基于农村信用体系建设的涉农经济组织和农户信用提升研究

我国涉农经济组织和农户的信用存在一些难以规避的缺陷,导致农业贷款难的困境。本文从涉农经济组织和农户信用道德建设,信用制度与法律建设,产权制度,信用环境,信用标准及信用等级评定,信用组织创新,征信和信用担保中介服务市场,农村信用管理等八个方面阐述了农村信用体系建设的基本思路,并讨论了涉农经济组织和农户的信用提升问题。     

采用统计控制图法评定水中石油类测定的不确定度

化学检测实验室目前使用的ISO/IEC17025(JJF1059-1999)测量不确定度评定方法较繁琐、容易造成遗漏或重复计算不确定度分量、而且某些不确定度分量难以准确量化。本文以红外分光度法测定水中石油类的试验为例,依据Top-Down技术的统计控制图法对该方法的不确定度进行了评定,相对容易、简便、客观。     

我国水环境监测中存在的问题与对策探析

近些年我国日益严重的水环境问题,对我国社会和工业经济及水资源的可持续利用造成了严重的影响,所以国家相关部门应该高度重视生态保护和环境治理。水环境监测作为我国环境治理中不可缺少的环节,可以综合分析水中的污染物、污染源及污染程度,并能合理的评定水污染的级别。本文根据我国水环境监测存在的问题,提出了相应的改善对策,以供参考。     

基于控制图法的苯测量不确定度评定

本文采用top—down技术之控制图法进行气相色谱法测定苯的不确定度评定。该方法应用实验室长期积累的质控数据,利用A—D统计法检验质控数据的随机性和独立性,从而建立移动极差控制图,评定测量不确定度。相比传统的不确定度评定方法（ISO／IECGUM）步骤简单,避免了不确定度分量遗漏、重复或难以量化的问题。使监测数据更加客观可信。     

工业生产废物最少化管理体系的探讨

本文论述了工业废物最少化的含义及技术,分析了影响废物最少化的经济因素及最少化管理体系的各种关系。为解决工业废物污染环境问题提出了新的思路。     

多层次灰色综合评价法在舰载直升机场选址中的应用

为解决舰载直升机场选址优化问题,通过深入探讨和完善舰载直升机场选址的评价指标,综合考虑规划、技术、经济和环保4个方面的要求,建立舰载直升机场选址的评价指标体系,通过建立多层次灰色评价方法模型,得到被评选址方案的综合值,进行排序决策,客观合理地评定出舰载直升机场选址的最佳方案。     

反渗透海水淡化技术应用研究

反渗透技术在海水淡化领域的应用,将广博的海水资源转化为紧缺的淡水资源,为解决水资源的紧缺问题提供了新的方法和途径。该技术有着经济环保的优点,在海水淡化领域的发展极为迅速。本文着重探讨反渗透海水淡化技术的特点及应用前景。     

国外城市生活废弃物处理技术的比较

本文针对填埋法、堆肥法和焚烧法概略地叙述了城市生活废弃物处理技术的选择,并给出了四项标准来评定其可行性、现实性和经济性。     

利用统计控制图法对水质中铅的不确定度评定研究

目前环境监测领域采用的不确定度的评定方法基本上都是ISO／IECGUM（JJF1059）的方法,这种bot-tom—up方法比较繁琐,容易遗漏重叠分量,一致性也较差。本文使用Top-down不确定度的评定方法一控制图法对不确定度进行评定,该方法主要是应用实验室的质控数据及能力验证、环境标准样品定值等数据。利用AD统计法和绘制移动极差控制图确保质控数据排列处于随机状态和独立性的特点,建立控制图,评定不确定度的过程。     

a-六六六标准溶液测量不确定度评定

数据是环境检测实验室的成果,而数据质量是进行实验室成果检验的唯一要求。标准溶液是分析检测实验室最基本的量值溯源载体。标准溶液配置质量的判定工作是检测实验室最重要的质控工作之一。本文以a-六六六标准溶液配制为例,对标准溶液测量不确定度进行合理评定,充分估计分析a-六六六标准储备液(母液)及标准工作溶液在配制、稀释过程不确定度的来源,评定了不同浓度标准溶液的不确定度及其扩展不确定度。分别对储备液100 mg/L、工作液10 mg/L、使用液1 mg/L的配置不确定度进行评定,考虑了影响配置质量的几个重要因素:天平称量准确度、标准物质纯度、容量瓶及移液管体积。通过评定结果可以看出,天平称量的准确性是决定标准溶液配置的最关键因素,其次是移液管体积的影响。     

