氰化尾渣资源化应用的清洁生产技术研究

以鑫汇金矿的氰化尾渣为研究对象,利用工艺矿物学研究方法,分别进行光谱分析、物相分析和化学分析. 氰化尾渣中w(Pb)和w(Zn)较高,分别达到12.45%和14.00%. 方铅矿和闪锌矿为可回收的铅锌矿物,2种矿粒度主要分布于10～43 μm. 针对方铅矿、闪锌矿的浮选特点,对矿浆进行预处理,并利用新型浮选技术和药剂制度,以提高选矿生产技术指标. 其中铅锌混合精矿中w(Pb)和w(Zn)分别为24.41%和24.55%,锌精矿中w(Zn)为46.63%. 在选矿废水中加入氧化剂,可使其净化后循环利用,由此可节约新鲜水380 m3/d;尾矿可作为制酸原料和水泥原料.      

Alternatives to cyanide in the gold mining industry: what prospects for the future?

This paper reviews a series of alternative lixiviant systems for the recovery of gold from ores and concentrates. For over 100 years, cyanide has been the leach reagent of choice in gold mining because of its high gold recoveries, robustness and relatively low costs. The environmental damages resulting from its mismanagement, however, have initiated widespread research aimed at identifying and developing less toxic leaching agents. The most widely-researched alternative lixiviants for gold ores are examined in this paper, but it is evident that none has yet made any significant inroad into the dominant position of cyanide as the reagent of choice at the vast majority of gold mines worldwide.     

复合垂直流人工湿地对有机磷阻燃剂的净化

为探索有效处理有机磷阻燃剂（OPFRs）废水的方法,本文构建了复合垂直流人工湿地（IVCWs）,探究不同进水C/N比与是否曝气等运行工况下系统对磷酸三（1-氯-2-丙基）酯（TCPP）的去除效率影响,并观察目标物在湿地系统各介质中的迁移行为及相关机理.结果表明,不同工况下IVCWs对TCPP去除效果存在显著差异.与进水C/N=3时系统对TCPP去除率（52.28%±11.64%）相比,增加进水C/N、曝气和两者联用可使去除率分别提高至（68.77%±2.49%）,（57.21%±1.76%）和（89.64%±1.94%）.通过分析系统中各相累积量发现,植物（0.09%）和基质（3.30%）中TCPP的累积有限.火山岩（162.39~435.01ng/g dw）和沸石（131.67~407.74ng/g dw）中TCPP含量显著高于土壤（32.63~149.94ng/g dw）.植物体内,与菖蒲（432.95ng/g dw）、香蒲（665.21ng/g dw）相比,风车草（1288.82ng/g dw）更易TCPP累积.不同植物中TCPP主要富集在根部,有向叶片转移的趋势.探究IVCWs对TCPP的去除潜能及迁移行为,对系统缓解OPFRs污染具有积极意义.     

Cyanidation of mercury-rich tailings in artisanal and small-scale gold mining: identifying strategies to manage environmental risks in Southern Ecuador

In many countries, such as Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Indonesia, Venezuela and Zimbabwe, amalgamated tailings are leached with cyanide to recover remaining gold. This paper describes a recently completed study conducted at seven gold processing centers in Portovelo-Zaruma, Southern Ecuador, which involved consultation with local miners. The objective of the study was to understand the behaviour of mercury (with a focus on mercury loss) in artisanal gold mining operations through the evaluation of two cyanidation processes (Merrill-Crowe and Carbon-in-pulp), using a participatory approach. In order to assess the kinetics of mercury dissolution in cyanide, a bottle roll test was conducted in the laboratory. In the Merrill-Crowe cyanidation process, an average of 24.2% of metallic mercury was determined to be trapped at the bottom of the agitation tanks; 33.1% of mercury is lost in association with solid material and 11.7% is lost in solution. Approximately 31.0% of mercury in solution is sent to the zinc precipitation cells from which 27.8% is precipitated on the zinc shavings, with 3.23% remaining in solution. The mercury precipitated on to the zinc is lost to the atmosphere when the shavings are burned at 900 °C. In the Carbon-in-pulp (CIP) leaching system, 11.2% of the mercury is lost with the solid tailings; 31.6% of the mercury is associated with fine particles in suspension and 50.8% is likely dissolved. About 2.68% is trapped at the bottom of the tank and 3.72% is absorbed by the activated carbon. The bottle roll test revealed that mercury dissolution is directly proportional to cyanide concentration. At 10 g/ton of cyanide, approximately 42% of mercury was leached, whereas all gold was solubilized. During this study, miners recognized the risk associated with the cyanidation of mercury-rich tailings, and were aware of how much mercury is discharged to local streams and to the atmosphere. The active participation of miners in this study has led to the strengthening of their knowledge and awareness of mercury contamination, and has enhanced their understanding of the nature of the problem, as well as the weaknesses and strengths of the system they operate.     

