湖北省十白公路阳南沟隧道进口边坡防护方案论证

边坡防护方案的合理有效是确保边坡治理及边坡长期稳定的关键,分析评价边坡防护方案具有重要的工程意义。采用极限平衡方法对湖北省十堰至白河公路阳南沟隧道进口边坡的稳定性进行了分析与评价,提出了整体加固和局部加固的综合防护方案,并采用有限单元方法对边坡防护方案进行模拟分析与评价,评估防护方案的合理性和有效性。结果表明:采取抗滑桩整体加固措施能保证边坡整体稳定,可有效地控制边坡的整体变形,减小边坡变形对阳南沟隧道大桥桥墩的影响,而采取抗滑挡墙能有效地控制边坡的局部稳定;整体加固和局部加固的边坡综合防护方案是合理的,可有效地确保阳南沟隧道进口边坡在施工和运营期间的长期稳定。该研究可为类似地区边坡的防护工程设计提供参考。     

不同修复工况下破损山体公路边坡稳定性评价

以浙江省定马线长春岭某公路边坡为例,采用GEO-STUDIO软件进行生态修复后公路破损山体边坡稳定性评价。首先对修复前原始边坡稳定性进行分析;然后进行边坡整形后依据规范制定锚杆支护方案,对支护后破损山体边坡稳定性进行分析;再对植物栽植后山体边坡进行稳定性分析。设定了正常工况、非正常工况Ⅰ和非正常工况Ⅱ三种工况,在三种工况下又分三种情况：原始裸岩边坡、整形+锚杆支护边坡、支护+覆土+植物栽植边坡。分析结果表明：正常工况下,原始裸岩边坡,整形+锚杆支护边坡,支护+覆土+植物栽植边坡三种状态的边坡稳定性系数提高0.196～0.232,说明边坡支护和生态修复均有利于边坡稳定;非正常工况Ⅰ与Ⅱ下的边坡安全系数比正常工况下的边坡安全系数有所降低。稳定性评价结果表明,破损山体在三种运行工况下,经过锚杆整形支护和覆土植物栽植后边坡更加安全稳定。     

非饱和黄土边坡稳定性分析及影响参数研究综述

对现有非饱和黄土边坡稳定性分析的研究现状、理论基础、分析方法、破坏机制等进行总结,针对现有数值分析方法,对影响非饱和黄土边坡稳定性的参数进行归纳。总结得出在进行非饱和黄土边坡破坏机制研究时,将宏、微观试验结果结合具体边坡剖面监测数据,进行边坡破坏机制及非饱和土抗剪强度理论的研究;在采用数值方法分析黄土边坡稳定性时必须考虑孔隙水压力的变化及可能由于湿陷导致的体积变形,通过试验或反演分析确定合理的抗剪强度参数,从理论上清楚各参数如何影响边坡的稳定性;并且在有条件的情况下从微观层面探讨非饱和边坡中土骨架变形特征,从而系统地完成边坡稳定性分析。在未来非饱和黄土边坡稳定性分析研究中,仍需以非饱和土力学为基础,紧密结合岩土工程与地质工程其他学科,进行交叉研究分析,从宏观到微观、由表及内总结非饱和黄土变形机制。如果条件允许在勘察过程中便可以采取数值模拟方式对现有坡体进行稳定性分析及变形模拟,并分析其主要影响因素,进行提前预防控制。     

基于3DEC对某输电线路新建铁塔岩质边坡的稳定性评价

我国广泛分布的山区不时会遇到将输电线塔建立在危险陡坡的情形,开挖陡坡将截断原有支护结构,边坡的稳定性成为输电线路建设中的关键突出问题。以某输电线路新建铁塔岩质边坡工程为依托,在现场调研与结构面测绘的基础上,确定优势结构面,采用极射赤平投影法定性分析其潜在破坏模式,并通过3DEC离散元方法定量评价了截断原支护结构的边坡稳定性和新增支护后新建铁塔的边坡稳定性。结果表明:开挖边坡并截断锚索,会造成边坡开挖面附近产生较大变形,天然工况下边坡稳定性系数小于1,无法满足工程安全性要求;在开挖前对边坡增加锚索和抗滑桩(兼塔腿)加固支护,边坡稳定性得到明显改善,可满足工程安全性要求。     

考虑滑带土蠕变特性的边坡长期稳定性分析

为明确边坡软弱夹层中滑带土的蠕变特性对边坡长期稳定性的影响,选取某典型岩质边坡工程为实例,首先在查找、分析已有滑坡事故发生原因的基础上,通过现场监测和室内环剪试验,研究了不同含水量和法向应力条件下边坡滑带土的蠕变变形曲线特征;然后通过引入有关损伤变量的经验关系式,建立了考虑含水量变化的用于描述边坡滑带土蠕变非线性蠕变本构模型;最后将模型计算结果与实测结果进行对比,验证所建立模型的有效性和正确性,并通过预测一年后边坡软弱夹层变形的发展规律,对该边坡长期稳定性做出评价,探讨了计算模型对于外部环境因素影响的局限性。结果表明:①边坡滑带土的蠕变特性与含水量密切相关,引入的损伤变量经验关系式可以有效地描述这一特性;②基于边坡滑带土蠕变特性的应力-应变计算模型,可以准确、有效地评价边坡软弱夹层的变形情况;③边坡软弱夹层的塑性剪切变形随时间的推移呈不断增加趋势,其累积变形量逐渐贯通于整个软弱面,最终导致滑坡的发生;④计算模型中未考虑自然条件的影响,在强烈自然环境的作用下,应加强边坡变形的实时监控,并与模型计算结果进行对比与分析,针对异常情况,及时采取合理的工程防护措施。该研究结果可为此类边坡的长期安全评价提供理论指导。     

