微杆菌3-28对萘、菲、蒽、芘的降解

研究了以多环芳烃为唯一碳源富集培养的微杆菌3-28对不同多环芳烃化合物(Polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons,PAHs)及混合PAHs的降解能力,以及在无机基础培养基中生长时PAHs浓度与一些主要环境因子如pH值、盐度、温度对细菌降解PAHs的影响.结果表明,微杆菌3-28X对萘、菲、蒽和芘均有较高的降解能力,112 h后萘与菲完全降解,而蒽和芘28 d的降解率分别为97.54%、90.2%.初始底物浓度会影响细菌生长速率,底物浓度过高不利于细菌生长.相同培养时间下多底物培养液中的菌群浓度明显高于单底物系统.微杆菌3-28能够在pH 6.0-9.0、盐度10～30g/kg,温度40～55℃的环境下生存,并保持较高的降解能力.图8参33     

强化生物堆法修复多环芳烃污染土壤的初步研究

以多环芳烃(PAHs)污染场地土壤为研究对象,研究了不同工艺条件的生物堆反应器中PAHs降解效果,并通过对PAHs高效降解混菌的筛选富集,探讨菌液投加对生物堆技术处理PAHs污染土壤的强化修复作用效能。结果表明,生物堆运行过程中土壤pH和含水率基本保持稳定,总PAHs在9 d内快速降解,降解率达到80%以上,之后基本不变;生物堆在短期内(9 d)对低分子质量(2～3环)PAHs具有较高降解效率,达到91%;但中、高分子质量(4～6环)PAHs的降解效率只有60%,降解中、高分子质量PAHs可能需要更长时间。在试验期内添加表面活性剂、通风和投加PAHs降解菌液对总PAHs降解率均没有显著提升,但添加菌液后土壤脱氢酶活性大幅升高,投加菌液的3#和4#处理在80 d时脱氢酶活性较41 d时分别增加约7倍和9倍。PAHs降解菌液可能对PAHs降解中间产物的进一步矿化起到显著促进作用。添加表面活性剂并通风处理的脱氢酶活性更高,达到10 740μg·g~(-1)·h~(-1),说明其对中间产物降解的促进作用更大。该研究验证了生物堆技术在PAHs污染土壤修复中的有效性,并对比了不同强化措施对修复效果的影响,为该技术在PAHs污染场地修复中的应用提供了重要数据支撑。     

太阳光照射土壤中多环芳烃化合物(PAHs)光催化降解动力学

以多环芳烃菲(Phe)、芘(Pyr)和苯并[a]芘(BaP)为目标污染物,研究了土壤pH和腐殖酸对太阳光降解PAHs动力学的影响,以及土壤pH对纳米TiO2和半导体Fe2O3催化太阳光降解PAHs动力学的影响.结果表明,太阳光照射下酸性和碱性土壤中PAHs的降解快于中性,在pH相同的条件下,三种PAHs的降解快慢的顺序为BaP>Pyr>Phe.在PAHs污染土壤中加入腐殖酸后光降解速率加快,5mg·kg-1腐殖酸可有效地促进土壤中PAHs的降解,腐殖酸起到敏化作用.在酸性条件下纳米TiO2和半导体Fe2O3催化降解最快,在碱性和中性条件下相差不大.     

不同类型生物滞留介质对雨水径流中多环芳烃的去除效果

生物滞留设施是目前城市雨水控制利用中应用最广泛的措施之一,其中填料类型对雨水径流净化效果具有重要影响.通过实验室模拟实验,研究了不同类型填料生物滞留设施对雨水径流中多环芳烃(PAHs)的去除效果,并以炉渣为例研究了填料内部累积的PAHs降解特征.结果表明,不同类型填料对PAHs的去除效果从高到低依次为:炉渣砂土陶粒沸石,填料类型对PAHs的净化效果具有一定选择性;PAHs不同组分在不同填料中净化效果也不同,4种填料对2环PAHs净化效率均较高,约为70%,对56环的净化效率也均在50%以上,对4环PAHs的净化效率较低,约为40%.因此,生物滞留设施中填料类型对PAHs净化效果具有重要影响,实际工程中应根据PAHs的净化需求选择合适的填料.     

一株杀扑磷高效降解菌的分离、鉴定及降解条件的响应面法优化

有机磷杀虫剂杀扑磷对防治蚧壳虫有特效,常用于柑橘类果树防治但其残留有毒有害,自然界降解速度比较缓慢.本研究分离并分类鉴定了能高效降解杀扑磷的菌株,进一步采用Box-Benhnken法设计3因素3水平的响应面试验优化降解条件.结果显示,从富集培养基中分离到了一株杀扑磷高效降解细菌MS1-2,经鉴定为膝形假单胞菌(Pseudomonas geniculata);单因素选择温度、NaCl浓度和pH,通过检测杀扑磷残留量对杀扑磷降解条件进行响应面优化,转速设置为100 r/min,接种量为0.4%时,温度和Na Cl浓度为主要影响因素,pH为次要因素,最佳降解条件为温度29.74℃,pH 6.48,Na Cl浓度0.63%.在此条件下培养24 h,杀扑磷从100 mg/L降解到57.73 mg/L,降解率为42.27%,比优化前提高了6个百分点.因此菌株MS1-2能有效降解杀扑磷,优化降解条件后降解率有所提高.     

