O3-BAC深度处理石化废水厂尾水的特性及菌群结构分析

采用连续流O_3-BAC对华北某石化废水处理厂尾水进行了中试处理实验,研究了O_3氧化对COD及UV254处理效果的影响,同时对处理过程中有机物的变化特性及稳定运行30 d时BAC填料中的微生态环境进行了分析.结果表明,在O_3接触时间为40 min,O_3投加量为20 mg·L-1,BAC单元空床停留时间为1.5 h条件下,O_3-BAC工艺出水COD为24 mg·L-1,平均去除率为40.4%,相对于单独BAC工艺去除率提高10.0%,UV254的平均去除率为55.1%,且COD与UV254之间呈一定的相关性,相关系数R2为0.89;O_3氧化后相对分子质量1×103的比例由尾水中的69.0%提高到了87.0%,O_3-BAC工艺中NPOC的去除率为45.8%,较单独BAC工艺提高23.0%,且BAC单元去除的NPOC主要由相对分子质量1×103的组分所贡献;经GC-MS图谱及有机物统计分析,经O_3氧化后烷烃类、不饱和酯类及酚类等有机物得到明显的去除;O_3氧化后BAC单元的微生态环境得到明显改善,其中微生物种类(丰度在1.0%以上)由6种增加到了11种.O_3-BAC工艺可以有效应用于石化尾水的深度处理中.     

TiO2光催化臭氧氧化-生物活性炭工艺处理城市污水

将TiO2光催化臭氧氧化-生物活性炭(TiO2/UV/O3-BAC)新型组合工艺用于处理城市污水.在优化工艺参数下,该工艺对TOC和UV254平均去除率分别为47.4%和76.9%,比UV/O3-BAC和O3-BAC工艺对TOC平均去除率分别提高10.2和40.2%.3种组合工艺对有机物去除具有协同效应,其中TiO2/UV/O3-BAC工艺的协同效应最大,UV/O3-BAC工艺次之.TiO2/UV/O3过程将水中大分子有机物氧化成小分子,增加了出水的可生化性,从而有利于后续BAC对有机污染物的去除.二级出水中有机污染物主要是酚类和酞酸酯,经氧化处理后,芳香烃和含-C=C-有机物消失或浓度减少,同时也生成一些小分子氧化产物,但经BAC处理后,污染物种类与浓度均大为减少.     

膜生物反应器工艺与常规和深度处理工艺处理长江原水比较

研究比较膜生物反应器(MBR)工艺与常规工艺和臭氧生物活性炭(O3-BAC)工艺处理长江原水的污染物去除效果。MBR工艺对浊度、UV254和CODMn的去除率分别达到96%、36%和32%,与常规工艺基本相当,弱于O3-BAC工艺。MBR工艺对氨氮去除率稍低于O3-BAC工艺,对挥发性有机毒物的去除效果却好于后者,常规工艺去除这2种污染物不理想。O3-BAC工艺出水加氯后消毒副产物生成量最少,仅有MBR工艺和常规工艺的70%,这表明O3-BAC工艺在减少加氯后消毒副产物的生成方面优势明显,同时也说明依靠MBR工艺的生物降解能力大幅减少消毒副产物生成的可行性不高。     

臭氧对生物活性炭中微生物及出水消毒副产物的影响

为探究饮用水处理过程中臭氧(O_3)对生物活性炭(BAC)中微生物及出水消毒副产物(DBPs)的影响,以饮用水小试装置的O_3-BAC工段开展研究,系统分析在不同O_3浓度下的水质变化,溶解性有机物(DOM)特征,微生物活性和DBPs产生情况.结果表明,O_3对BAC过滤的影响主要表现为提升微生物对DOM的利用效率,但O_3浓度过高会导致出水中蛋白质和微生物代谢产物(SMPs)等有机物增加.当O_3浓度从0 mg·L~(-1)提升到2. 0 mg·L~(-1)时,BAC中微生物存活率从95. 10%降至62. 60%,但O_3将出水中难降解有机物转变为易生物降解物质,使得微生物活性提高了62. 52%,BAC的生物过滤得到强化;当O_3浓度增加到4. 0 mg·L~(-1)时,微生物存活率降至49. 90%,同时微生物产生的蛋白质和SMPs增加,导致含碳消毒副产物(CDBPs)和含氮消毒副产物(N-DBPs)的生成浓度与不通O_3相比分别上升41. 93%和7. 18%,大大增加水体潜在危险.综上,合适O_3浓度有利于O_3-BAC对DOM的去除,O_3浓度过高会导致BAC过滤效果变差并产生新的DBPs前体物.     

