河岸景观生态修复探究

介绍了河流生态修复的概念,系统论述了河岸生态系统修复的意义及方法,从城市河岸和自然河岸两种类型探讨了植物在河岸景观生态修复中的应用。本文提供了一种分析和解决修复问题的思路,有利于河岸实现生态、景观、经济等综合功能,使人与自然和谐共存。     

基于地下水动力学模型的河流廊道潜水埋深研究

荒漠绿洲实质就是河流廊道及其影响区,其水分主要来源于河流径流补给,河流下泄水量的多少直接影响到河流廊道的安全与否。建立了适合干旱区河流廊道的地下水动力学模型,并提出了生态保护距离和潜水埋深参数的设定方法。研究认为,在生态保护目标确定后,通过分析河道渗漏补给的有效影响范围、植被生存所需的潜水埋深与河岸处潜水埋深的相关关系,确定河岸处潜水埋深,进而为制定河流下泄流量,保护干旱区河流廊道的生态输水提供技术支撑。     

城市河岸生态修复种类及材料研究

城市河岸生态修复材料的应用和选择既要保证修复工程的安全性、耐久性,也要兼顾生态效应、景观效应和自净修复性。本文分析了城市河岸生态修复种类及材料,为城市河岸生态修复提供理论参考,具有积极的现实意义。     

河岸材料对河流有机污染物降解能力的影响

研究了干砌石、浆砌石、蜂巢格宾和生态砖等河岸材料对河流有机污染物降解能力的影响.4种材料中,以生态砖为河岸的河流中总有机碳(TOC)沿程降解率分别是蜂巢格宾和浆砌石的6.14和3.15倍(p<0.05);生态砖、干砌石和蜂巢格宾河段中溶解性有机碳(DOC)沿程降解率分别是浆砌石的10.68、6.60和6.08倍(p<0...     

基于生态文化的城市河流修复探讨

随着城市化的快速发展,人类活动对城市河流生态系统造成的不利影响逐渐显现,水生态文化建设作为解决城市河流问题的有效手段被提上日程。本文阐述了河流与城市的关系,水生态文化建设的内涵,以及城市河流生态修复技术与政策探讨,以期对的城市河流修复提供参考,为河流的生态文化建设奠定基础。     

青海湖流域河流生态系统重金属污染特征与风险评价

为进一步摸清青海湖流域河流生态系统重金属(Zn、Cu、Pb、Hg、Ni、As、Cd和Cr)的污染状况,通过沿青海湖流域主要河流上、中、下游采集河流水体、河岸土壤及河岸植物样品,对样品中的重金属含量进行测定,并分析重金属的来源、污染状况和潜在生态风险.结果表明:①青海湖流域各介质中重金属从上游到下游均呈明显的累积效应,重金属含量均表现为河岸土壤>河岸植物>河流水体.河流下游水体中ρ(Pb)、ρ(Zn)和ρ(Cd)的平均值分别为11.17、61.22和1.13 μg/L,符合GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》中Ⅱ类水质要求;ρ(Hg)为0.06～0.49 μg/L,符合GB 3838—2002中Ⅱ类或Ⅲ类水质要求.河流下游河岸土壤中w(As)、w(Cd)和w(Hg)的平均值分别为65.61、0.33和0.20 mg/kg,均大幅超过青海湖流域相应环境背景值,但是w(Pb)在下游仅略微超过相应环境背景值.河岸下游植物中w(Ni)、w(Cu)、w(As)和w(Hg)的平均值分别为2.81、17.35、2.20和0.10 mg/kg,均高于《饲料工业标准汇编(下册)(第四版)》中风干草-牧草中重金属标准限值,但在中、上游均符合该标准要求.②Pearson相关分析、主成分分析和富集系数结果表明,河流水体、河岸土壤及河岸植物中Zn、Cu、Ni、Pb、Cr含量之间具有较强的相关性,主要受城镇生活、交通运输及岩石母质风化的影响;Hg、Cd、As含量之间具有较强的相关性,主要受流域旅游交通、农业生产活动和成土母质的影响.③潜在生态风险评价结果显示,河流水体、河岸土壤及河岸植物中Cu、Ni、Cr、Pb和Zn等单一重金属元素的潜在生态风险系数(E_ri)均较低,Hg、Cd和As对综合潜在生态风险指数(RI)的平均贡献率分别为62.9%、18.4%和11.0%,其余5种重金属的平均贡献率仅为7.7%.因此,青海湖流域河流生态系统各介质中Hg、Cd和As的潜在生态风险较高,应给予高度重视.      

利用秸秆编织物进行河流护岸的探索研究

针对江苏省各个城市面临的秸秆焚烧带来的环境污染问题,分析水稻、小麦、油菜等秸秆的组分构成特点,结合政府对秸秆综合利用的规划,利用秸秆的编织技术和可降解特性,针对不同河岸的土壤和植被状况,采取单层、多层、立体等秸秆护岸方式进行覆盖,从生态护岸技术现状出发,探索新的河流护岸应用技术,采用新的设计工艺进行护岸工程施工,尝试对河流护岸进行生态修复运用,同时对比其它相关河流护岸修复工程的特点,加强对秸秆的实用性技术进行探索和研究。     

城市景观河流水质污染防治进展研究

城市河流在维持城市发展中具有重要作用.城市河流的主要问题是由水质污染转变的生态退化或破坏,城市景观河流水质污染防治主要有物理、化学法、生物修复以及生态恢复法.针对不同的城市河流以及污染情况,需要用不同的污染防治措施,通过分析不同污染防治措施的原理及其应用特点,得出生物修复以及河水生态恢复效果明显且经济可行.并明确了目前城市河流污染防治的关键在于处理技术的创新及城市河流理念现代化.     

昆明市城市河流景观特征及其变化分析

河流作为一种门然要素,是城市生态系统的重要组成部分,近年来,城市河流的廊道功能退化,导致其生态质量不断恶化,河流生态功能的正常实现关系到整个城市的可持续发展和城市人居环境的适宜度.应用景观生态学原理对城市河流展开多尺度、多学科的综合研究是解决城市河流问题的必然趋势.根据景观生态学的廊道理论、尺格局原理、源汇理论等,在现...     

河道砌石对水环境造成的危害及其对策

介绍了河道砌石对水生态环境和水环境质量的影响,结合温岭市地表水情况,建议避免河道砌石并保护自然河岸,对已破坏的河道进行生态修复和生态化排水,提高河流自净能力并充分发挥微生物对污染物的去除能力,促进城市建设可持续发展。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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