氨法脱硫工艺S(IV)氧化动力学模型研究

目前,有关氨法脱硫技术对S(IV)氧化的研究未考虑HSO-3及离子强度等因素的影响.因此,本文根据氨法脱硫反应机理建立实验装置对S(IV)氧化动力学进行了研究,考察了SO2-3浓度、SO2-4浓度、pH值、温度和氧化空气量对S(IV)氧化速率的影响.结果表明,S(IV)的氧化速率与SO2-3浓度呈-0.5级关系,与SO2-4浓度之间的关系为r(IV)=0.00121exp(-0.89CSO2-4);HSO-3较SO2-3更容易被氧化,保持较低pH值时对S(IV)的氧化有利;S(IV)的氧化速率随氧化空气量和温度的升高而增大,反应的表观活化能约为28.0 kJ·mol-1.利用数学模型对S(IV)氧化过程进行了数值模拟,结果表明,该模型能够较好地反映氨法脱硫S(IV)氧化过程.     

Proportionality between SO2 emissions and wet SO42− concentrations: The effect of area of averaging

An earlier analysis of empirical associations between SO₂ emissions and wet SO₄²⁻ concentrations in central North America (Hilst and Chapman, 1990, Atmospheric Environment 24A, 1889–1901) showed that local wet SO₄²⁻ concentrations were not proportional to SO₂ emissions averaged over areas up to ∼10⁶ km². Because it is axiomatic that at a global level of averaging a proportionality between total S emissions and S deposition should exist, we have extended these analyses in an attempt to determine whether there is proportionality between S emissions and wet SO₄²⁻ deposition. We have found that for the eastern half of central North America (an area of about 4.3 × 10⁶ km²), the annual average wet SO₄²⁻ concentration exhibits a linear-proportional dependence on anthropogenic SO₂ emissions. However, the internal structure of this association for subareas of the eastern half of central North America suggests the “global” proportionality is achieved by a combination of imported SO₂ from major source areas and an oxidant-limited conversion of SO₂ to SO₄²⁻ within the major source areas. If this inference is even approximately correct, a rollback SO₂ control strategy for the eastern United States and southeast Canada should result in an immediate proportional decrease in wet SO₄²⁻ concentrations in minor SO₂ source areas, but no appreciable reduction of wet SO₄²⁻ concentrations in major SO₂ source areas until the oxidant limitation has been overcome.     

An estimation of the average annual transports of SO2 from the CSFR and the former G.D.R. to north-east Bavaria

A mesoscale flow model is used to evaluate a climatology of flow and SO₂ concentration for north-east Bavaria. The computed average SO₂ concentrations at ground level are compared with observations and good agreement is found. This allows estimation of the average annual transport of SO₂ from Czechoslowakia and the former G.D.R. to north-eastern Bavaria on the basis of these climatologies. An annual SO₂ transport of 188 kt from CSFR and 278 kt from the former G.D.R. to north-east Bavaria is found.     

