SH-A工艺处理晚期垃圾渗滤液生物驯化的研究

晚期垃圾渗滤液含有高浓度的化学需氧量及氨氮,目前常用的污水处理工艺难以去除该污染物。因此,采用生物驯化技术处理垃圾渗滤液。SH-A工艺应用于处理晚期垃圾渗滤液的生物驯化过程进行了研究,并取得了一定成果。     

膜生物反应器处理垃圾渗滤液研究综述

传统生物处理工艺对垃圾渗滤液,特别是老龄化垃圾渗滤液处理效果差,而膜生物反应器(MBR)在这方面显现出巨大优势。MBR通过截留微生物保持高生物量浓度,只需较短的水力停留时间,并可承受较大有机负荷率,能有效去除有机物及微污染物,对氨氮的去除率达90%以上。优化条件下,对老龄垃圾渗滤液中COD的去除率达75%以上。虽然MBR性能稳定,但较短的水力停留时间和高浓度的氨氮对反应器有不良影响,并且较大的污泥龄也会降低反应器的性能。然而厌氧MBR和改进型活性炭粉末MBR在垃圾渗滤液的治理中表现出了巨大的潜力。     

垃圾渗滤液生物强化研究进展

垃圾渗滤是一种高浓度难处理的复杂有机废水。生物处理法以成本低、环境友好等优势多作为垃圾渗滤液的主体处理工艺,其生物强化由于操作方式灵活、适用范围广泛,已在垃圾渗滤液处理中取得了一定的应用进展。基于此,本文综述了生物强化技术的基本原理和影响因素,以及生物强化技术在垃圾渗滤液处理过程中对氮污染物和有机污染物去除的促进效果、对生物处理系统性能的优化及与其他处理工艺联用的组合应用方式,并通过对现有研究的综述,为垃圾渗滤液生物强化应用过程提供指导与参考,同时指出了本领域存在的挑战和未来发展前景。     

城市生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理工艺研究

针对城市生活垃圾渗滤液的特点,提出了脱氨氮、SBR生化处理、加氯消毒的处理工艺.试验结果证明,经该处理工艺,各种年限的垃圾渗滤液中的氨氮、CODCr等指标均能达到排放标准.     

超临界水氧化法处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

采用连续式超临界水氧化小试装置处理垃圾渗滤液,以双氧水作为氧化剂,研究了超临界水氧化反应的温度、压力、氧化剂比例K和催化剂等因素对渗滤液中污染物去除效果的影响,结果表明在不同温度、不同压力、不同K值单因素实验条件下,温度480℃,压力26 MPa,K=3.0是处理垃圾渗滤液的最佳工艺参数。试验加入催化剂能够提高COD和氨氮去除率,当Cu2+浓度为45 mg/L时,垃圾渗滤液中COD和氨氮去除率分别达到78.9%和38.8%。正交试验表明,主要的工艺参数中温度对处理效率的影响最大,其次是氧化剂比例K,压力影响最小。试验结果的氨氮去除率相对较低,这可能是由于垃圾渗滤液水质复杂,各污染物之间存在相互干扰,氨氮的去除机理还有待进一步的深入研究。     

垃圾渗滤液物化与生化处理工艺技术现状

垃圾渗滤液由于含有大量有机物和氨氮,一直是我国污水处理领域的重点及难点。总结了渗滤液的水质特点,然后结合国内外垃圾渗滤液处理方面的研究,探讨了不同垃圾渗滤液处理工艺的优缺点。目前渗滤液处理技术主要有物化法和生化法,利用生化法实现垃圾渗滤液的深度脱氮进而降低垃圾渗滤液的处理成本,是未来垃圾渗滤液处理技术的发展方向。     

垃圾渗沥液处理的难点及解决方法探讨

对于含有较高污染物浓度的垃圾渗沥液,采用生物处理+膜处理工艺可使COD和氨氮达标排放。合理、有效解决浓缩液和污泥的出路对渗沥液处理至关重要。     

城市生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理工艺的研究

针对城市生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液的特点 ,提出了脱氨氮、SBR生化处理、加氯消毒的处理工艺。试验结果证明 ,经该处理工艺 ,各种年限的垃圾填埋场渗滤液中的氨氮、CODCr等指标均能达到排放标准。     

生物接触氧化—电絮凝工艺处理垃圾渗滤液研究

为了探索高效垃圾渗滤液处理工艺,采用生物接触氧化—电絮凝工艺处理垃圾渗滤液。试验结果表明,生物接触氧化—电絮凝工艺适于处理COD<5000mg/L的垃圾渗滤液,最高容积负荷可达6.56kgCOD/(m3.d),对COD去除率最高可达84.63%,平均BOD去除率可达91.25%,对NH4-N去除率最高可达86.13%,处理后的垃圾渗滤液可达到国家垃圾渗滤液二级排放标准。处理费用估算为10元/m3。     

垃圾渗滤液生物处理工艺研究进展

本文介绍了垃圾渗滤液的各种生物处理工艺,具体阐述了好氧工艺、厌氧工艺和厌氧-好氧耦合工艺的最新研究进展,并分析了今后垃圾渗滤液生物处理技术的发展方向。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.