Mercury balance in amalgamation in artisanal and small-scale gold mining: identifying strategies for reducing environmental pollution in Portovelo-Zaruma,Ecuador

The gold ore mined by artisanal and small-scale miners in Portovelo-Zaruma, Ecuador, is processed in custom mills. Miners can choose between Chilean-mill processing centers, where the ore is ground, concentrated and amalgamated, or “Chancha” Centers, where the whole ore is amalgamated. By weighing mercury before and after all unit operations involved in the amalgamation process, it was possible to determine mercury losses. Analyses in eight centers indicated that 51–59% of mercury introduced into the amalgamation process is recovered when miners squeeze the excess mercury. Around 29% of total mercury is lost when miners burn amalgam and gold is melted, and 15% is lost with the tailings. When only gravity concentrates are amalgamated, 1.4% of mercury entering the process is lost with tailings, whereas 29.5% is lost when the whole ore is amalgamated. Approximately 1.5 tonnes/annum of mercury is released in Portovelo-Zaruma, from which 70% is evaporated and 30% is released with tailings. Mercury-contaminated tailings are leached with cyanide in agitated tanks. A large majority of the processing centers dispose the final tailings with mercury and cyanide into the Calera River and Amarillo River. Mercury dissolved with cyanide likely becomes more bioavailable than metallic mercury. A campaign for reducing mercury emissions must focus on the use of individual retorts – mercury pollution control devices – and the elimination of whole ore amalgamation.     

NZVI/Na2S2O8/超声复合法降解污染土壤PCB-29

多氯联苯（polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs）是一类具有高毒性、难降解的有机化合物,为了研发土壤中多氯联苯（PCBs）污染物高效处理技术,本研究采用PCBs中的2,4,5-三氯联苯（PCB-29）作为研究对象,以纳米零价铁（NZVI）活化Na₂S₂O₈,再辅以超声氧化对土壤中PCB-29进行降解试验,结果表明,NZVI/Na₂S₂O₈/超声复合法对污染土壤中PCB-29具有很好的去除效果,降解反应时间为1h时,去除率最高可达86.37%;NZVI/Na₂S₂O₈/超声复合法对PCB-29最佳降解条件为土壤初始pH值为5.0,Na₂S₂O₈浓度为12mmol/L,Na₂S₂O₈/NZVI物质的量比1：1.     

Fenton试剂与骨架构建体复合调理剂对污泥脱水性能的影响

将Fenton试剂与骨架构建体联用作为复合调理剂开展了污泥调理及脱水试验.结果表明,赤泥与水泥作骨架构建体调理后,污泥脱水性能和脱水液pH均优于石灰与水泥调理污泥.以污泥比阻(SRF)为评价指标,开展了Fenton反应时间、初始pH及调理剂投加量对污泥脱水性能影响的单因素试验.当Fenton反应时间为90 min,初始pH为5,水泥、赤泥、Fe²⁺和H₂O₂的投加量(以污泥干固体质量计)分别为300、300、40和32 mg·g^-1时,污泥比阻降低率可达94.25%±0.21%.在此基础上,以泥饼含水率为响应指标,利用表面响应法对调理剂投加量进行优化.结果表明,水泥、赤泥、Fe²⁺和H₂O₂的投加量分别为287、287、46和37 mg·g^-1,泥饼含水率可降至47.7%±0.8%.调理后污泥的粒径减小,比表面积增大,粘度减小,Zeta电位由负变正,说明该复合调理剂能有效地破解胞外聚合物(EPS),提高污泥脱水性能.     

