NaHCO3活化荞麦皮生物炭对碘帕醇的吸附

采用NaHCO₃活化荞麦皮生物炭,优化得到生物炭0.25N-BC[m（NaHCO₃）：m（荞麦皮）=0.25：1],通过SEM、BET、XRD、Raman、FTIR和XPS等方法进行表征,分析NaHCO₃对生物炭理化性质的影响,探究其对非离子型碘代X射线造影剂碘帕醇（IPM）的吸附性能和机制.结果表明,与荞麦皮生物炭相比（BC）,NaHCO₃活化生物炭的结构缺陷程度更高（比表面积和孔体积分别由480.40 m²·g^-1和0.29 cm³·g^-1增至572.83 m²·g^-1和0.40 cm³·g^-1,I_D/I_G是BC的1.22倍）,表面含碳和含氧官能团数量发生显著变化,极性增强[（N+O）/C由0.15增至0.24],能够有效吸附IPM,0.25N-BC对IPM最大吸附量达到74.94 mg·g^-1,是BC （7.88 mg·g^-1）的9.51倍.拟二级吸附动力学和Langmuir、Freundlich等温线模型可很好地拟合0.25N-BC对IPM的吸附,吸附过程主要以化学吸附和单层、非均质多层吸附为主;孔隙填充、氢键、π—π和n—π相互作用是0.25N-BC吸附IPM的主要机制.对比不同碱[KOH、Na₂CO₃、NaHCO₃、KHCO₃和Ca （HCO₃）₂]活化荞麦皮生物炭对IPM的吸附,0.25N-BC吸附效率高,达到吸附平衡时间短,能有效去除实际水体（二沉池出水和湖水）中IPM的残留,并具有良好的循环使用性能,吸附-解吸3次后对IPM的去除率仍保持在74.91%.研究表明NaHCO₃活化荞麦皮生物炭是一种绿色有效,可持续去除含碘有机物的优良吸附剂.     

镁改性硅藻土回收废水氮磷产物对水中Pb2+和Zn2+的去除

通过使用镁改性硅藻土回收废水中的氮磷营养素,优化制备了一种复合材料（D-MAP）,并将其用于废水中重金属Pb²⁺和Zn²⁺的去除.研究探讨了材料投加量、反应时间、反应温度和溶液初始pH等因素对Pb²⁺和Zn²⁺在D-MAP上吸附的影响.D-MAP吸附去除Pb²⁺和Zn²⁺的最优条件为：D-MAP投加量分别为0.25 g·L^-1和0.30 g·L^-1,Pb²⁺和Zn²⁺初始浓度分别为300 mg·L^-1和60 mg·L^-1,溶液初始pH为5.0.在此条件下,其对Pb²⁺和Zn²⁺去除率分别可达78.67%和89.66%.动力学和热力学的结果表明,D-MAP对Pb²⁺和Zn²⁺的吸附更符合准二级动力学模型;其吸附等温线可用Langmuir模型描述,吸附是自发吸热的过程.Langmuir等温拟合结果指出,D-MAP对Pb²⁺和Zn²⁺的最大吸附容量分别为901.0 mg·g^-1和206.2 mg·g^-1.使用SEM/EDS、XRD和FT-IR等手段对吸附Pb²⁺和Zn²⁺前后的吸附剂进行表征,结果表明,D-MAP是一种鸟粪石-硅藻土复合材料,可通过与Pb²⁺和Zn²⁺生成Pb₁₀（PO₄）₆（OH）₂和Zn₃（PO₄）₂·2H₂ O去除废水中Pb²⁺和Zn²⁺.D-MAP对Pb²⁺和Zn²⁺的去除效果随着pH的增加而增加,且最终产物形态随pH不同产生变化.     

核桃青皮生物炭对重金属的吸附效应分析

以核桃青皮为原料,分别在300、500和700℃的条件下经过限氧热解制备了核桃青皮生物炭WP300、WP500和WP700,并应用于溶液中Pb²⁺、Cu²⁺和Cd²⁺的吸附去除.结果表明,中等热解温度下的WP500具有最高的重金属吸附性能,且在溶液初始pH为8时吸附效果最佳,对Pb²⁺、Cu²⁺和Cd²⁺的去除率分别为97.87%、99.78%和71.15%.不同吸附体系下所需的生物炭投加量不一致,在单一金属体系中,WP500对Pb²⁺、Cu²⁺和Cd²⁺的最佳投加量为1.3、2.1和1.9 g ·L^-1,而在复合污染体系下,生物炭最佳投加量为5.1 g ·L^-1.此外,在单一和复合重金属反应体系中,WP500对3种重金属的吸附量均呈现出Pb²⁺>Cu²⁺>Cd²⁺的规律,且在竞争吸附条件下,3种吸附质之间不存在协同或拮抗作用.等温吸附模型拟合结果显示,WP500对Pb²⁺、Cu²⁺和Cd²⁺的固定方式较为多元,而动力学拟合结果则证明了WP500与Pb²⁺、Cu²⁺和Cd²⁺之间主要是化学吸附.分析表明核桃青皮生物炭对3种重金属的吸附机制涉及孔隙填充、静电吸附、离子交换、矿物沉淀、官能团络合和π-π电子供体-受体相互作用.本研究为核桃青皮的资源化利用提供了一种新的视角.     

