基于BP模型的磷酸铵镁法除磷模拟研究

以实际试验数据为依据，通过网络结构优化建立了一个可用于磷酸铵镁法除磷模拟的BP神经网络模型。二维和三维的数值模拟表明，所建立的BP模型能够获得多因素条件下磷酸铵镁法除磷的变化规律和趋势，可为进一步的MAP法除磷及磷回收试验研究提供重要参考依据。     

利用白云石回收污泥厌氧消化液中的磷

为经济有效地从污泥厌氧消化液中回收磷,构建了以白云石提供钙镁源的磷回收方法,探讨了磷回收的工艺条件与效果。通过盐酸酸化厌氧消化液以降低其碳酸盐含量,同时利用白云石溶于冷稀盐酸的特性使其钙镁缓慢释放到酸化的厌氧消化液中形成第一步磷回收体系,考察体系酸化pH、白云石与厌氧消化液的固液比以及反应pH对白云石的钙镁释放和磷回收效果的影响;第一步磷回收后的上清液为第二步厌氧消化液磷回收提供钙镁源,研究投加钙磷摩尔比对磷回收效果的影响。实验结果表明,当固液比为5.0时,在酸化pH为4.0～4.5且酸化溶出时间为10 h以及反应pH为9.0的条件下,第一步磷回收产物以磷酸钙盐沉淀为主,厌氧消化液磷回收率及回收产物含磷率（以P2O5计）分别达到99.43%和38.49%;第一步磷回收后的上清液按一定的钙磷摩尔比投加到酸化后的厌氧消化液中进行第二步磷回收,当投加钙磷摩尔比为0.20时,在反应pH为9.0的条件下,回收产物同时含有磷酸钙盐和磷酸铵镁,厌氧消化液中氮、磷回收率分别达到13.19%和90.90%,回收产物氮、磷含量（以P2O5计）分别为0.26%和39.58%;经XRD、XRF、ICP及SEM等分析表征,2步磷回收的产物以磷酸钙盐和磷酸铵镁为主要成分,杂质少。研究表明,利用白云石为钙镁源,通过分别构建不同的磷回收体系可以分步从污泥厌氧消化液中经济有效地回收磷,且磷回收率和回收产物含磷率高。     

赤泥晶种法诱导磷酸铵镁结晶回收模拟废水中磷的可行性研究

对赤泥的理化性质进行了分析,探索了以赤泥为晶种磷酸铵镁(MAP)结晶法从模拟废水中回收磷工艺。结果表明,经过研磨的赤泥颗粒属无孔物质或者大孔物质;将赤泥溶于水时有碱液和离子溶出,赤泥的主要化学成分为Ca、Al、Si和Mg等元素。投加赤泥晶种有利于磷酸铵镁结晶的形成。在初始磷酸盐浓度为90 mg/L、N∶Mg∶P摩尔比为1∶1∶1、不调节pH值、搅拌时间30 min、搅拌速度180 r/min、沉淀时间30 min条件下,赤泥粒径为60～80目、投加量为8 g/L时,以赤泥作为晶种诱导磷酸铵镁结晶回收磷的效果最优。干燥晶种的使用次数对磷酸根离子的回收率影响不大。所得结晶产物是一种很好的缓释肥。     

改性蛭石结合鸟粪石沉淀法回收垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的实验研究

研究了使用氯化镁改性蛭石,利用磷酸铵镁沉淀的原理,在垃圾渗滤液中按比例加入PO43-,处理垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的同时,在蛭石上生成磷酸铵镁沉淀,以便于磷酸铵镁沉淀的回收利用。结果表明,筛取蛭石粒径为60～80目,配制浓度20%的氯化镁溶液浸泡改性蛭石20 min,取25 g改性蛭石,100 mL垃圾渗滤液调节pH为9,按n(NH4+)∶n(PO34-)=1∶1.2的比例加入PO43-离子,垃圾渗滤液中氨氮去除率为85.06%,实验并对磷酸铵镁沉淀进行了结构成分分析,为垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的处理及磷酸铵镁沉淀的回收提供了一种新的方法。     