催化氧化法处理含甲醛毒性有机废水的工程试验

含甲醛废水属毒性有机废水 ,不能直接用生物法进行处理。本研究以广州珠江钢琴厂洗胶过程含甲醛废水处理工程为背景 ,依据废水的成分组成 ,设计了Fenton试剂催化氧化与活性炭过滤的组合工艺 ,经正交实验及单因素实验确定了各操作参数 ,再通过工程规模反应器进行检验 ,含甲醛的毒性有机废水经处理后其CODCr及甲醛的去除率分别达到 76 %和 96 % ,色度的去除率为 99%以上 ,然后简要分析实际工程处理过程中Fenton试剂催化氧化洗胶废水的相关影响因素     

呼伦贝尔沙区土壤细菌群落结构与功能预测

以呼伦贝尔沙区裸沙地、草地、沙地樟子松（Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica）人工林和沙地樟子松天然林四种生境土壤为研究对象,采用野外调查、16S rRNA基因高通量测序和PICRUSt功能预测相结合的研究方法比较分析不同生境土壤细菌群落结构和潜在功能组成特征.结果显示：呼伦贝尔沙区沙地樟子松天然林土壤细菌多样性最高,人工林土壤细菌多样性最低,Shannon指数分别为（8.623±0.193）和（7.432±0.028）,不同生境土壤细菌alpha和beta多样性存在显著差异.草地、沙地樟子松人工林和天然林土壤中变形菌门（Proteobacteria）相对丰度最高,均值分别为29.83%±1.14%、34.73%±1.99%、31.95%±0.21%,裸沙地土壤放线菌门（Actinobacteria）相对丰度最高,均值为26.13%±0.43%.不同生境土壤细菌主要优势属为慢生根瘤菌属（Bradyrhizobium）、RB41,其相对丰度在四种生境中的均值分别为5.29%±2.24%、4.22%±1.23%.PICRUSt功能预测共得到6个一级功能层,40个二级功能层,土壤细菌功能较为丰富,土壤细菌群落在环境信息处理、代谢、遗传信息处理和有机系统方面功能活跃.沙地樟子松天然林核苷酸代谢、酶家族、氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢功能基因较为丰富,保证了沙地樟子松天然林土壤细菌的存活,使其具有较高的多样性.呼伦贝尔沙区不同生境土壤细菌功能基因丰度波动,反映了四种生境的土壤细菌群落组成及多样性的变化,指示了不同生境功能基因对土壤细菌群落的影响规律,可为预测和理解沙区土壤细菌代谢潜力和功能提供参考借鉴.     

基于活性污泥模型的污水COD组分划分方案研究

活性污泥数学模型(ASM)在污水处理厂的成功应用与进水组分的正确划分密切相关.从标准化和定量化的角度利用3个批式试验开发了COD组分划分方案及Matlab计算程序.该方案在上海2个污水处理厂的测定结果表明,曲阳污水厂进水COD中含有8.1%±1.6%的易生物降解组分SS、6.3%±2.2%的溶解性惰性组分SI、45.5%±3.5%的慢速生物降解组分XS、31.1%±2.1%的颗粒性惰性组分XI和9.0%±1.1%的异养菌组分XH.而白龙港污水厂进水COD中含有11.1%±2.2%的SS、9.9%±2.0%的SI、38.9%±10.7%的XS、23.3%±9.8%的XI和16.9%±1.8%的XH.与曲阳污水厂相比,白龙港污水厂进水COD中XS和XI含量偏低,而XH/COD值则明显偏高,表明长距离管道输送会显著影响COD组分浓度.     

己酸菌富集及其利用餐厨垃圾产己酸的研究

采用批式发酵的方式,考察3种不同电子供体(乙醇、乳酸、乙醇和乳酸)对己酸菌的富集情况,进而选取产己酸最优的混合菌,探究在不外加电子供体情况下,餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产己酸的性能.结果表明:当以乙醇和乳酸共同作为电子供体时,己酸浓度可达(2303.06±499.56) mgCOD/L,产己酸效果最佳,并显著富集到了3种碳链延长菌:Clostridium_sensu_stricto_12(16.04%±0.16%),Caproiciproducens(28.78%±0.15%),Oscillibacter(2.32%±0.03%);将产己酸最优的混合菌接种于餐厨垃圾进行厌氧发酵,己酸浓度最高可达(8657.36±996.21) mg COD/L,己酸产率为(230.05±26.47) mg COD/gVS,己酸选择度为27.74%±3.19%.以上结果验证了以乙醇和乳酸共同作为电子供体时对己酸菌具有明显的富集作用,富集到的混合菌可有效用于餐厨垃圾的产己酸发酵,为餐厨垃圾的资源化利用提供了理论支撑.     