亚热带丘陵区绿狐尾藻人工湿地处理养猪废水氮磷去向

以亚热带丘陵区为研究区,采取野外定位观测的研究方法,选取耐高氮（N）、磷（P）的绿狐尾藻为湿地植物,建立稻草基质池+6级绿狐尾藻表面流湿地系统,湿地总面积1597 m²,水力负荷0.06~0.14 m·d^-1,水力停留时间31 d,研究此湿地系统对养猪废水（NH₄⁺-N：535.4~591.09 mg·L^-1、TN：682.09~766.96 mg·L^-1、TP：57.73~82.29 mg·L^-1和COD：918.4~1940.43 mg·L^-1）的治理效果,旨在为亚热带高负荷猪废水的生态治理提供参数依据.结果表明,湿地系统对NH₄⁺-N、TN、TP和COD的平均去除率为97.4%、97.1%、91.0%和90.2%,其中以CW1累积贡献率最大（37.3%、38.4%、43.3%和27.4%）.植物N、P吸收量在23.87~79.96 g·m^-2和5.34~18.98 g·m^-2之间,占湿地N、P去除量的19.1%和20.2%;底泥N、P吸附量在19.17~56.62 g·m^-2和10.59~26.62 g·m^-2之间,占去除量的19.8%和61.7%.湿地N、P去除率与影响因子间的关系表明,环境因子解释了湿地N、P去除率的79.9%和70.1%.其中,DO是湿地系统N去除的主要因子,底泥P吸附是P去除的关键.     

改性活性炭除亚砷酸盐的性能研究

制备了2种负载铁锰氧化物的改性活性炭（FM-GAC-1、FM-GAC-2）并研究其对水中的亚砷酸盐的去除性能.考察了2种改性活性炭除三价砷的吸附等温线、反应动力学及pH、温度、水中共存离子对其去除三价砷的影响,发现FM-GAC-1和FM-GAC-2对三价砷均有较好的去除效果,吸附容量分别为32.37、 26.67 mg·g^-1.吸附速率符合拟二级反应动力学,化学反应控制过程是改性活性炭除砷的限速步骤.pH值偏酸性有利于吸附的进行,温度升高,吸附容量有所下降,该吸附过程是自发的放热过程.同时,水体中的共存阴离子在其浓度值为三价砷的200倍时,SiO^2-₃、 PO^2-₃、NO^-₃对FM-GAC-1吸附三价砷有明显影响; SiO^2-₃、CO^2-₃对FM-GAC-2吸附三价砷有显著影响.总体上讲,FM-GAC-1较FM-GAC-2有更为优异的去除三价砷性能.     

黔中白云岩风化壳稀土层可培养放线菌多样性及吸附La（Ⅲ）特性研究

微生物在风化壳稀土元素迁移、富集过程中一直扮演着重要角色.前期研究采用宏基因组技术分析黔中地区白云岩风化壳稀土富集层微生物多样性时,发现放线菌门为主要优势类群之一.本实验采用纯培养技术研究贵州喀斯特稀土层可培养放线菌生物多样性,并初步研究了放线菌对稀土La³⁺的吸附过程,以阐明微生物与稀土离子的相互作用机制,完善稀土元素的生物地球化学循环过程.实验采用选择性培养技术共获得190株纯培养物,分别归属于放线菌门19个属,其中,优势菌属有链霉菌属（Streptomyces）、诺卡氏菌属（Nocardia）和小单孢菌属（Micromonospora）,分别占总分离菌株的62.1%、12.6%和11.1%.稀土耐受性能较好的菌株Micromonospora aurantiaca KLBMP9018、Streptomyces mirabilis KLBMP8969和Nocardia sp. KLBMP9014在La³⁺浓度为20 mg·L^-1的20 mL溶液中最大吸附量（干重, m/m）分别达到24.32、25.37和20.74 mg·g^-1.动力学方程拟合结果显示,3株放线菌对La³⁺的生物吸附过程均遵循拟二级动力学方程,表明吸附过程是一个物理和化学共同作用的结果.同时,Langmuir等温吸附平衡模型能更好地拟合3种放线菌对La³⁺的吸附过程,表明菌体细胞表面为单分子层吸附.XPS结果显示,吸附在菌体细胞表面的是La³⁺,没有发生还原反应.而FRIR分析表明,菌体细胞壁的氨基、羟基和羧基官能团参与了La³⁺的吸附过程.这些结果进一步证实黔中地区白云岩风化壳稀土富集层中栖息着丰富多样的放线菌类群,且这些放线菌的生长代谢活动对稀土元素La的地球化学循环过程具有重要作用.     