Calculation of visual range improvements from SO2 emission controls—I. Semi-empirical methodology

This paper, the first of a two-part series, presents a new semi-empirical methodology that allows estimation of the percentage improvements in annual average visual range that can be expected from a percentage reduction of SO₂ emissions. This methodology relies on an intuitive mathematical approach that combines four separate effects: (1) the transport of atmospheric sulfur; (2) the possible nonlinearity of the SO₂-to-SO²⁻₄ chemical transformation; (3) the fraction of sulfates in fine particulate matter, taking into account the role of the water adsorbed by the fine particles; and (4) the fraction of light extinction that is due to fine particles. By looking at these four effects, within the context of each of the various meteorological regimes that have distinct influences on visual air quality, the problem can be broken down into manageable components that model a portion of the source-receptor interaction. If the necessary arrays that specify these four terms, which are expressed in fractional form, can be quantified for each region and meteorological classification, then the methodology can estimate the average ‘efficiency’ of reductions in SO₂ emissions for producing improvements in long-term regional averages of visual range. Then, annual averages can be computed if the relative frequency of occurrence of each meteorological regime in each region is known. Moreover, the method estimates the uncertainty in the calculated percentage improvements in visual range, based on the uncertainties in input data. The second paper in this series will present an example of the application of this methodology to the eastern U.S., where the effect of SO₂ emissions on visibility has received significant attention.     

Sulphate in atmospheric particulate at five sites in Norwich (U.K.): Use of national survey archive filters

Air sample filters from a Local Authority archive have been analyzed for sulphate using XRF. This has allowed an assessment to be made of the spatial distribution of 24-h sulphate concentrations in the city of Norwich in eastern England, over a 9-month period. The overall mean sulphate concentration was 10.4 μg m⁻³, with a range of overall mean values between the sites of 7.7–12.2 μg m⁻³. This spatial variability within the city is similar to the spatial variability between cities found in another previous study. The mean SO²⁻₄/SO₂ and smoke/SO²⁻₄ ratios at the different sites are similar, but there are distinct variations in the overall mean ratios over the measurement period. There appear to be relationships between the SO²⁻₄/SO₂ ratio and temperature and humidity. The ratios are also related to wind direction, with some evidence that a proportion of the SO²⁻₄ in the urban atmosphere of Norwich originates via long-distance transport from the east.     

An analysis of precipitation chemistry measurements in Shimane,Japan

In order to understand the concentration and deposition levels of the major ions in Shimane, on the Japan Sea coast where precipitation chemistry data are scarce, the precipitation was collected at three sites (Matsue, Gotsu and Masuda) from April 1985 to March 1988.The mean precipitation chemistry was very close to each other except for the seasalt concentration. Masuda showed a halved seasalt contribution compared with the other sites. The volume-weighted annual pH mean at each site ranged from 4.6 to 4.9. Nitrate to SO₄⁻² equivalent ratios were in the range of 0.2 and 0.4 throughout the year. Ammonia and calcium species are interpreted to have neutralized approximately 70% of the original sulfuric and nitric acids.The annual depositions of the major ions in g m⁻²y⁻¹ were as follows: H⁺; 0.023–0.037, NH₄⁺; 0.57–0.68, Ca²⁺; 0.51–0.92, SO₄²⁻; 3.29–5.04, NO₃⁻; 1.20–1.70. These levels are of the same intensity as corresponding values of JEA network results.     

A long-term (1975–1988) study of atmospheric SO42−: Regional contributions and concentration trends

A long-term study of aerosol SO₄²⁻ concentrations ([SO₄²⁻]) has been conducted at Mayville in the western and Whiteface Mountain in the northeastern New York State. From 1975 to 1988, 2382 daily aerosol samples were collected at Whiteface Mountain using high-volume samplers. Similarly, 1863 samples were collected at Mayville for the 1981–1988 period. Both sites are downwind of large SO₂ sources in the Midwest. Whiteface Mountain is located approximately 600 km to the northeast of Mayville. The [SO₄²⁻] at Mayville were approximately twice that of Whiteface Mountain. The highest concentrations at both locations were observed in summer and the lowest during winter. Photochemical reactions appear to be the primary reason for this behavior. Air trajectories (Hefter model) were used to relate the observed [SO₄²⁻] with the upwind SO₂ source regions. In addition, a method based on V/Se ratios was used to resolve SO₄²⁻ contributions between Midwestern sources and those in the East Coast. Approximately, two-thirds or more of the total SO₄²⁻ at the two sites was derived from the Midwestern emissions. At Whiteface Mountain the [SO₄²⁻] for summer months from 1975 to 1988 suggest a decrease of approximately 3% per year between 1978 and 1988. A similar decrease was also observed in SO₂ emissions.     