预氧化与水处理工艺协同去除剑水蚤

利用不同水处理工艺中试系统,研究在液氯、氯胺、高锰酸盐复合药剂和O_3这4种预氧化剂不同投量下,去除剑水蚤的方法以及4种预氧化药剂对原水中剑水蚤的实际灭活效果,并分析各工艺单元的除蚤机制.结果表明,预氧化阶段,液氯灭活率(25%)比氯胺(21%)、O_3(9%)和高锰酸盐复合药剂(8%)都高;但滤后去除率发生变化,由高至低为氯胺(90%)>液氯(88%)>O_3(83%)>高锰酸盐复合药剂(80%),采用氯胺与水处理工艺协同可达到100%去除效果.最高的预氧化灭活率并没有取得100%的去除效果,剑水蚤的去除取决于预氧化剂与澄清水处理工艺的合理配合,剑水蚤个体尺寸和预氧化后的生命活性也对去除效果有影响.其中过滤单元除蚤效率最高,单独去除率不低于50%;气浮池的除蚤性能受水蚤个体大小和活性影响.     

微污染水源中溶解性有机氮组成规律及其水处理特性

以上海市黄浦江和青草沙长江原水为对象,研究了两大水源水中溶解性有机氮(DON)的含量变化、分子组成特征及其在常规净水工艺中的去除效果,并对DON与常规水处理指标间的相关性进行了分析.结果表明:两种原水以DOC、DON和UV254表征的有机物含量均以小分子量(5kDa)和亲水性有机物为主;微污染黄浦江原水中同时存在外源性及内源性污染,而青草沙长江原水中内源性污染占主导地位;饮用水常规净水处理工艺对黄浦江原水中DON的去除率为40%,优于长江原水DON的去除率16.7%;黄浦江和长江原水DON浓度与DOC和UV254相关性良好,其相关系数分别为0.59,0.52和0.74,0.51;鉴于常规处理对DON去除效果有限,而DON是导致强三致特性含氮消毒副产物(N-DBPs)的总前体物,因此水厂应通过强化常规、深度处理等手段改善DON在净水工艺中的去除效果.     

饮用水中的磷及其在常规处理工艺中的去除

对某市某水厂水源水和出厂水中磷的存在形式、常规处理工艺对总磷 (TP)和微生物可利用磷 (MAP)的去除进行了研究 .结果表明 :①水源水中的磷主要以非溶解性形式存在 ,溶解性总磷酸盐约占总磷 30 % ;溶解性正磷酸盐只在个别月份检出 ,且浓度很低 ;②水源水中微生物可利用磷浓度一般高于溶解性总磷酸盐浓度 ,说明微生物也可以利用非溶解性磷 ;③出厂水中溶解性总磷酸盐占总磷的比例较水源水中溶解性总磷酸盐占总磷的比例升高 ,说明其去除较非溶解性的磷困难 ;④常规处理工艺对总磷和微生物可利用磷去除效果较好 ,平均去除率分别为 6 6 %和 6 9% ,混凝沉淀单元和过滤单元对总磷去除效果均较好 .强化混凝工艺 ,降低出厂水中的MAP ,有可能保证饮用水生物稳定性     

微污染水源中溶解性有机氮组成规律及其水处理特性

以上海市黄浦江和青草沙长江原水为对象,研究了两大水源水中溶解性有机氮(DON)的含量变化、分子组成特征及其在常规净水工艺中的去除效果,并对DON与常规水处理指标间的相关性进行了分析.结果表明:两种原水以DOC、DON和UV254表征的有机物含量均以小分子量(<5kDa)和亲水性有机物为主;微污染黄浦江原水中同时存在外源性及内源性污染,而青草沙长江原水中内源性污染占主导地位;饮用水常规净水处理工艺对黄浦江原水中DON的去除率为40%,优于长江原水DON的去除率16.7%;黄浦江和长江原水DON浓度与DOC和UV254相关性良好,其相关系数分别为0.59,0.52和0.74,0.51;鉴于常规处理对DON去除效果有限,而DON是导致强三致特性含氮消毒副产物(N-DBPs)的总前体物,因此水厂应通过强化常规、深度处理等手段改善DON在净水工艺中的去除效果.     

