区域土壤重金属空间分布驱动因子影响力比较案例分析

土壤重金属空间分布受到自然和人为驱动因子的共同影响,识别并评价各驱动因子对土壤重金属空间分布的影响力,对解析区域土壤重金属污染源、研究重金属迁移规律以及探明重金属空间分布模式具有重要意义.为研究不同自然和人类活动背景下各驱动因子对土壤重金属空间分布影响的差异性,并寻找在异质背景下的高影响力因子,采用地理探测器和随机森林模型,以贵州省安顺市作为土壤重金属高背景值典型地区、辽宁省葫芦岛市作为人类活动高强度典型地区,探讨市域尺度下土壤pH、地面累年值年值气温、坡度、海拔、地面累年值年值降水量（08:00）、夜间灯光指数和县GDP这7个驱动因子的空间分异性,及其对研究区内5种重金属（As、Cd、Cr、Hg、Pb）空间分布的单独及交互驱动力强度.结果表明:安顺市As、Cd、Cr、Hg、Pb这5种重金属的质量分数平均值均高于葫芦岛市,但w（Hg）差异不明显;在市域内采样点平均间距为10 km的尺度下,安顺市和葫芦岛市土壤重金属分布受到自然因子的影响程度均强于人为因子;在异质环境背景下,安顺市和葫芦岛市土壤pH、海拔和县GDP的驱动能力较稳定,并且是对土壤重金属分布影响能力最大的3个因子,适宜在上述地区作为土壤重金属含量多元非线性回归模型的通用参数.研究显示,基于地理探测器的因子驱动力评价方法可以应用于评价其他因子对土壤重金属含量空间分布影响力,以及用于土壤重金属含量回归方程自变量的选择.      

贵阳市花溪区表层土壤硒空间分异特征及其影响因素

探究区域性土壤硒的空间分异特征及其变化规律,分析不同环境因素对土壤硒水平空间分异的影响,对于增强富硒优质资源的精准管理、预防土壤硒环境问题等方面具有重要意义.以贵阳市花溪区2019个表层土壤（0~20 cm）样品为对象,综合运用全局Moran''s I指数、冷热点分析、半方差函数和克里金插值等方法,从不同角度揭示花溪区土壤硒的空间结构特征和分布规律,并通过方差分析和地理探测器,系统分析了环境因子对其空间分异特征的影响.结果表明：①花溪区土壤硒含量为0.121~8.180 mg·kg^-1,平均值为0.643 mg·kg^-1,变异系数为56.9%,具有中等程度变异性;依据不同土壤硒含量分级标准,研究区土壤均以富硒为主.②土壤硒在全局空间上呈聚集性分布,局部区域中热点（高值）区集中分布在西北部、北部、西南部、南部;块基比（20.6%）表明土壤硒在空间上具有强烈的空间自相关性,结构性因素是主要影响因素.③在空间分布上,除东北部、东南部集中分布含硒土壤外,其余乡镇均分布大面积的富硒土壤,共计面积占比87.7%,其中特级、一级土壤资源主要分布在西北部、北部;北部及东南部零星分布着硒过剩土壤.④地理探测器结果表明,不同环境因子对土壤硒的空间变异解释能力从大到小依次为：土壤类型（11.7%）＞母岩类型（8.1%）＞有机质含量（6.4%）＞海拔高度（3.5%）＞pH（1.1%）＞土地利用方式（0.8%）,并且土壤类型和母岩类型与其他因子交互作用的q值均较大,因此土壤类型和成土母岩是引起花溪区土壤硒空间变异的主控因子.     

基于GIS的乌鲁木齐土壤氡变化规律浅析

考虑到数据信息的局限性,以地统计学理论为基础,借助G IS空间分析中的克里格(Kriging)插值方法弥补数据量的缺乏,使用地统计分析模块研究乌鲁木齐土壤氡的空间分布情况,并采用网格布点法进行布点,把环境信息的空间位置与属性特征一体化,做出土壤氡污染分布图,实现了污染物分布空间信息的显示,最后,分析了乌鲁木齐土壤氡的分布规律特征,为进一步的土壤氡分布研究提供了依据。     

