利用酚醛树酯废水生产木材粘结剂的实验研究

酚醛树酯废水是难处理的工业废液。实验室研究表明，利用该废水所含的甲醛可以代替甲醛原料生产改性脲醛树酯，用作木材粘结剂。１ｔ酚醛树酯废水可生产３．３ｔ改性脲醛树酯，在经济上、环境上均有效益。     

复合脱色絮凝剂的制备及其在活性艳红X-3B染料废水处理中的应用

以双氰胺和甲醛为主原料,在添加改性剂的条件下制备了改性双氰胺-甲醛缩聚物,并直接与硫酸亚铁复合成脱色絮凝剂;以活性艳红X-3B染料废水的脱色率和CODCr去除率为考核指标,探讨了硫酸亚铁投加方式、复合质量比、pH等因素对活性艳红X-3B处理效果的影响。研究结果表明,在一定投加量下,复合脱色絮凝剂处理活性艳红X-3B染料废水的脱色率和COD去除率分别为99%和约75%左右。     

聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵改性高炉渣的制备及其应用

用聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDMDAAC)改性高炉渣以提高其对印染废水的处理能力.研究了改性过程中改性剂浓度、温度和制备时间对改性效果的影响,对模拟印染废水和实际印染废水进行了处理,表明PDMDAAC改性大大提高了高炉渣对染料的吸附能力.     

甲醛对厌氧降解糖蜜酒精废水的抑制及消除

在10 L的厌氧折流板(ABR)反应器中,研究甲醛浓度对糖蜜酒精废水的厌氧降解处理的影响,研究结果表明,甲醛浓度在0~200 mg/L内时,厌氧发酵降解相对稳定,产生抑制作用较小,当甲醛浓度大于200mg/L时,厌氧发酵降解抑制作用明显,当达到250 mg/L左右时,厌氧反应几乎停止进行,在糖蜜酒精废水溶液中添加0.75倍甲醛浓度的NS能过消除甲醛的抑制作用,维持厌氧反应的正常进行.     

改性活性氧化铝除磷性能的试验

为提高活性氧化铝对废水中磷的去除效果,以硫酸铝为改性剂,采用浸渍法对其进行改性;测定了改性前后活性氧化铝的比表面积及孔容孔径;考察了吸附时间、pH、废水初始浓度、改性剂投加量等因素对去除废水中磷的影响;探讨了改性活性氧化铝对磷的吸附机理.结果表明,改性后活性氧化铝的比表面积为398.364 m2/g,提高了14.22%...     

壳聚糖的改性及在印染废水处理中的应用

以海洋渔业废弃物虾壳为原料,采取去矿化、脱蛋白、脱色、碱洗的方式制备壳聚糖,通过聚合氯化铝、聚合氯化铁和五水硫酸铜对壳聚糖进行改性,得到3种改性壳聚糖:聚铝-壳聚糖、聚铁-壳聚及硫酸铜-壳聚糖,并通过扫描电子显微镜和红外光谱表征改性壳聚糖的形貌及化学组成。以模拟印染废水为研究对象,在适宜条件下对改性壳聚糖加以应用,以废水的COD去除率和脱色率为考察指标,评价壳聚糖的改性效果,为改性壳聚糖处理印染废水提供理论支持。由扫描电子显微镜结果可知,聚铝-壳聚糖的表面颗粒为类球形,粒径尺寸均一且壳聚糖分布均匀,聚铁-壳聚糖和硫酸铜-壳聚糖的表面颗粒为块状,而壳聚糖主要是以带状的形式存在;由红外光谱可知,通过聚铝和聚铁对壳聚糖进行改性,引入更多的O-H和N-H振动峰,有利于印染废水的吸附沉降。研究表明:3种类型的改性壳聚糖中,聚铝-壳聚糖处理印染废水的效果最好,废水的COD去除率和脱色率最高;对聚铝-壳聚糖处理印染废水的p H、改性壳聚糖质量配比及投加量进行优化,可知,聚铝-壳聚糖对印染废水的处理效果受p H值的影响较小,在聚铝与壳聚糖质量配比为3∶1及投加量为1.6 g·L-1的条件下,p H为5.5时,模拟印染废水的COD去除率和脱色率分别达到90.5%和97.3%,p H升高至9.5时,模拟印染废水的COD去除率和脱色率仍能高达85.1%和94.2%。在最佳条件下,采用聚铝-壳聚糖处理实际印染废水,其COD去除率及脱色率分别为88.7%及96.9%。     

