北运河流域沙河水库的浮游生物群落特征分析

北运河是北京市最重要的排水河道,近年来流域综合治理工作使得其生态环境逐步得到改善.为掌握北运河生态环境的改善状况,本研究于2018年5月—2019年7月基于北运河上游重要节点的沙河水库开展了水生态调查,并通过文献调研,系统对比了近年来北运河水质改善状况.实地调查结果发现,沙河库区及其上下游（以下简称为沙河）浮游植物的主要组成为绿藻门（Chlorophyta）和硅藻门（Bacillariophyta）,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数表明沙河水质处于中污染状态;沙河浮游动物主要组成部分为原生动物和轮虫,浮游动物丰度的季节性差异明显.冗余分析结果显示,化学需氧量与浮游生物丰度显著相关（p<0.01）.基于文献调研的结果表明,北运河的水质经历了"污染-污染加剧-污染遏制"的过程,且北运河的污染治理工作在2015年已见成效,浮游生物的变化也佐证了这一过程.但目前沙河化学需氧量和总氮、总磷浓度仍然无法达到水功能区划的要求.因此,未来可通过加强非点源污染的治理、强化污水处理厂脱氮处理工艺等措施进一步改善北运河污染状况.     

水位调度运行对河道型水库水生态环境的影响—以沙河水库为例

基于自然的修复理念,以典型河道型水库—北运河流域沙河水库为研究对象,考察水位调度运行对其水生态环境的影响.结果表明,低水位运行期间,沙河水库月均出库水量增加149.48%,月均蒸发水量和渗透水量减少了34.17%和29.17%.沙河水库水质明显改善,沙河闸出库断面NH₄⁺-N、TN和TP平均浓度由（2.53±0.89）、（14.18±5.06）、（0.50±0.02）mg·L^-1降低到（1.12±0.11）、（5.61±1.45）、（0.19±0.01）mg·L^-1,其中NH₄⁺-N和TP稳定达到了地表水环境质量标准（GB 3838-2002）的IV类水要求(1.5 mg·L^-1和0.3 mg·L^-1).低水位运行期间,沙河水库库心区沉积柱（0～30 cm）和表层沉积物（0～4 cm）中TN、TP平均含量总体呈稳定下降趋势,降幅分别为57.62%、45.28%和64.16%、48.00%;沙河水库共记录水鸟70种...     

强降雨对北运河流域沙河水库水质的影响

随着北运河点源污染逐步得到有效治理,汛期面源污染成为北运河水质不达标的主要影响因素,而现阶段有关强降雨对北运河上游水质的影响研究尚匮乏.本文以北运河上游沙河水库为研究对象,开展了单场强降雨对北运河上游水质的影响研究.在强降雨后（降雨量达53.8 mm·d^-1）开展连续6 d跟踪采样,并对比强降雨前后该库区的水质监测数据,系统解析了强降雨对北运河上游水质的影响特征.结果表明,库区水质基本达到IV类水质标准（GB3838-2002）,总磷是雨后影响库区水质的主要因素.南沙河污染和富营养化程度严重,严重超出IV类水质标准,是主要的汇入污染源.再生水厂出水是库区水质硝态氮的主要贡献来源.汛期单次降水不会引起水质的显著恶化,大部分水质指标于3~4 d后降低,4~6 d逐渐恢复到降雨前水质,并趋于稳定.     

东张水库水质现状分析及保护对策

通过三年东张水库库区水质监测及库区范围内污染源调查，对库区水质变化状况进行了综合分析，并针对性地提高保护东张水库水源地对策措施。     

蓄水对水库下游食物网中汞生物累积影响研究进展

1991年,加拿大学者Verdon首次报道了加拿大拉格朗德二级水库下游鱼体中汞含量显著高于水库库区的现象,发现水库下游是新建水库汞输出的重要场所,因此水库下游鱼类汞升高的风险继水库本身后成为新的关注热点.通过对相关野外研究的回顾,表明蓄水对水库下游食物网的鱼类、浮游生物以及水体中汞的富集产生影响,水生食物网中各组分甲基汞含量和比例随着营养级的升高而增加.蓄水加速了水库的甲基化过程,使水库自身成为巨大的汞源,不仅影响水库自身食物网中汞的分布,而且更加剧烈地影响水库下游食物网中汞的分布.水库既向下游直接输送溶解态和悬浮颗粒态的甲基汞,又向下游输送丰富的、可被杂食性鱼类和动物直接利用和吸食的甲基汞食物源.在下游食物网中,甲基汞有可能通过微型浮游生物网（悬浮颗粒物-浮游植物-浮游动物经典食物链）,或者通过杂食性鱼类主动摄食来自水库直接输送的浮游动物,或者通过杂食性鱼类被动吸食来自水库直接输送的悬浮颗粒物富集途径,向位于更高营养级位置的鱼类进行传递.在我国,水库蓄水对下游汞输送机制以及对下游微型、底层食物网中生物累积和迁移转化的影响需要更加深入的定量研究.      