黄土高原沟壑区小流域土壤养分空间变异特征及其影响因素

了解表层土壤有机质与全量养分的空间变异规律及其影响因素,能够为黄土高原生态脆弱带的土壤养分管理提供参考。基于王东沟的93个野外采样点,综合多种地统计学方法,分析了土壤养分的空间变异特征及其影响因素。结果表明:研究区表层土壤养分含量处于中等水平,空间变异大小依次为全磷>全氮>有机质>全钾,均由结构性因素主导;有机质、全氮较全磷、全钾变异尺度小、空间自相关性弱、空间复杂程度高。有机质、全氮的分布格局为南高北低,主要影响因素包括海拔、坡度、曲率和土地利用;全磷呈现相反的北高南低分布,海拔、坡度、土地利用、土壤机械组成和人类活动对其影响较大;全钾则为内部高四周低,分布较破碎,坡向和土壤机械组成作用较强。据此建立了9个环境因子与土壤养分之间的回归预测模型,以期为研究区土壤资源的可持续利用提供数据支持。     

长三角典型城郊土壤抗生素空间分布的影响因素研究

阐明土壤抗生素的空间分布特征对于认识抗生素的空间扩散和迁移过程、控制土壤抗生素污染、维护土壤安全具有重要意义.本研究通过空间采样,系统分析了长三角地区典型城郊流域土壤抗生素的空间分布特征,并探讨了人类活动、土壤性质和微生物群落对土壤抗生素分布的影响.结果表明,农田土壤中抗生素含量显著高于园地和林地,其中,检出浓度顺序为:四环素类(TCs)喹诺酮类(QNs)大环内酯类(MLs)磺胺类(SAs),平均含量分别为41.43、11.38、0.15、0.09μg·kg~(-1),农田土壤抗生素含量与有机肥施用密切相关.Spearman相关分析结果表明,TCs、QNs、SAs及抗生素总含量与距城镇距离、距道路距离、海拔及C/N具有显著的负相关性(p0.05),表明这3类抗生素的空间分布受人类活动的强烈影响,而MLs含量与人类活动的关系则较弱.土壤养分、颗粒组成、pH、容重等对抗生素的吸附、迁移、降解等环境行为具有强烈的影响,其空间异质性影响了土壤抗生素空间分布的差异性.土壤微生物群落与土壤抗生素之间具有较为复杂的联系,研究发现,部分变形菌门、酸杆菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门及浮霉菌门细菌与土壤抗生素含量呈现负相关.方差分解分析揭示出土壤性质、人类活动及其相互作用是土壤抗生素空间分布的主要影响因素,对土壤抗生素分布空间变化的总解释度接近于58%,达到了较高水平.     

太原污灌区土壤重金属和盐分含量的空间变异特征

在面积为2.7万hm^2的太原污灌区布设土壤取样点49个,测定了耕层土壤中重金属Hg、Cd、Pb、盐分、氯离子含量及pH，应用地统计学的方法分析了数据的统计特征值和结构特征，结果表明：铅和盐分服从正态分布，氯离子服从对数正态分布，其它无分布类型，拟合得到Hg、Pb、盐分的半方差函数模型为指数型，镉和氯离子为球型，pH为高斯型，这些测定项目有在一定范围内存在空间相关性性。用Kriging内插法对未测点重金属及盐分进行最优估计，并绘制了等值线图，可更直观地反映出污灌区土壤重金属及盐分的空间变异特征。     

农用地土壤抗生素组成特征与积累规律

选取我国北部典型农副产品生产基地,利用HPLC-MS/MS测定土样中四环素类（tetracycline antibiotics,TCs）、大环内脂类（macrolide antibiotics,MLs）以及磺胺类（sulfonamide antibiotics,SAs）共10种抗生素的残留含量,研究不同种类抗生素的组成及空间分布,并对其分布特征与距养殖场、公路、河流间距离的关系,以及不同种植模式、不同土壤性质对抗生素组成与积累规律的影响进行初步探讨.结果表明,研究区土壤抗生素含量值处于较低水平,但检出率较高,总量的检出率高达100%.研究区土壤抗生素的主要成分为TCs,约占总量的94%,不同抗生素的变异系数较大.区内土壤抗生素的空间分布及积累规律受人类活动强度的影响,其中抗生素含量与距养殖场距离呈显著负相关（P<0.05）;距河流50 m内的样点3类抗生素的检出率均达100%;不同种植模式下抗生素含量的积累规律为：果园 > 菜地 > 菜果混种地,且桃园及露天菜地中抗生素的来源、含量与核桃园、大棚菜地及菜果混种地块有明显区别.研究选用土壤pH、有机质（SOM）,阳离子交换量（CEC）、总氮（TN）、有效磷（AP）、速效钾（AK）表征土壤性质,通过冗余分析显示,土壤pH、SOM、CEC、AP、AK这5种土壤特性对抗生素含量的影响较大,其中AK的影响强度最大,TN的影响则相对较弱.研究认为区内土壤抗生素的组成与积累程度受人类活动及土壤性质的共同作用.     