pH对磷酸铵镁结晶介稳区、诱导期和反应速率的影响

以p H为控制参数,利用自组装激光测量装置测定了4、20、30和40℃时,磷酸铵镁在水溶液中的溶解度、超饱和度和介稳区宽度等基础数据,分析了不同温度和p H下磷酸铵镁结晶介稳区的变化规律,考察了p H对磷酸铵镁结晶诱导期和结晶反应速率的影响。结果表明,提高溶液的p H,可降低磷酸铵镁在水溶液中的溶解度和超饱和度,但同时磷酸铵镁结晶介稳区宽度有所增加;磷酸铵镁的溶解度和超饱和度随温度的升高呈现上升的趋势,而磷酸铵镁的结晶介稳区宽度则随温度的升高而变窄,提高溶液中MAP的物质浓度也会压缩结晶介稳区宽度;随着溶液p H的升高,磷酸铵镁的结晶诱导期逐渐缩短,同时其结晶反应速率也有明显的提升。在磷酸铵镁结晶除磷过程中,可以通过控制p H来优化反应工艺条件,促进磷酸铵镁结晶反应的进行。     

共存杂质对磷酸铵镁结晶法回收磷的影响研究

研究用磷酸铵镁（MAP）结晶法去除、回收废水中的磷，分析含磷废水中各类共存杂质对MAP法去除、回收磷的影响。结果表明，废水中无机钙离子的存在可提高磷的去除率，而大分子有机物杂质的存在会使磷的去除率显著降低，小分子有机物对磷的去除基本无影响。在反应体系中引入外来晶种烟煤、石英砂和铁屑可显著提高低浓度含磷废水磷的去除效率，其中娴煤作为晶种的效果最明显。     

以农田高盐排水为替代镁源回收养殖废水中的磷素

为解决新疆南疆地区养殖废水高浓度氮磷和农田排水中的高浓度盐分的协同污染问题,以农田高盐排水为镁源对模拟养殖废水中的磷进行了回收实验,对比了高盐排水和常规镁源的磷回收效率,探讨了影响其回收的主要因素,并通过正交试验获得了高盐排水回收磷的最优反应条件.与常规MgC12镁源的磷回收对比分析结果表明,pH=10时高盐排水回收磷的效率最高,比MgCl2镁源达最大回收率所需的反应pH略高;利用L34正交试验探究了pH(8、9、10、11)、Mg:P摩尔比(1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5)、N:P摩尔比(1.0、1.5、2.0、4.0)对高盐排水镁源回收磷的影响,并结合SPSS统计分析得到高盐排水回收磷的最优反应条件为pH=10、n(Mg):n(P)=2.5,n(N):n(P)=4;高盐排水中的HCO3-和SO42-离子对磷回收有抑制作用,而Ca2+离子对磷回收有促进作用;XRD和SEM-EDS分析表明,高盐排水回收磷的产物以鸟粪石为主,并夹杂着磷灰石和粘土矿物等杂质.整体上,以高盐排水作为替代镁源回收磷的效果较好,本研究为解决鸟粪石沉淀法的镁源问题提供了一种新思路.     

磷酸铵镁沉淀法脱氨机理、应用及沉淀剂循环

铵根离子可以和镁盐、磷酸根在适当的条件下生成磷酸铵镁沉淀,利用这一反应可以去除水中的氨氮.本文从磷酸铵镁的性质、反应机理、反应条件及沉淀剂循环利用等方面,对这一方法进行了介绍和总结,并对今后该技术发展提出了建议.     

赤泥晶种法磷酸铵镁结晶工艺模拟废水磷的回收

以赤泥为晶种,研究不同工艺条件对磷酸铵镁(MAP)结晶法回收模拟废水中磷的影响。结果表明,在投加赤泥(60～80目)8 g/L,搅拌速度为180 r/min,搅拌时间30 min,沉淀时间30 min,N∶Mg∶P=1∶1∶1的条件下磷酸根离子的回收率随初始磷酸盐浓度的增加而增大,在初始磷酸盐浓度小于90 mg/L时增幅较大,初始磷酸盐浓度大于90 mg/L后增幅减小;pH值对磷酸根离子的回收率影响显著,结合铵根离子、镁离子的回收率变化,pH值为9.5时最优;磷酸根离子的回收率随着Mg∶P摩尔比和N∶P摩尔比增大而呈上升趋势,当Mg∶P摩尔比为1.4∶1、N∶P摩尔比为4∶1时,磷酸盐的回收率可达97.9%。运用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线能谱仪(EDS)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对最优工艺条件下的结晶产物进行了表征,表明磷主要以磷酸铵镁形态回收。     