三峡水库不同运行状态下支流澎溪河水-气界面温室气体通量特征初探

水电是具有显著减排效益的清洁能源形式,但水库潜在的温室气体效应近年来备受关切,在一定程度上影响了人们对水库清洁能源属性的认识.本研究分别于2010年8月水库低水位运行期及12月高水位运行期,对三峡库区典型支流——澎溪河上游温泉至下游双江6个沿程断面进行水样的采集及温室气体通量的监测研究.结果表明,在河流纵向上,表层水体水温、pH逐渐沿程增加,而CO2分压(pCO2)和碱度(TA)则有相反趋势.在低水位的8月,开县以下断面CO2通量为负,且浮游植物可能是控制水体CO2通量及营养盐的关键因素之一.澎溪河回水区CO2通量相对天然河道背景断面(温泉)平均降低了3.26 mmol.(m2.h)-1,而CH4通量却大幅度增加了.在高水位运行的12月,澎溪河各断面均为CO2释放通量,CH4通量相比低水位则明显降低.相比较天然河道的温泉断面,澎溪河回水区在高水位运行状态下CO2与CH4通量分别增加了4.16mmol.(m2.h)-1和0.007 mmol.(m2.h)-1.初步的净通量分析发现,该水域较加拿大实验水库的净通量特征低.     

沙河水库周边典型排口降雨溢流污染特征研究

在北运河源头区沙河水库选取4个典型溢流排口进行合流制溢流污染监测,分析沙河水库附近管网溢流水量水质变化特征.结果表明:由于TBD再生水厂尚未建成运行,沙河水库周边管网处于满负荷运行状态,0.5～3 mm降雨即可导致溢流发生,溢流水量与场次降雨量呈正相关,同时也受降雨历时、降雨强度等多种因素作用;溢流污染水平与排口性质以...     

三峡库区淹没区土壤重金属形态分布及其对水质影响

结合三峡水库调度模式,在汛期及汛后对库区淹没区土壤中重金属Cu,Pb,Cd,Cr的存在形态、迁移转化特征及其对水体水质的影响进行研究.结果表明:不同重金属在库区土壤中存在形态不同,Cu和Cr主要以残渣态存在,w(残渣态Cu)和w(残渣态Cr)平均值为87.41%和96.04%,而w(可提取态Pb)和w(可提取态Cd)较高,平均值为41.95%和88.14%,生态风险相对高于Cu和Cr.在汛期三峡水库低水位运行,水体重金属含量较高,汛期水体ρ(Pb)和ρ(Cd)分布特征与土壤w(Pb)和w(Cd)分布呈显著相关性,而汛后水库首次172 m高水位蓄水,由于水环境因素的改变,水体中重金属含量显著降低,汛后淹没土壤重金属形态含量变化细微,土壤淹没对库区水体水质影响小,不构成汛期、汛后水体重金属含量波动的主因.      

基于MIKE21模型的沙河水库水量水质响应模拟研究

沙河水库是北运河上游水系重要的汇,同时也是多源污染的重要聚集处,呈现非常规水源补给的缓滞水体特征,作为城市景观水体,对水环境和水生态要求较高,因此,沙河水库的治理对下游的水质改善至关重要.为进一步全面提升沙河水库水环境质量,以昌平区沙河水库为研究区域,采用MIKE21构建库区二维水动力水质模型,对沙河水库水量水质变化情况进行了模拟,并验证了模型参数.在验证模型参数的基础上,分别模拟了水位调控方案与水质改善方案.水位调控方案模拟结果显示,沙河水库管理调控水位在34.0~35.2 m之间时,0~1.5 m水深区间占面积最大,物种最丰富,是最合适的水位调控区间.水质改善方案模拟结果显示,当对溢流污染进行全部截流时,2018年6月1日—10月1日沙河闸考核断面COD_Cr平均减少28.44 mg·L^-1,NH₃-N平均减少0.83 mg·L^-1,TP平均减少0.25 mg·L^-1,相比于现状模拟数据,降幅分别达到72.2%、59.3%、67.7%,COD_Cr已全部达到Ⅳ类考核标准,NH₃-N仅有1 d超标,TP超标天数降低至7 d.在全部截流的基础上,配合湿地净化措施,2018年6月1日—10月1日沙河闸考核断面COD_Cr、NH₃-N已全部达到Ⅳ类考核标准,仅TP有1 d超标,超标日期为8月12日.     

亭子口库区水温变化对水生态环境的影响

亭子口水库形成以后，将改变嘉陵江苍溪河段的径流分布状况，通过水库的调节作用来满足水利枢纽各用水功能（如灌溉，发电，防洪等）的要求；同时，水库也改变了天然河流水体的热状况，对库区的水生态环境造成影响，本文采用水温一维扩散模型模拟了建库后的水温分布，并就库区水体热状况的改变对水生态环境的影响进行了分析。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.