复合稳定剂对砷污染土壤的稳定研究

重金属污染土壤均含有多种元素,使用一种药剂对土壤进行稳定的效果不佳且处理费用较高.本研究采集富含砷(As)、镉(Cd)、锌(Zn)的重金属污染土壤,选用无机和有机稳定剂对土壤进行快速化学稳定化实验研究,利用酸浸提程序(TCLP法)评价土壤中重金属的浸出毒性,结果表明,含钙物质、含硫物质以及含铁物质对于降低金属流动性非常有效,6种试剂中稳定效率排序为:氧化钙>硫化钠>有机硫>壳聚糖>硫酸亚铁>二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠.根据不同试剂稳定重金属的靶向特性对两种类型稳定剂进行组合,对复合稳定剂的稳定效果进行评价,分析结果显示复配试剂的综合稳定效率更高:铁钙复配(3%硫酸亚铁+5%氧化钙)对土壤中3种金属的稳定率为81.7%、97.2%、68.2%,而有机硫氧化钙复配试剂(3%氧化钙+5%有机硫)对3种金属的稳定率达到76.6%、95.7%、93.8%.重金属形态测试的结果认为重金属从可交换态转变为还原态(无机类试剂)或氧化态(有机类试剂)是重金属稳定的主要原因,且形态转变程度决定了土壤的稳定程度.     

水芹浮床对NO-x-N类富营养水体的连续小试净化

利用连续小试装置研究了12.0～18.7℃水温下水芹浮床对NO-xN类富营养水体的连续处理效果。试验结果表明,在HRT从3～1d的过程中,CODCr平均去除率分别为(14.0±2.4)%和(46.0±4.0)%,TN平均去除率分别为(34.6±5.8)%和(65.3±5.4)%,TP平均去除率分别为(8.4±1.6)%和(10.7±2.1)%。随着CODCr、TN负荷的增加,CODCr与TN去除率均呈上升趋势。运用经验公式较好地模拟了HRT=1d时,CODCr和TN沿程浓度与距离的关系。     

大伙房水库上游重点矿区污染及其潜在生态危害评价

对大伙房水库上游3个重点矿区尾矿渣及周边土壤表层的重金属及氰化物进行了分析,采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对其生态危害程度进行评价。结果表明,铜矿（A）属重度生态危害,金矿（C）、铁矿（B）属低生态危害。     

基于液相31P核磁共振(NMR)技术的巢湖沉积物中有机磷形态研究

利用改进的沉积物有机磷提取方法和液相31P核磁共振(NMR)分析方法,研究了巢湖表层沉积物有机磷形态.结果表明:西部湖区表层沉积物总磷含量高于东部湖区,其平均含量分别为(1089.82±108.14) mg·kg-1和(497.80±51.59) mg·kg-1;东部湖区沉积物中有机磷百分含量(31.88％±2.41％)高于西部湖区(20.86％±1.65％);表层沉积物主要磷份组成包括膦酸盐(Phon-P)、正磷酸盐(Ortho-P)、磷酸单酯(Mono-P)、磷脂(Lipid-P)、DNA(DNA-P)、焦磷酸盐(Pyro-P);磷酸单酯为有机磷的主要组分,平均含量占总磷的22.12％±5.32％;磷酸单酯和DNA百分含量东部湖区大于西部湖区,磷酸单酯百分含量分别为25.99％±2.29％和16.30％±1.06％,DNA百分含量分别为5.61％±0.24％和3.85％±1.01％.31P核磁共振技术可以有效的应用于巢湖等富营养化湖泊沉积物磷形态分析;巢湖表层沉积物以无机磷为主,有机磷种类丰富,以磷酸单酯为主.     

城市污水处理厂氧化沟工艺微生物种群分析

应用荧光原位杂交技术(fluorescent in situ hybridization,FISH)对我国北方某城市污水处理厂氧化沟工艺中的微生物进行种群分析,考察系统活性污泥中聚磷菌(phosphorus accumulating organisms,PAOs)和聚糖原菌(glycogen accumulatingorganisms,GAOs)的种群结构特点及其空间分布变化关系.结果表明,厌氧池、氧化沟缺氧区和好氧区中PAOs占全菌百分比分别为2.0%±0.6%、3.4%±0.6%和3.5%±1.2%;GAOs所占全菌百分比分别为25.3%±8.7%、30.3%±7.1%和24.4%±6.1%.该厂氧化沟工艺PAOs含量低于已报道其他脱氮除磷系统水平(7%～22%),其除磷性能较差.数据统计分析显示,氧化沟缺氧、好氧区中PAOs含量相对于厌氧池有显著上升,而GAOs含量沿程变化不大.     