磷酸铵镁沉淀法脱氨机理、应用及沉淀剂循环

铵根离子可以和镁盐、磷酸根在适当的条件下生成磷酸铵镁沉淀，利用这一反应可以去除水中的氨氮。本文从磷酸铵镁的性质、反应机理、反应条件及沉淀剂循环利用等方面，对这一方法进行了介绍和总结，并对今后该技术发展提出了建议。     

Phosphate recovery from greenhouse wastewater

A study was conducted to investigate the suitability of phosphate recovery from greenhouse wastewaters by using precipitation/crystallization process. More than 90% of the phosphate could be removed from the greenhouse wastewater. Various calcium phosphate salts were obtained in the process; hydroxyapatite [Ca5(PO4)3OH] could be the main product from the precipitates. Phosphate removal was affected by the presence of magnesium ion in wastewaters. An increase of magnesium concentrations in wastewaters decreased phosphate removal rates. The chemical contents of precipitates in terms of calcium, magnesium and phosphate were affected by calcium to magnesium molar ratio. Higher calcium contents were obtained at wastewaters with high calcium to magnesium molar ratio. An addition of magnesium did not affect the potassium contents in the precipitates. K-struvite, MgKPO4 x 6H2O, was not the major product in the precipitate, even with addition of a large quantity of magnesium.     

Integrated physicochemical and biological treatment process for fluoride and phosphorus removal from fertilizer plant wastewater

The phosphate fertilizer industry produces highly hazardous and acidic wastewaters. This study was undertaken to develop an integrated approach for the treatment of wastewaters from the phosphate industry. Effluent samples were collected from a local phosphate fertilizer producer and were characterized by their high fluoride and phosphate content. First, the samples were pretreated by precipitation of phosphate and fluoride ions using hydrated lime. The resulting low- fluoride and phosphorus effluent was then treated with the enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) process to monitor the simultaneous removal of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Phosphorus removal included a two-stage anaerobic/aerobic system operating under continuous flow. Pretreated wastewater was added to the activated sludge and operated for 160 days in the reactor. The operating strategy included increasing the organic loading rate (OLR) from 0.3 to 1.2 g chemical oxygen demand (COD)/L.d. The stable and high removal rates of COD, NH4(+)-N, and PO4(3-)-P were then recorded. The mean concentrations of the influent were approximately 3600 mg COD/L, 60 mg N/L, and 14 mg P/L, which corresponded to removal efficiencies of approximately 98%, 86%, and 92%, respectively.     

Phosphate Recovery from Greenhouse Wastewater

A study was conducted to investigate the suitability of phosphate recovery from greenhouse wastewaters by using precipitation/crystallization process. More than 90% of the phosphate could be removed from the greenhouse wastewater. Various calcium phosphate salts were obtained in the process; hydroxyapatite [Ca₅(PO₄)₃OH] could be the main product from the precipitates. Phosphate removal was affected by the presence of magnesium ion in wastewaters. An increase of magnesium concentrations in wastewaters decreased phosphate removal rates. The chemical contents of precipitates in terms of calcium, magnesium and phosphate were affected by calcium to magnesium molar ratio. Higher calcium contents were obtained at wastewaters with high calcium to magnesium molar ratio. An addition of magnesium did not affect the potassium contents in the precipitates. K‐struvite, MgKPO₄·6H₂O, was not the major product in the precipitate, even with addition of a large quantity of magnesium.     

Nutrients removal and recovery by crystallization of magnesium ammonium phosphate from synthetic swine wastewater

With synthetic swine wastewater, lab-scale batch experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of pH value, magnesium dosage, calcium and carbonate concentrations on magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) crystallization. The morphology of the precipitates obtained was observed by using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and the composition of the precipitates was analyzed with X-ray diffraction. The results show that the optimum pH value for MAP crystallization is in the range of 9.5-10.5; the phosphorus removal efficiency increases with the increase of Mg/P molar ratio; the optimum Mg/P molar ratio is 1.4, and excessive Mg dosage does not show significant effect on the efficiency improvement of MAP crystallization; the co-existing of Ca in solution disturbs the morphology and purity of the MAP product, and amorphous calcium phosphate will form when Ca increases to a certain concentration; CO3(2-) can affect the P removal efficiency, but does not obviously affect the morphology and purity of MAP.     