铅锌厂周围土壤中重金属空间分布特征

通过对某铅锌厂周围土壤的地形、气候调查分析,在该铅锌厂周围纵向和横向共设27个取样点,进行实地取样和样品分析,根据分析结果探讨了该铅锌厂周围土壤中重金属空间分布特征并确定了铅锌厂的污染区域。重金属的描述性统计分析结果表明,造成土壤重金属污染的重金属主要是Pb、Cd和Cr;重金属空间分布表明,Pb和Cd主要分布在铅锌厂周围,Cu和Cr的浓度由东南向西北方向渐次增加,Ⅱ级污染区域为0~6 km,复合污染区域为0.5~3 km;重金属浓度相关分析表明,铅锌厂周围土壤中的重金属可能来自两个污染源,Pb和Cd的污染源是铅锌厂,其中通过研究土壤的空间分布特征与各重金属的同源关系,可以确定污染区域与污染源的数量,为后期确定污染源及土壤中重金属污染的防治提供基础数据 。     

区域尺度地形因素对奇台绿洲土壤盐渍化空间分布的影响

在对土壤盐分实测分析的基础上,研究新疆天山北坡奇台绿洲盐碱土的分布特征同SRTM数据提取的地形信息的相关性,探讨了区域尺度基于地形因子的土壤盐碱化分异规律. 结果表明:研究区土壤盐化与碱化并存,主要盐分类型为硫酸钠盐和氯化钠盐. 盐分在垂直剖面上呈V型分布,硫酸盐具有明显的表聚性. 在区域尺度上,地形对当前盐碱土分布的空间格局起主要作用,低于680 m高程的缓坡区为积盐区,高于740 m高程的陡坡区为碱化区. 研究区的碱化是典型的脱盐碱化,盐化和碱化的演化趋势表现为明显的逆向特征,即盐分随着海拔高度的降低而增高,pH则随着海拔高度的降低而减少. 地形因素对表层(0～20 cm)和中层(＞20～60 cm)土壤盐分分布格局影响较大,随着深度的增加,相关性下降. 高程与大部分盐分指标呈极显著相关,其对盐渍化程度、各盐分离子空间分布格局的影响作用大于坡度.      

姜湖贡米产地土壤重金属空间分布、源解析及生态风险评价

研究名特优产品土壤重金属分布、来源及其潜在风险对科学管理、安全利用土壤和作物资源具有重要意义.以姜湖贡米产地为研究对象,对名特优产地土壤中的As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn进行采样和测定,利用多元统计法进行重金属的相关性讨论,采用ArcGIS 10.2进行重金属空间分布插值分析,利用富集因子法和PMF法对重金属污染进行定量源解析,并进行了潜在生态风险评价.结果表明：①研究区土壤重金属As、Cd、Cu、Hg、Pb和Zn含量均低于农用地土壤污染风险管控标准（GB 15618-2018）规定的筛选值,土壤生态环境风险低;Cr和Ni最大值均超风险筛选值,但风险低;研究区pH主要分布范围为6.05~6.69,是适合水稻生长的pH范围.②墨河对pH和重金属的空间分布具有指示意义.这与元素的表生地球化学特征息息相关;而Hg和Cd受人为影响显示了不同的空间分布特征,Hg沿河流西侧为中高值分布区,Cd的空间分布南北差异较为显著.③基于富集因子法和PMF的定量源解析结果显示,研究区重金属主要来源为耕地农业源、混合源、燃煤源和自然源.各种来源的贡献率分别占24.2%、35.4%、9.5%和30.9%.④研究区Hg中强生态风险指数沿墨河西侧分布,而Cd的中度潜在生态风险点集中在墨河两侧耕地中,其他元素潜在生态风险指数（E_r）均<40.Cd和Hg为研究区主要潜在生态风险元素,而Cd仍是研究区耕地土壤中的主要潜在污染元素.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.