臭氧对陶瓷膜超滤-生物活性炭组合工艺效果的影响

利用处理量为3L/d的臭氧陶瓷膜-生物活性炭(BAC)(工艺Ⅰ)和陶瓷膜-BAC(工艺Ⅱ)2种组合工艺处理受污染的原水,研究了工艺对原水中浊度、氨氮和有机物的去除效果,同时考察了臭氧对膜通量和BAC的影响.结果表明,未投加臭氧和2.0mg/L臭氧投加量下,两种组合工艺可去除原水中96%以上的浊度.组合工艺均可去除原水中1.0~2.0mg/L的氨氮.提高溶解氧浓度至30mg/L可强化氨氮的去除能力,两种组合工艺可至少彻底去除5.5mg/L的氨氮.投加2mg/L臭氧后,工艺Ⅰ可去除原水中48.3%的总有机碳(TOC)和51.8%的UV254.工艺Ⅱ对TOC和UV254的平均去除率分别为51.1%和48.2%.臭氧对浊度的去除无影响,但臭氧可改变部分有机物的结构,减轻膜的有机物污染.与未投加臭氧的工艺Ⅱ相比,投加臭氧使工艺Ⅰ中的膜通量提高了25%~30%.但残留臭氧可能影响后续BAC中的微生物,对BAC去除氨氮和有机物的能力产生不利影响.     

生物粉末活性炭-超滤组合工艺对微污染水源水中嗅味物质的去除效能及其微生物特性

采用生物粉末活性炭-超滤(BPAC-UF)组合工艺对模拟微污染水源水中的嗅味物质进行了去除试验,并对组合工艺中微生物量的分布和变化进行了测定.结果表明,相比混凝沉淀常规工艺,BPAC-UF组合工艺对微污染水源水中的嗅味物质有较好的控制效果,对二甲基三硫醚、2-甲基异莰醇和β-紫罗兰酮的平均去除率分别可达77.51%、65.86%和98.43%,并且对原水冲击负荷有更好的适应性;炭池是组合工艺中去除嗅味物质的主要单元,其微生物量远高于其它区域;炭池生物量变化平稳,组合工艺对原水中嗅味物质的去除具有稳定性.     

臭氧-生物活性炭对微污染原水中典型持久性有机物的去除效果

以长三角地区J市典型有机微污染水源P水厂为研究对象,考察了臭氧-生物活性炭深度处理工艺对微污染水源水中有机物的去除效果.结果表明,臭氧-生物活性炭深度处理使高锰酸盐指数、总有机碳(TOC)和UV254的平均去除率分别提升19. 2%、10. 4%和23. 0%.水厂原水中检出8种多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon,PAHs)、16种有机氯农药(organochlorine pesticides,OCPs)、5种卤乙酸(haloacetic acids,HAAs),其总浓度分别为53. 9~100. 0、6. 5~41. 8、2. 5×103~1. 1×104ng·L~(-1),臭氧-生物活性炭深度处理对多环芳烃和有机氯农药的平均去除率分别为32. 5%和25. 9%,比常规处理工艺出水的水质有显著提升.卤乙酸的去除率为33. 8%~87. 0%,主要通过常规处理工艺去除;臭氧-生物活性炭深度处理对氯代乙酸略有去除,溴代乙酸有少量生成.     

饮用水处理过程中全氟化合物的分布、转化及去向

全氟和多氟烷基物质(PFASs)存在于地表水、自来水甚至商业饮用水中,对人类健康构成威胁.在以太湖为源头的某大型饮用水处理厂(DWTPs)中研究了14种PFASs的检出和转化.结果表明,共有10种PFASs在水样中被检测到,说明PFASs在饮用水中分布广泛.原水中的PFASs总浓度为127.4ng·L^-1,其中最高浓度为全氟辛酸(PFOA, 49.8ng·L^-1).预臭氧会导致PFASs的浓度反向升高,这可能是由于前体物的存在或由短链向长链进行转化导致.常规处理工艺无法有效去除PFASs, O₃-BAC在DWTPs的处理过程中对PFASs的去除(20.74%)具有主导作用.O₃-BAC作为DWTPs的主要去除工艺,其反冲洗水中含有浓度较高的PFASs,分布特征与原水相似.利用中试装置,对比了5种常见的滤池反冲洗水处理工艺,结果表明,GAC-超滤可以在保证浊度较高去除率(99.08%)的基础上,吸附并截留一定量的PFASs.从三维荧光分析可得,GAC-超滤也可去除大部分荧光微污染物,对于原水含有较高浓...     