提高甲醛吸附速率的活性炭表面改性及评估方法

通过负载多羟基和胺基化合物来对活性炭表面进行官能团修饰,可提高活性炭在大风量和高空速下对甲醛污染物的吸附速率.实验考察了基炭孔结构参数,改性剂负载量,改性炭制备条件等因素对活性炭吸附甲醛性能提升的影响,并介绍了一种测定甲醛吸附速率的装置和方法,用来评估和筛选家用净化器用的活性炭.结果表明,对于四氯化碳值为76%的活性炭,采用等量浸渍的方法制备改性炭的优化条件为:空气气流下的200℃氧化处理,6%的改性剂负载量和不超过100℃的烘干处理温度.本文还通过实验验证和分析,提出和明确了此类表面改性活性炭对甲醛的吸附机理.     

壳聚糖改性膨润土处理焦化废水的实验研究

焦化废水是煤制焦炭、煤气净化及焦化产品回收过程中产生的废水,其成分复杂多变,属于难处理的工业废水。利用壳聚糖对膨润土进行改性,制备了壳聚糖改性膨润土,并应用于焦化废水的处理,并对影响处理效果的工艺参数进行了优化,结果表明：在pH=8.6,投加量为10g·mL-1,搅拌时间为30min,离心时间为12min条件下,改性膨润土对焦化废水CODcr的去除率达到82.5%以上,处理效果明显优于原土和壳聚糖。此外,通过对原土和壳聚糖改性膨润土进行的比表面积和扫描电镜等表征测定分析可知,壳聚糖的加入并没有改变膨润土的基本框架,只是增大了膨润土的比表面积,从而提高吸附性能。     

浙江省废水排放增长的EKC曲线特征分析

选取浙江省1985~2004年经济和废水排放数据,通过分析经济因子与废水排放之间的相互关系,建立浙江省废水排放的库兹涅茨曲线模型。结果表明:浙江省废水排放与人均GDP的演替轨迹呈现显著的环境库兹涅茨曲线特征,1985~2004期间处于曲线的上升阶段。浙江省废水排放总量的EKC曲线理论转折点为人均GDP约34 305元,相应的废水排放总量峰值为35亿t,预测转折点出现的时间为2007年左右。工业废水排放量正处于EKC曲线的转折点附近,而生活废水排放量目前正处于EKC曲线加速上升的阶段,转折点出现的时间为2007年左右,对应的生活废水排放量的峰值为15亿t,是2004年生活废水排放量(11.6亿t)的1.3倍,形势非常严峻,应该引起重视。因此,十一五期间,浙江省尤其要注重对生活废水排放的控制和治理,并且保持较高的治理投入。     

壳聚糖改性沸石吸附废水中的苯酚

开发新型低成本苯酚吸附剂是含酚废水处理技术的重点.采用90%脱乙酰度壳聚糖制备改性沸石,在与天然沸石对比的基础上,研究了改性沸石去除废水中的效果.并对影响去除率的主要因素,包括壳聚糖与斜发沸石质量比、废水pH值,吸附时间,改性沸石用量,苯酚的质量浓度等进行研究.通过正交试验确定吸附废水中苯酚最佳工艺条件是:壳聚糖与沸石质量比为1∶20.沸石-壳聚糖颗粒吸附剂用量为12 g·L-1,废水中苯酚质量浓度不大于40mg·L-1,pH值为4～6,吸附平衡时间为35 min,苯酚去除率为90%;吸附适合用Langmuir吸附等温方程来模拟.     