基于改进CRITIC法与云模型相结合的高速公路路堑高边坡工程施工安全总体风险评估模型研究

针对高速公路路堑高边坡工程施工安全风险评估过程中存在模糊性与随机性的特点,基于处理不确定信息的云模型理论,提出一种基于改进CRITIC法与云模型相结合的高速公路路堑高边坡工程施工安全总体风险评估模型。该模型依据边坡工程施工安全总体风险评估指标体系及风险分级标准,计算各评估指标隶属于不同风险等级的云模型特征参数;考虑评估指标的信息量和指标之间的相关性,采用改进CRITIC法确定各评估指标的权重,代入边坡工程各评估指标的评分分值,得到待评边坡工程隶属于各风险等级的综合确定度,并依据最大确定度原则判定边坡工程的风险等级;最后将模型应用于《指南》中3个边坡工程案例的施工安全总体风险评估中,并将模型评估结果与《指南》中方法评估结果进行对比分析,结果表明该模型运用于边坡工程施工安全总体风险评估是有效、可行的,且模型评估结果更贴近边坡工程实际的风险状况,为边坡工程施工安全总体风险评估提供了一条新途径。     

中国省际农业碳排放测算及低碳化水平评价——基于衍生指标与TOPSIS法的运用

农业碳排放量测算及低碳化水平评价,是实现农业绿色发展和制定碳减排计划的重要依据。通过测算2006—2016年中国30个省份的农业碳排放量,并以测算结果为基础,从农业用地、禽畜养殖和农业能源三个方面构造农业碳排放衍生指标,采用基于动态自然权重的TOPSIS法对各省农业低碳化水平进行评价。结果表明：中国农业碳排放总量呈先降后升的“V型”变化,由2006年的91096万t下降至2008年的83521万t,此后稳步增加至2016年的92192万t。农业非能源碳排放量占农业碳排放总量的84%以上,土壤管理是农业非能源碳排放的第一来源。省际农业碳排放衍生指标异质性较强,农业低碳化水平整体不高。研究结果可为农业和环境部门开展低碳农业评价工作提供借鉴。     

广州某基坑土钉支护工程事故分析

土钉支护技术是一种基于新奥隧道法原理的主体边坡支护技术，由于具有其施工机具简便灵活、工艺简单、工期短、投资少及适用于狭窄施工场地等的优点。近几年来，已在广州地区基坑支护工程中得到迅速的推广和应用，其应用的基坑深度和规模已经愈来愈大。由于广州地区的深基坑支护设计和施工尚无规范可循。许多工程主要依靠经验和工程类比进行设计。本文拟通过对广州某土钉支护深基坑边坡的崩塌事故的分析，对目前基坑上钉支护工程设计和施工过程中存在的问题作一些探讨。1工程及场地概况1．1工程简介该工程位于广州市天河区内，拟建地下三层…     

不同城市化阶段生活垃圾处理技术选择研究:以厦门市为例

以厦门市为研究区域,将6个行政区划分为4个不同城市化发展阶段的区域类型,通过垃圾成分监测和不同处理技术的碳排放计算,了解城市化进程中垃圾成分与碳排放的变化特征。将碳排放纳入环境因素,综合经济因素和技术因素对不同垃圾处理技术进行对比评价,并针对不同城市化阶段的特点,分别采用层次分析法对各阶段的垃圾处理技术进行排序,同时结合低碳经济的发展趋势,为不同城市化阶段的地区提出最适宜的垃圾处理技术方案,结果表明:城市化发展后期阶段的地区单位垃圾的碳排放量最大,是碳减排的重点;城市化起步阶段和中期阶段的地区适宜采用以厌氧产沼气发电为主的垃圾综合管理体系;城市化后期阶段和终期阶段的地区适宜采用以焚烧发电为主的垃圾综合管理体系。     

湖南省能源消费碳排放驱动因素及趋势预测实证分析

基于灰色系统理论,建立STIRPAT多变量非线性模型定量研究了湖南省6个角度11个指标对能源消费碳排放的影响。将缓冲算子理论与灰色预测分析相结合,在构建灰色Verhulst模型的同时,采用幂平均弱化缓冲算子对能源消费碳排放量原始数据作优化修正处理并预测未来5年碳排放量。结果表明:产业结构对碳排放关联程度最高、能源结构因素边际贡献率最大,弹性系数为-0.2055,经过幂平均弱化缓冲算子处理的模型具有更高的预测精度。通过定性分析湖南省能源消费碳排放量变化特征,定量计算碳排放驱动因素的边际贡献度,结合其发展趋势和预测结果,可为湖南省节能减排政策的制定提供参考。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.