Advanced oxidation of bromide-containing drinking water：A balance between bromate and trihalomethane formation control

Addition of H2O2 has been employed to repress bromate formation during ozonation of bromide-containing source water. However, the addition of H2O2 will change the oxidation pathways of organic compounds due to the generation of abundant hydroxyl radicals, which could affect the removal efficacy of trihalomethane precursors via the combination of ozone and biological activated carbon （O3-BAC）. In this study, we evaluated the effects of H2O2 addition on bromate formation and trihalomethane formation potential （THMFP） reduction during treatment of bromide-containing （97.6-129.1 μg/L） source water by the O3-BAC process. At an ozone dose of 4.2 mg/L, an H2O2/O3 （g/g） ratio of over 1.0 was required to maintain the bromate concentration below 10.0 μg/L, while a much lower H2O2/O3 ratio was sufficient for a lower ozone dose. An H2O2/O3 （g/g） ratio below 0.3 should be avoided since the bromate concentration will increase with increasing H2O2 dose below this ratio. However, the addition of H2O2 at an ozone dose of 3.2 mg/L and an H2O2/O3 ratio of 1.0 resulted in a 43% decrease in THMFP removal when compared with the O3-BAC process. The optimum H2O2/O3 （g/g） ratio for balancing bromate and trihalomethane control was about 0.7-1.0. Fractionation of organic materials showed that the addition of H2O2 decreased the removal efficacy of the hydrophilic matter fraction of DOC by ozonation and increased the reactivity of the hydrophobic fractions during formation of trihalomethane, which may be the two main reasons responsible for the decrease in THMFP reduction efficacy. Overall, this study clearly demonstrated that it is necessary to balance bromate reduction and THMFP control when adopting an H2O2 addition strategy.     

Addition of hydrogen peroxide for the simultaneous control of bromate and odor during advanced drinking water treatment using ozone

Complete removal of the characteristic septic/swampy odor from Huangpu River source water could only be achieved under an ozone dose as high as 4.0 mg/L in an ozone-biological activated carbon （O3- BAC） process, which would lead to the production of high concentrations of carcinogenic bromate due to the high bromide content. This study investigated the possibility of simultaneous control of bromate and the septic/swampy odor by adding H2O2 prior to the O3-BAC process for the treatment of Huangpu River water. H2O2 addition could reduce the bromate concentration effectively at an H2O2/O3 （g/g） ratio of 0.5 or higher. At the same time, the septic/swampy odor removal was enhanced by the addition of H2O2, although optimization of the H2O2/O3 ratio was required for each ozone dose. At an ozone dose of 2.0 mg/L, the odor was removed completely at an H2O2/O3 ratio of 0.5. The results indicated that H2O2 application at a suitable dose could enhance the removal of the septic/swampy odor while suppressing the formation of bromate during ozonation of Huangpu River source water.     

单级和两级串联臭氧-生物活性炭深度处理垃圾渗滤液的比较研究

使用单级和两级串联臭氧-生物活性炭(O3-BAC)处理垃圾焚烧渗滤液的二级生物处理尾水,比较研究了污染物去除效果.结果表明,臭氧投加量为200 mg·L-1时,两级串联O3-BAC对COD、UV254和色度的去除率分别为75.9%±2.1%、78.8%±2.9%和96.8%±0.9%,处理出水COD基本保持在100 mg·L-1以下,色度低于40倍,满足GB 16889-2008排放要求;而单级O3-BAC对COD、UV254和色度的去除率分别为68.2%±1.3%、69.7%±0.5%和92.5%±1.1%,处理出水COD和色度分别为150 mg·L-1和60倍,不能达到排放要求.单级O3-BAC在290 mg·L-1臭氧投加量下,才能达到两级串联O3-BAC在200mg·L-1臭氧投加量下的污染物去除效果.此外,两级串联O3-BAC在臭氧投加量200 mg·L-1时的总磷去除率为63.5%±4.4%,出水总磷浓度稳定在1 mg·L-1以下,直接满足GB 16889-2008排放要求.     

臭氧生物活性炭技术应用中水质安全研究

臭氧生物活性炭工艺已经成为主要的饮用水深度处理技术之一,在国内外得到了应用,但是在运行中也陆续发现了一些新的水质问题,成为威胁饮用水水质安全的潜在因素.针对以上问题,对生产规模的臭氧生物活性炭组合工艺(60万m3/d)进行了系统调查研究,包括微生物安全性、水生动物过度滋生和化学稳定性等,期间并结合中试(10 m3/h)进行了研究.结果表明,臭氧生物活性炭技术在微生物安全方面是可靠的,应加强运行管理;臭氧生物活性炭工艺在运行过程中,会孳生大量的水生动物,这在我国高温高湿热地区更为显著,而且水生动物生长具有一定规律性,影响水质安全;在原水碱度低的情况下,臭氧生物活性炭工艺出水pH值会出现大幅下降现象,严重影响了水质化学稳定性.     