Effect of textile industrial effluent on tree plantation and soil chemistry

A field study was conducted at Arid Forest Research Institute to study the effect of textile industrial effluent on the growth of forest trees and associated soil properties. The effluent has high pH, electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) whereas the bivalent cations were in traces. Eight months old seedlings of Acacia nilotica, Acacia tortilis, Albizia lebbeck, Azadirachta indica, Parkinsonia aculeata and Prosopis juliflora were planted in July 1993. Various treatment regimes followed were; irrigation with effluent only (W1), effluent mixed with canal water in 1:1 ratio (W2), irrigation with gypsum treated effluent (W3), gypsum treated soil irrigated with effluent (W4) and wood ash treated soil irrigated with effluent (W5). Treatment regime W5 was found the best where plants attained (mean of six species) 173 cm height, 138 cm crown diameter and 9.2 cm collar girth at the age of 28 months. The poorest growth was observed under treatment regime of W3. The growth of the species varied significantly and the maximum growth was recorded for P. juliflora (188 cm height, 198 cm crown diameter and 10.0 cm collar girth). The minimum growth was recorded for A. lebbeck. Irrigation with effluent resulted in increase in percent organic matter as well as in EC. In most of the cases there were no changes in soil pH except in W5 where it was due to the effect of wood ash. Addition of wood ash influenced plant growth. These results suggest that tree species studied (except A. lebbeck) can be established successfully using textile industrial wastewater in arid region.     

Role of water chemistry on estrone removal by nanofiltration with the presence of hydrophobic acids

Hydrophobic acid organic matter (HpoA) extracted from treated effluent has been known to improve the rejection of steroid hormone estrone by reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes. In this study, the effects of solution chemistry (solution pH and ionic strength) on the estrone rejection by NF membrane with the presence of HpoA were systematically investigated. Crossflow nanofiltration experiments show that the presence of HpoA significantly improved estrone rejection at all pH and ionic strength levels investigated. It is consistently shown that the “enhancement effect” of HpoA on estrone rejection at neutral and alkaline pH is attributed to the binding of estrone by HpoA macromolecules via hydrogen bonding between phenolic functional groups in feed solutions, which leads to an increase in molecular weight and appearance of negative charge. The membrane exhibited the best performance in terms of estrone rejection at pH 10.4 (compared to pH 4 and pH 7) as a result of strengthening the electrostatic repulsion between estrone and membrane with the presence of HpoA. At neutral pH level, the ability of HpoA macromolecules to promote estrone rejection became stronger with increasing ionic strength due to their more extended conformation, which created more chances for the association between estrone and HpoA. The important conclusion of this study is that increasing solution pH and salinity can greatly intensify the “enhancement effect” of HpoA. These results can be important for NF application in direct/indirect potable water reuse.     

动态法研究酚类在活性炭上的竞争吸附

本文先研究了两种煤质活性炭对不同浓度苯酚酚和对氯代苯酚单组分溶液的吸附，应用固定床吸附动力学模型，非线性回归固定床吸附流出曲线数据，获得了酚类在活性炭上的扩散传质系数。结果发现，酚类的表面扩散系数ＤＳ强烈地依赖于入口酚的浓度，随着酚浓度的升高，表面扩散系增大。     

An integrated method for the rapid dewatering and solidification/stabilization of dredged contaminated sediment with a high water content