Use of simple daily atmospheric circulation types for the interpretation of precipitation composition at a site (Eskdalemuir) in Scotland, 1978–1984

A simple daily weather type of classification for the British Isles (Lamb, 1972, Geophys. Mem.16) may be used as a convenient method to categorize precipitation composition (excess SO²⁻₄, NO⁻₃, NH⁻₃, NH⁺₄, H⁺) at a site in southern Scotland. Precipitation associated with four weather types in particular (Westerly: W, Cyclonic: C, Southerly: S, Southwesterly: SW), has a strong influence on the annual mean precipitation-weighted composition. The single most important influence is the ‘dilution’ effect of precipitation associated with W-types. Trends in composition over the period 1978–1984 appear to be strongly related to the annual amounts of C-type and, especially, W-type precipitation. These links may confound the relationships between emissions and deposition over a restricted region. The pronounced annual cycle in precipitation composition at the station may also be explained, in large part, by the annual meteorological cycle which can, in turn, be characterized by the weather types. The significance of these findings is that there are known, and large, change in the relative annual frequencies of the major weather types on time-scales of decades. This indicates a possible contribution to non-linearity between emissions and depositions on the longer time-scale.     

Modeling of SO2, Pb and Cd atmospheric deposition over a one-year period

Atmospheric deposition of SO₂, and fine particles of Pb and Cd are calculated over a one-year period in a 66 km² airshed with a segment-puff model. Emission variations, hourly mixing heights and meteorological values are considered to compute monthly averages of concentrations and deposition. Dry deposition is calculated by means of deposition velocities which are season- and land use-dependent. Wet deposition is determined using a washout coefficient. To assess the simulation performance, calculated SO₂ results from the combination between the deposition velocity, the windspeed and direction and the location and type of sources. As annual averages, results for dry plus wet deposition are computed to be 0.84 mg m⁻²d⁻¹ for sulfur, 4.15 μgm⁻²d⁻¹ for lead and 0.0013 μgm⁻²d⁻¹ for cadmium. A variation factor is derived from a sensitivity analysis. This factor amounts to 2.3−2.8 for the concentrations and 2.6−3.1 for the deposition, depending on the pollutant.     

Observed levels and trends of gaseous SO2 and HNO3 at Mt. Waliguan, China: Results from 1997 to 2009

Long-term measurements of SO2 and HNO3,particularly those from the background sites,are rarely reported.We present for the first time the long-term measurements of SO2 and HNO3 at Waliguan(WLG),the only global baseline station in the back-land of the Eurasian Continent.The concentrations of SO2 and HNO3 were observed at WLG from 1997 to 2009.The observed annual mean concentrations of SO2 and HNO3 at WLG were 1.28±0.41 and 0.22±0.19μg/m3,respectively.The HNO3 concentrations were much higher in warmer seasons than in colder seasons,while the SO2 concentrations showed a nearly reversed seasonal pattern.In most months,the concentration of HNO3 was significantly correlated with that of SO2,suggesting that some common factors influence the variations of both gases and the precursors of HNO3 may partially be from the SO2-emitting sources.The SO2 concentration had a very significant(P < 0.0001) decreasing trend(-0.2μg/(m3·yr)) in 1997-2002,but a significant(P < 0.05) increasing trend(+0.06 μg/(m 3 ·yr)) in 2003-2009.The HNO3 concentration showed no statistically significant trend during 1997-2009.While the decrease of SO2 in 1997-2002 agrees with the trend of global SO2 emissions,the increase in 2003-2009 is not consistent with the decreasing trends in many other regions over the world.Trajectory analysis suggests that the airmasses from the northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and the Takla Makan Desert regions contributed significantly to the increasing trends of SO2 and HNO3 at WLG in 2003-2009,with a rate of +0.13μg/(m3·yr) and +0.007μg/(m3·yr),respectively.