g/L时,对铜绿微囊藻无显著影响(p0.05);当豆瓣菜干粉质量浓度大于1 g/L时,具有较强的抑制效应,其10 d的半效应质量浓度EC50为1.802 g/L。化感作用可引起藻体内可溶性蛋白、多糖和叶绿素a质量浓度下降,藻液中电导率和核酸相对含量上升,藻体中SOD、CAT和POD活性上升和MDA含量增加。这表明化感作用导致膜脂过氧化,引起藻细胞膜系统受损,代谢发生紊乱。为了清除活性氧(ROS),细胞通过提高抗氧化系酶的活性来保护其免受氧化损伤。因此,推测豆瓣菜干粉的抑藻机理可能是通过化感物质引起细胞质膜的膜质过氧化,造成细胞膜通透性改变,并导致DNA等生物大分子的损伤,从而抑制了叶绿素a和相关蛋白质的合成,最终使藻细胞死亡与溶解。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失，提高滑坡预测的准确性，通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据，在获得多组模拟实验数据后，分析各变量的特性。首先，通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process，AHP)算法，对滑坡进行危险度划分；然后，通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine，SVM)建立模型，遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数，提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据，通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好，实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合，与单一SVM相比，精度更高，结果更好，更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

一起有机过氧化物爆炸事故的调查和分析

阐述一起重大爆炸伤亡事故的现场调查和原因分析，介绍如何通过人证物证材料，用鱼刺图法找出可能引起事故的诸原因，逐项加以分析，将与人证或物证材料相矛盾的原因子以排除，最后剩下无法排除亦即能与人证物证相符的那个原因，就是事故的真正原因。笔者是这起事故调查专家组组长，取证和数据可靠。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.