• An integrated method, called PHDVPSS, was proposed for treating DCS. • The PHDVPSS method showed superior performance compared to conventional method. • Using the method, water content (%) of DCS decreased from 300 to<150 in 3 days. • The 56-day UCS from this method is 12‒17 times higher than conventional method. • Relative to PC, GGBS-MgO binder yielded greater reduction in the leachability. To more efficiently treat the dredged contaminated sediment (DCS) with a high water content, this study proposes an integrated method (called PHDVPSS) that uses the solidifying/stabilizing (S/S) agents and prefabricated horizontal drain (PHD) assisted by vacuum pressure (VP). Using this method, dewatering and solidification/stabilization can be carried out simultaneously such that the treatment time can be significantly shortened and the treatment efficacy can be significantly improved. A series of model tests was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Experimental results indicated that the proposed PHDVPSS method showed superior performance compared to the conventional S/S method that uses Portland cement (PC) directly without prior dewatering. The 56-day unconfined compressive strength of DCS treated by the proposed method with GGBS-MgO as the binder is 12‒17 times higher than that by the conventional S/S method. DCS treated by the PHDVPSS method exhibited continuous decrease in leaching concentration of Zn with increasing curing age. The reduction of Zn leachability is more obvious when using GGBS-MgO as the binder than when using PC, because GGBS-MgO increased the residual fraction and decreased the acid soluble fraction of Zn. The microstructure analysis reveals the formation of hydrotalcite in GGBS-MgO binder, which resulted in higher mechanical strength and higher Zn stabilization efficiency.     

The trait contribution to wood decomposition rates of 15 Neotropical tree species

The decomposition of dead wood is a critical uncertainty in models of the global carbon cycle. Despite this, relatively few studies have focused on dead wood decomposition, with a strong bias to higher latitudes. Especially the effect of interspecific variation in species traits on differences in wood decomposition rates remains unknown. In order to fill these gaps, we applied a novel method to study long-term wood decomposition of 15 tree species in a Bolivian semi-evergreen tropical moist forest. We hypothesized that interspecific differences in species traits are important drivers of variation in wood decomposition rates. Wood decomposition rates (fractional mass loss) varied between 0.01 and 0.31 yr(-1). We measured 10 different chemical, anatomical, and morphological traits for all species. The species' average traits were useful predictors of wood decomposition rates, particularly the average diameter (dbh) of the tree species (R2 = 0.41). Lignin concentration further increased the proportion of explained inter-specific variation in wood decomposition (both negative relations, cumulative R2 = 0.55), although it did not significantly explain variation in wood decomposition rates if considered alone. When dbh values of the actual dead trees sampled for decomposition rate determination were used as a predictor variable, the final model (including dead tree dbh and lignin concentration) explained even more variation in wood decomposition rates (R2 = 0.71), underlining the importance of dbh in wood decomposition. Other traits, including wood density, wood anatomical traits, macronutrient concentrations, and the amount of phenolic extractives could not significantly explain the variation in wood decomposition rates. The surprising results of this multi-species study, in which for the first time a large set of traits is explicitly linked to wood decomposition rates, merits further testing in other forest ecosystems.     

Immobilization of some metals in contaminated sludge by zeolite prepared from local materials

In this study, zeolite was prepared from cheap local Egyptian clay (kaolin) and characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, SEM. The prepared zeolite was used as a binder for immobilization of the metals Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Zn²⁺ in contaminated sewage sludge. Different leaching tests were conducted to determine the efficiency of the prepared zeolite for metal stabilization. The leaching of the metals from stabilized sludge decreased as the zeolite amount increased. It was found that 10% of zeolite is sufficient for the stabilization of all metal ions under investigation. It was suggested that the metal uptake mechanism by zeolite was by an ion-exchange mechanism. Examination of the solidified sample for its compressive strength after curing for 28 days yielded a value of 0.83?MPa, which indicates that the treated sludge was well solidified and safe to be used in a wide variety of applications, for instance as a raw material for pavement blocks.     

