固定污染源废气中硝酸雾测定方法研究

通过国内外文献调研和硝酸雾采样方法比对实验研究,提出了固定污染源废气中的硝酸雾包括硝酸气体、硝酸液滴及颗粒物中的硝酸盐。建立了固定污染源废气中硝酸雾的分析方法：使用经1 mol/L Na₂CO₃溶液浸渍的石英滤膜捕集固定污染源废气中的硝酸雾,离子色谱法进行分析。实验结果表明：当采样体积为0.4 m³时,方法检出限为0.04 mg/m³;低、中、高浓度空白加标样品相对标准偏差均在9.2%以内,加标回收率为89.9%～117%。选取4种典型硝酸雾固定污染源废气进行实际样品采集与分析,硝酸雾质量浓度分别为1.62、1.86、1.63、19.8 mg/m³。对电子元件电镀车间固定污染源废气进行不同浓度的实际样品加标回收实验,加标回收率分别为86.0%和104%。     

24小时连续采样过程中影响二氧化硫采样效率的有关因素探讨

一、实验方法采用“配对比较法”作不同吸收液以及不同采样流量的吸收效率对比实验.即用两支经测定阻力相等、发泡均匀的75ml多孔玻板吸收瓶,内装50ml吸收液.在同一实验条件下,用二氧化硫标气,对四氯汞钾和甲醛缓冲液(下简称TCM和BFA吸收液)的吸收效率,以及不同采样流量时的吸收效率进行考查.     

环境空气中细菌总数和霉菌总数监测方法的研究

分别对环境空气中细菌和霉菌监测的不同采样仪器、采样方式、培养条件的结果进行对比分析,并进行差异显著性检验.结果表明,FA-1型和FA-2型采样器的采样结果无显著性差异;细菌和霉菌监测的采样时间以5min为最佳;细菌的培养以48h、37℃±1℃为优,霉菌的培养为96h、28℃±1℃为宜;对实验结果进行精密度检验,均达到了质量控制的要求.     

西安市表层土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)含量与构成

通过在西安市三环内6个功能区布设62个采样点,采样分析其表层土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)质量比及其构成特征。结果表明,西安市表层土壤中DMP、DEP、BBP、DnBP、DEHP和DnOP平均值分别为0.188 mg/kg、0.187 mg/kg、0.091 mg/kg、4.174 mg/kg、6.122 mg/kg和0.188 mg/kg,6种PAEs总质量比(∑6PAEs)范围为1.54 mg/kg^153.17 mg/kg,平均值为10.95 mg/kg。6个功能区∑6PAEs从高到低为交通区>工业区>混合区>公园>文教区>住宅区。与其他城市表层土壤中PAEs值比较发现,DMP处于高水平,DEP、DnBP、DEHP和∑6 PAEs处于较高水平,BBP和DnOP处于中等水平。     

二氧化硫在四氯汞钾吸收液中的稳定性

本文根据《环境监测技术规范》要求,采用“盐酸付玫瑰苯胺比色法”对SO_2标准溶液、环境样品的存放条件和时间进行了考验,并针对SO_2在四氯汞钾吸收液中的稳定性进行24小时连续采样模拟试验、确认在连续采样过程中存在SO_2的损失问题。此外,还对不同浓度、不同采样通气流量条件下SO_2的损失率等有关枝术问题进行了探讨。     

室内空气污染物中氨的测定分析方法探讨

研究了(纳氏试剂比色法和次氯酸钠—水杨酸分光光度法)在室内空气监测中存在的问题,得出次氯酸钠—水杨酸分光光度法不适合于装修后有机物含量较高的室内空气监测的结论。同时,针对纳氏试剂比色法分别进行了不同采样时间、不同采样流量以及不同吸收瓶等条件下室内空气中氨的监测技术的研究,确定了室内空气中氨的最佳监测条件。     

环境监测现场采样中的生物安全防护

环境监测生物安全防护是对生态环境监测中的全过程防护,在实践中,实验室内的生物安全防护研究较多,而关于现场采样人员的防护研究较少,缺乏具体可行的操作规程,若防护不当,极易对人员造成安全风险.本文对现场监测和采样中的生物安全防护问题进行了初步研究,提出了不同环境监测对象和风险条件的个人防护对策及建议,为环境监测采样过程中的...     

污染源废气中二噁英监测采样应注意的几个问题

解析废气中二噁英监测采样的现状及不足,针对生活垃圾焚烧炉(炉排炉)、蓄热式焚烧炉(RTO)和危险废物焚烧炉(回转窑)3种不同类型焚烧炉,考察了采样过程中烟道类型、采样时间和采样时间间隔不同对二噁英监测的影响。结果表明,在水平烟道和垂直烟道采样测得二噁英排放浓度水平相当,有垂直烟道时,优先在垂直烟道采样;间隔采样和连续采样二噁英测定结果基本一致,为了便于操作,建议均采用连续采样方式;采样时间上,生活垃圾焚烧炉应保证超过1 h,蓄热式焚烧炉以2 h左右为宜;间歇投料危险废物焚烧炉应尽量满足2 h以上,条件不许可时,可通过增加采样流量缩短采样时间保证采样量,并在危险废物完全燃烧前结束采样工作。     

试论地表水采样技术

1.采样的前期准备工作在现今条件下,全面采用自动采样器采集水样是不现实的.大多数情况下仍是采用人工采样的方式进行.现将地表水采样所必备的器具、试剂列于表1.表中所用器具及试剂的规格、长度、数量等,可根据采样点位的多少及采样位置的实际情况而自行确定.对需采集深层水样的,应增     

湿法脱硫后高湿烟气中SO3酸雾监测方法研究

利用三氧化硫(SO3)发生装置以及模拟烟气湿法脱硫系统,研究了烟气再热温度、恒温水浴温度、采样速率、冷凝管类型规格及吸收瓶个数等不同采样参数对SO3酸雾采集率的影响。结果表明,当烟气再热温度低于烟气酸露点时会导致SO3酸雾收集率下降,采用控制冷凝法采样时应使用大流量(10L/min)采样,冷凝管应选择外套长度为400 mm的蛇形螺旋冷凝管,并将冷凝管置于温度为65℃左右的恒温水浴中;用碱液吸收法采样时应串联3个吸收瓶后,使用小流量(1L/min)采样。烟气温湿度、二氧化硫(SO2)浓度以及烟气中共存组分等对碱性吸收法的采集影响较大,而对控制冷凝法几乎没有影响。因此确立了针对湿法脱硫后高湿烟气环境下SO3酸雾的监测方法为控制冷凝法更为适宜。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Marine Shores

Citation of cyanobacterial cultures from the shores of south west coast of Gujarat, India and their relationship with sea water quality, influenced by extensive pollutant runoff is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of suspended solids (60–1000 mg l⁻¹) and nutrients (PO₄ ⁻P: 1.3–4 μmole l⁻¹ and NO₃ ⁻N: 12.5–17.8 μmole l⁻¹) were persistent throughout the analysis. Community structure is seen to be influenced by such persistent pollution. Twenty nine cyanobacterial species were isolated belonging to 9 genera of 4 families, with an elevated occurrence of Oscillatoria and Lyngbya species. No heterocystous cyanobacteria were isolated throughout the study.     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.