氮掺杂石墨碳包埋Fe0复合材料的制备及活化过硫酸盐性能研究

采用"水热+热解"两步法制备介孔碳复合零价铁材料（Fe@HC）作为过硫酸盐（PS）活化剂，生成强氧化的活性物质，进而降解偶氮类染料活性黑5（RB5）.同时，采用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、比表面测试仪（BET）和X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）对制备的复合材料进行表征，并考察了Fe@HC投加量、PS投加量、pH值及阴离子对活化PS去除RB5的影响.结果表明，采用"水热+热解"两步法成功制备了Fe@HC，其比表面积为280.7 m²·g^-1，平均孔径约为5.1 nm，BJH吸附累积总孔体积为0.284 cm³·g^-1.相对于单独的Fe@HC和PS，Fe@HC和PS共同存在可高效地去除RB5，脱色率为99.24%，且萘环破坏效率也达到了61.76%.RB5整体去除效果随Fe@HC、PS投加量的增大而提升，Fe@HC/PS体系在pH=3~11范围内对RB5的萘环破坏效率及脱色效率始终高于62%及86%，Cl^-和SO₄^2-对去除效率的影响较小，Fe@HC展示出良好的环境抗干扰能力.Fe@HC活化PS去除RB5的机理主要是体系中¹O₂的氧化降解作用.Fe@HC循环再生性能好.     

KOH活化小麦秸秆生物炭对废水中四环素的高效去除

活化是提高生物炭吸附性能的重要手段.以小麦秸秆为研究对象,KOH为活化剂,制备KOH活化生物炭（K-BC）,同时制备原状生物炭（BC）作为对照.对生物炭进行比表面积和孔径、元素分析、XPS、FTIR、Raman、XRD和pH_pzc等表征,考察KOH活化对生物炭理化性质的影响,并探究生物炭对水体中四环素的吸附性能和机制.结果表明,KOH活化之后生物炭的比表面积和孔体积可达996.4 m²·g^-1和0.45 cm³·g^-1.KOH活化会制造更多的碳结构缺陷,影响生物炭的官能团和表面电性.拟二级动力学和Langmuir模型可以较好地拟合生物炭吸附四环素的过程.环境温度升高能提高生物炭对四环素的吸附量.K-BC吸附四环素是自发、吸热和无序度增加的过程.K-BC对四环素的最大吸附量理论可达到491.19 mg·g^-1（实验温度为45℃）.结合吸附后生物炭的Raman、FTIR和XPS表征,发现孔隙填充和π-π作用是K-BC吸附四环素的主要机制,氢键和络合作用也发挥重要作用.此外,K-BC还具有良好的循环使用性能.综上所述,KOH活化小麦秸秆生物炭是有效和可行的,可用于废水中四环素的去除.     

Ni掺杂Sb-SnO2瓷环粒子电极电催化氧化磺胺嘧啶

为发展废水中抗生素的处理技术、保护水环境安全,采用浸渍法制备Ni掺杂Sb-SnO₂微孔陶瓷环粒子电极,研究了电极对磺胺嘧啶（SDZ）的电催化氧化能力和动力学特征,初步分析了SDZ的降解途径.结果表明,粒子电极表面负载Ni和Sb-SnO₂晶体,有利于电子传递和吸附SDZ,提高了电催化氧化效率;在NaCl浓度为0.02 mol·L^-1、初始pH为8、电流密度为15 mA·cm^-2、粒子电极投加量为15 g时处理15 min,50 mg·L^-1的SDZ能够被完全去除;处理3 h时,反应液TOC去除率达到80.8%,比二维电极高17.6%;电催化氧化SDZ的动力学过程符合一级反应动力学模型,去除速率常数为0.329 min^-1.采用液相色谱-串联质谱分析法（LC-MS/MS）鉴定SDZ的降解产物,电催化降解SDZ可能包括磺酰胺基S—N键和嘧啶环上C—N键断裂、脱磺酸基、脱氨基和·OH氧化等途径.     

磁性含磷油茶壳生物炭对水中磺胺甲唑的吸附特性

以废弃油茶壳为原料,采用磷酸活化和铁盐共沉积进行改性制备得到磁性含磷生物炭（MPBC）.通过扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、比表面积和孔径分析（BET）、傅立叶红外光谱（FT-IR）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等技术对材料进行表征分析,MPBC孔隙多、比表面积高（1 139.28 m²·g^-1）、表面官能团丰富,且能够在外加磁场的作用下快速实现固液分离.探究了其对水体中磺胺甲唑（SMX）的吸附行为和影响因素,该吸附剂在酸性和中性环境中对SMX表现出优异的吸附性能,而碱性条件和CO₃^2-的存在对吸附具有明显的抑制作用.其吸附过程符合准二级动力学和Langmuir模型,其吸附速率快,最大吸附容量可达356.49 mg·g^-1.吸附机制主要是SMX分子和 MPBC的焦磷酸盐表面官能团（C—O—P键）发生的化学吸附作用,此外还包括氢键作用、π—π电子供体-受体（π—π EDA）作用和孔隙填充效应.MPBC吸附剂的开发为废弃油茶壳的资源化利用和磺胺甲唑废水处理提供一条有效途径.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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