Rearing and radiographing the shipworm Lyrodus pedicellatus

Studies on the effects of a warm sea-water effluent under laboratory conditions required a technique for rearing batches of shipworm larvae from settling stage to maturity, and a way of radiographing adults that would picture them fully extenbed within their tunnels. Ways of infesting small pieces of spruce with the newly-released larvae of Lyrodus pedicellatus Quatrefages, and of radiographing them (enelosed in plastic bags full of artificial sea water) are described in detail, and the fate of a single generation is followed when infested pieces were kept in artificial sea water at two different temperatures. Using these techniques, it was found that the etenidia do not rotate during tunnelling, and that L. pedicellatus depends upon the wood-softening activities of micro-organisms to be able to stay within the wood.     

宁夏贺兰石赋存特征及矿物成分分析

贺兰石是宁夏的五宝之一,具有极大的经济价值和人文含义.以银川市西部的贺兰山中段为研究区,调查分析贺兰石的赋存特征和矿物成分特征,结论认为(1)贺兰石含矿岩性段赋存于青白口系黄旗口组第一岩段下部,呈狭长的条带状分布,层位稳定连续,走向大致呈南北向,顺走向延伸长度约14 km.含矿层的厚度8～23 m;(2)矿石主要成分为粘土质矿物、绢云母和绿泥石,矿石的化学成分主要为SiO2、AI2O3、Fe2O3、K2O;(3)矿石吸水率均低于1%,矿石摩氏硬度为2～4,矿石体重平均为2.89 g/cm3,矿石抗压强度为58.17 MPa,抗拉强度7.1 MPa,抗剪强度19.16 MPa;(4)研究区贺兰石开采前景广阔,具有较大的工业价值.     

Wood Density as a Conservation Tool: Quantification of Disturbance and Identification of Conservation‐Priority Areas in Tropical Forests

Abstract: Inventories of tree species are often conducted to guide conservation efforts in tropical forests. Such surveys are time consuming, demanding of expertise, and expensive to perform and interpret. Approaches to make survey efforts simpler or more effective would be valuable. In particular, it would be good to be able to easily identify areas of old‐growth forest. The average density of the wood of a tree species is closely linked to its successional status. We used tree inventory data from eastern Borneo to determine whether wood density can be used to quantify forest disturbance and conservation importance. The average density of wood in a plot was significantly and negatively related to disturbance levels, with plots with higher wood densities occurring almost exclusively in old‐growth forests. Average wood density was unimodally related to the diversity of tree species, indicating that the average wood density in a plot might be a better indicator of old‐growth forest than species diversity. In addition, Borneo endemics had significantly heavier wood than species that are common throughout the Malesian region, and they were more common in plots with higher average wood density. We concluded that wood density at the plot level could be a powerful tool for identifying areas of conservation priority in the tropical rain forests of Southeast Asia.     

Methodological approaches for delimitating mixing zones in rivers: establishing admissibility criteria and flow regime representation

The present paper addresses defining the extent of the mixing zones of effluents discharged into rivers, which is a problem that should be analyzed based on probabilistic terms, as it is governed by several random processes. A river’s flow regime is one of the main variables, and it has a high dependence on hydrological processes. Additionally, after calculating the extent of the mixing zone, it is necessary to determine if the resulting dimensions are admissible or not. Common practice includes the admissibility criteria associated with the geometry of the river. However, this practice does not consider the environmental characteristics of the river that make it capable of absorbing the impact of the effluent (the biological and hydromorphological status of the river and the presence of structures that can change the river flow conditions, ecologically sensitive area or threatened species). This paper presents work on two important topics: on the one hand, the development of a methodology to establish the admissible extent of the mixing zone as a function of the environmental vulnerability of the river to the discharged effluent and, on the other hand, the proposal of a procedure to perform the calculations of the effluent mixing considering the variability of the river’s flow regime. The proposed methodological approaches are illustrated with an application to a real case, including a numerical simulation of the hydrodynamic and effluent evolution of the river during a year, to test the proposed methodology’s suitability and demonstrate the important savings in computational effort that can be achieved.