Significance of design and operational variables in chemical phosphorus removal

Batch and continuous experiments using model and real wastewaters were conducted to investigate the effect of metal salt (ferric and alum) addition in wastewater treatment and the corresponding phosphate removal from a design and operational perspective. Key factors expected to influence the phosphorus removal efficiency, such as pH, alkalinity, metal dose, metal type, initial and residual phosphate concentration, mixing, reaction time, age of flocs, and organic content of wastewater, were investigated. The lowest achievable concentration of orthophosphate under optimal conditions (0.01 to 0.05 mg/L) was similar for both aluminum and iron salts, with a broad optimum pH range of 5.0 to 7.0. Thus, in the typical operating range of wastewater treatment plants, pH is not a sensitive indicator of phosphorus removal efficiency. The most significant effect for engineering practice, apart from the metal dose, is that of mixing intensity and slow kinetic removal of phosphorus in contact with the chemical sludge formed. Experiments show that significant savings in chemical cost could be achieved by vigorously mixing the added chemical at the point of dosage and, if conditions allow, providing a longer contact time between the metal hydroxide flocs and the phosphate content of the wastewater. These conditions promoted the achievement of less than 0.1 mg/L residual orthophosphate content, even at lower metal-to-phosphorus molar ratios. These observations are consistent with the surface complexation model presented in a companion paper (Smith et al., 2008).     

Removal of nitrogen and phosphate from wastewater by addition of bittern

Removal of nitrogen and phosphate through crystallization of struvite (MgNH(4)PO(4).6H(2)O) has gained increasing interest. Since wastewaters tend to be low in magnesium relative to ammonia and phosphates, addition of this mineral is usually required to effect the struvite crystallization process. The present study evaluated the feasibility of using bittern, a byproduct of salt manufacture, as a low-cost source of magnesium ions. High reaction rates were observed; the extent of nitrogen and phosphorus removals did not change beyond 10 min. Phosphorus removals from pure solutions with bittern added were equivalent to those obtained with MgCl(2) or seawater. Nitrogen removals with bittern were somewhat lower than with the alternate Mg(2+) sources, however. Application of bittern to biologically treated wastewater from a swine farm achieved high phosphate removal, but ammonia removals were limited by imbalance in the nitrogen:phosphorus ratio.     

Release of phosphorus from sewage sludge during ozonation and removal by magnesium ammonium phosphate

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The release rule of phosphorus from sewage sludge during ozonation and removal by the magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) method were investigated. The...     

Prevention of struvite scaling in digesters combined with phosphorus removal and recovery--the FIX-Phos process

The fixation of phosphorus (FIX-Phos) combines struvite prevention and phosphorus recovery by the addition of calciumsilicatehydrate (CSH) particles into the anaerobic digester. The CSH fixates phosphorus as calcium phosphate and reduces the phosphorus concentration in the sludge water that allows for control of struvite formation. The phosphorus-containing recovery product can be separated and recovered from the digested sludge. In pilot plant experiments, 21% to 31% of phosphorus contained in digested sludge could be recovered when CSH was added at concentrations of 2 g/L to 3.5 g/L to a mixture of primary sludge and waste activated sludge (WAS) from enhanced biological phosphorus removal. The recovery product contained few heavy metals and a phosphorus content of 18 wt % P2O5, which allows for recycling as fertilizer. The fixation of phosphorus within the digester may increase wastewater sludge dewaterability. The phosphorus recycle stream to the headworks of the wastewater treatment plant is reduced.     

Effect of seeding materials and mixing strength on struvite precipitation.

Struvite precipitation has increasing interest as a technology for removing and recovering phosphorus from wastewater streams. Many chemical factors have been studied, such as optimum pH values and component-ion molar ratios, yet, understanding of physical aspects is lacking. Two physical parameters were tested: (1) seeding material addition and (2) mixing. Objectives were to evaluate three seeding materials and to optimize mixing conditions for struvite-crystal precipitation, growth, and subsequent sedimentation. Results confirm that mixing strength and proper seeding materials increase crystal size and improve settleability. For unseeded solutions, optimum phosphorus removal was achieved at a mixing strength of G = 76 s(-1). Struvite crystals that were added as the seeding material provided the best performance with respect to phosphorus removal and crystal-size distribution. Overall, this study provided information to improve the practical application of struvite precipitation as a phosphorous-treatment technology for wastewaters, while generating a marketable slow-release fertilizer as a product.