Comparison of different combined treatment processes to address the source water with high concentration of natural organic matter during snowmelt period

The source water in one forest region of the Northeast China had very high natural organic matter (NOM) concentration and heavy color during snowmelt period. The efficiency of five combined treatment processes was compared to address the high concentration of NOM and the mechanisms were also analyzed. Conventional treatment can hardly remove dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the source water. KMnO₄ pre-oxidization could improve the DOC removal to 22.0%. Post activated carbon adsorption improved the DOC removal of conventional treatment to 28.8%. The non-sufficient NOM removal could be attributed to the dominance of large molecular weight organic matters in raw water, which cannot be adsorbed by the micropore upon activated carbon. O₃ + activated carbon treatment are another available technology for eliminating the color and UV₂₅₄ in water. However, its performance of DOC removal was only 36.4%, which could not satisfy the requirement for organicmatter. The limited ozone dosage is not sufficient to mineralize the high concentration of NOM. Magnetic ion-exchange resin combined with conventional treatment could remove 96.2% of color, 96.0% of UV₂₅₄ and 87.1% of DOC, enabling effluents to meet the drinking water quality standard. The high removal efficiency could be explained by the negative charge on the surface of NOM which benefits the static adsorption of NOM on the anion exchange resin. The results indicated that magnetic ion-exchange resin combined with conventional treatment is the best available technology to remove high concentration of NOM.     

基于过程分析的京津冀区域典型城市臭氧成因

随着京津冀区域臭氧（O₃）污染问题日渐突出,探究和分析京津冀区域O₃变化特征和污染过程形成原因对区域大气污染防治工作具有重要意义.观测结果显示,春夏季京津冀区域较高的O₃浓度呈现南高北低的分布,北京、天津和石家庄这3座城市O₃高浓度往往伴随着偏南风的影响.基于WRF-Chem模式模拟和过程分析技术对2019年京津冀区域O₃变化特征和成因进行了深入分析,典型城市化学过程、垂直混合和输送的日变化有着鲜明的季节变化差异.其中在夏季午后化学过程是各城市O₃浓度增加的主要来源;垂直混合导致天津和石家庄O₃浓度增加,但使得北京O₃浓度减少;天津和石家庄存在净输出,而北京则为净流入.通过对比分析O₃污染和清洁过程结果表明,化学过程主导北京和石家庄污染过程午后O₃浓度增加,天津则为垂直混合,此外,北京和石家庄存在O₃净输入,天津则为净输出;而清洁过程中,垂直混合主...     

Revealing the changes of bacterial community from water source to consumers tap: A full-scale investigation in eastern city of China

This study profiled the bacterial community variations of water from four water treatment systems, including coagulation, sedimentation, sand filtration, ozonation-biological activated carbon filtration (O₃-BAC), disinfection, and the tap water after the distribution process in eastern China. The results showed that different water treatment processes affected the bacterial community structure in different ways. The traditional treatment processes, including coagulation, sedimentation and sand filtration, reduced the total bacterial count, while they had little effect on the bacterial community structure in the treated water (before disinfection). Compared to the traditional treatment process, O₃-BAC reduced the relative abundance of Sphingomonas in the finished water. In addition, ozonation may play a role in reducing the relative abundance of Mycobacterium. NaClO and ClO₂ had different effects on the bacterial community in the finished water. The relative abundance of some bacteria (e.g. Flavobacterium, Phreatobacter and Porphyrobacter) increased in the finished water after ClO₂ disinfection. The relative abundance of Mycobacterium and Legionella, which have been widely reported as waterborne opportunistic pathogens, increased after NaClO disinfection. In addition, some microorganisms proliferated and grew in the distribution system, which could lead to turbidity increases in the tap water. Compared to those in the finished water, the relative abundance of Sphingomonas, Hyphomicrobium, Phreatobacter, Rheinheimera, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter increased in the tap water disinfected with NaClO, while the relative abundance of Mycobacterium increased in the tap water disinfected with ClO₂. Overall, this study provided the detailed variation in the bacterial community in the drinking water system.