河蚬对太湖梅梁湾沉积物多环芳烃的生物富集

以采自清洁水体的河蚬(Corbicula flumiaea)为实验生物,利用生物富集实验测试了河蚬对太湖梅梁湾水源地沉积物巾多环芳烃的乍物富集.研究结果表明:将河蚬暴露于多环芳烃污染程度不同的太湖梅梁湾沉积物中(PAHs总含量分别为991.4-1210.9 ng·g-1(以干重汁),平均为1 101.0 ng·g-1),暴露7d后各样点中河蚬对PAHs的富集量为233.5-342.6 ng·g-1,其中2、3、4环PAHs分别占总含量的23.5%±4.9%、26.2%±4.4%和46.6%±8.5%;含量最高的4种多环芳烃依次为芘、萘、菲和荧蒽,它们所占的比例分别为29.4%±8.2%、23.5%±4.9%、14.6%±6.1%和12.5%±3.6%.河蚬对多环芳烃的生物-沉积物生物富集因子(BSAF)为0.09-0.44.低分子鼍多环芳烃的BSAF要比高分子最多环芳烃的BSAF值高,其中芘、萘、菲和荧蒽的BSAF值分别为0.09±0.04、0.24±0.04、0.44±0.23和0.19±0.09.     

Significant emission reductions of carbonaceous aerosols from residential coal burning by a novel stove

Carbonaceous aerosols (CA) are crucial components in the atmospheric PM_2.5 and derived from diverse sources. One of the major sources for CA is from the incomplete combustion of bituminous coal that has been prevailingly used by household stoves in rural areas for heating during winter. To efficiently eliminate the CA emission, a new household stove (NHS) was developed based on a novel combustion technology and CA emissions from the NHS and a traditional household stove (THS) were comparably investigated under the actual stove operation conditions in a farmer's house. Compared with the THS, the emission factors of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) from the NHS were reduced by 96%±1%, 98%±1%, and 91%±1% under the flaming process and 95%±1%, 96%±2%, and 83%±4% under the smoldering process, respectively. Additionally, the mass absorption efficiency of WSOC from the NHS reduced by 3 folds and the radiative forcing by WSOC relative to EC shrank remarkably by a factor of 3-8. Based on the reduction of emissions and light absorption of WSOC, the promotion of the NHS offers a possible solution to achieve the clean combustion of residential solid fuel.     

氰化物测定研究进展

氰化物是广泛应用于工矿业的有毒化学物质,不同存在形式的氰化物具有不同的毒性和地球化学行为,因此测定环境样品中不同存在形式的氰化物具有重要意义。总体而言,简单氰化物、总氰化物的分析技术相对成熟,而络合氰化物的分析逐渐成为氰化物测定中的难点和重点。本文主要对环境样品氰化物分析中的光度法(分光光度法、荧光法和原子吸收光度法)、电化学法(离子选择电极法、极谱法)、色谱法、放射化学法、流动注射分析法的原理、特点及分析效果进行详细的对比与讨论。     

T-RFLP方法分析城市污水处理厂中细菌群落的动态变化

采用基于16SrRNA基因的末端限制性片段长度多态性技术(T-RFLP),分析了功能稳定的2个城市污水处理系统中(系统A及系统B),细菌群落结构在105d中的动态变化.在研究中,系统A和系统B功能稳定,BOD出水浓度均在8mg/L左右,总氮(TN)出水浓度分别在25mg/L和23mg/L之下.T-RFLP图谱分析表明,系统A中,115、118、123、471、482和835bp等T-RFs的相对丰度变化显著,系统B中,123、471、750和835bp等T-RFs的相对丰度变化显著.移动窗口分析表明,系统A中细菌群落的平均变化率Δt(15d)为21.5%±5.7%,系统B的平均变化率Δt(15d)为22.6%±5.0%.洛伦兹曲线分析表明,系统A中20%的微生物的累积相对丰度为43%～50%;系统B中20%的微生物的累积相对丰度为47%～52%.结果表明,在城市污水处理厂中,稳定的功能并没有藕联着稳定的细菌群落结构.