城市污泥与稻草堆肥中多环芳烃的研究

将污泥与稻草进行翻堆、菌种 翻堆、连续通气和间歇通气 4种不同方式的堆肥 ,应用GC/MS对堆肥中的多环芳烃类化合物 (PAHs)进行分析 ,探讨堆肥产物中PAHs的含量分布模式以及不同堆肥方式对PAHs的降解效果 . 4种污泥堆肥中ΣPAHs在2 0 83—2 8 4 35mg·kg- 1之间 ,依次是菌种 翻堆 ( 2 8 4 35mg·kg- 1>翻堆 ( 7 30 3mg·kg- 1) >连续通气 ( 4 80 8mg·kg- 1) >间隙通气 ( 2 0 83mg·kg- 1) ,绝大部分化合物的含量都低于 0 2 0mg·kg- 1.堆肥前后ΣPAHs降解率在 6 5 5 %— 93 2 0 %之间 (平均为6 5 0 0 % ) ,绝大部分化合物的降解率都在 90 %以上 .通气堆肥尤其是间歇通气堆肥对污泥中PAHs的降解效果最好 .     

响应面法在催化湿式氧化降解异佛尔酮中的应用

以Ru/TiZrO2为催化剂,采用催化湿式氧化法降解异佛尔酮废水,选择反应温度、氧气分压、反应时间、催化剂用量、初始pH为影响因素,以TOC去除率为响应值,采用响应面法研究影响因素及其交互作用对响应值的影响,建立二次多项式回归方程模型,并采用后退回归法进行模型精简.结果表明,反应时间和反应温度及其交互作用对TOC去除率影响极显著(P≤0.01);反应时间的二次项对TOC去除率影响显著(P≤0.05).随着反应温度的升高和反应时间的延长,TOC去除率逐渐提高.最后对模型进行验证,实验值与预测值具有很好的一致性,说明模型具有可靠的预测性,将该模型应用到催化湿式氧化中合理可行.质谱和离子色谱检测到异佛尔酮的降解产物主要为有机酮与小分子羧酸,由此提出对反应机理和降解途径的假设.     

多环芳烃(PAHs)在土壤-植物系统中的环境行为

PAHs具有强致癌性，它在环境中的污染问题日益受到重视。文章综合评述样品中PAHs分析过程所用提取剂的种类、提取方法和检测方法；土壤中PAHs的来源、含量、分布及其影响因素；PAHs在土壤中的吸附和解吸；PAHs在环境中的降解及降解PAHs的微生物类群；PAHs在植物体内的含量、分布及其影响因素。提出了今后值得加强研究的方面。     

植物-微生物联合修复PAHs污染土壤的调控措施对比研究

多环芳烃是一种持久性有机污染物,具有很强的生物毒性,其进入食物链后表现为"三致"效应(致畸、致癌、致突变),对人体危害严重,目前对PAHs污染土壤修复的研究是全球热点问题之一。经查阅文献得知,目前的报道多为室内盆栽实验,而有关大田实际修复的报道较少,为了探索更有效的PAHs污染土壤修复技术,通过在设施农田开展试验,分析植物促生菌(G)、木质素(L)对"鼠李糖脂(RL)强化油菜(Y)-专性降解菌(N)联合修复PAHs污染土壤"的调控情况。结果表明,Y+N+RL+L可以有效去除土壤中的高环数PAHs,而对于PAHs总量和低环数PAHs的降解效果不明显;Y+N+RL+G处理对PAHs总量去除率为46.71%,Y+N+RL+G+L处理对PAHs总量的去除率为53.26%;Y+N+RL+G+L处理可促进油菜根部富集PAHs,根部PAHs质量分数达125.60μg·kg~(-1);Y+N+RL+G+L处理降低了油菜生物量,而Y+N+RL+G处理对油菜生长及其PAHs富集情况无较大影响。遵循"边生产边修复"原则,考虑食品安全及实际修复效果,认为植物促生菌调控"鼠李糖脂强化油菜-专性降解菌联合修复PAHs污染土壤"为本实验筛选出的PAHs污染土壤修复的最优方法。     

污泥生物反应器填埋场中PAHs、PCBs含量变化及其影响因素

为了解生物反应器填埋场各填埋时期污泥中PAHs、PCBs的含量变化情况,探索影响PAHs、PCBs含量变化的主要因素,为矿化污泥的农用资源化提供科学依据,对生物反应器填埋场填埋400d污泥中PAHs、PCBs含量变化及其影响因素进行了系统研究.研究发现,各填埋时期PAHs的浓度范围为6.645～10.008:mg·kg1-,且随填埋时间增加呈现减小的趋势.PAHs化合物主要以4个苯环以上的化合物为主,而小于3个苯环的:PAHs化合物含量相对较低.各填埋时期污泥中的PCBs含量随填埋时间增加呈现减小的趋势,浓度范围为15.655～2 5.569 μg·kg1-,远低于国家规定的0.2 mg·kg-1的污泥农用标准.填埋初期污泥中PCBs主要以3-Cl和5-Cl化合物为主,填埋后期,2-Cl化合物大大增加,占总的PCBs含量的大部分.影响PAHs、PCBs含量变化的主要因素是生物对PAHs的降解转化.根据污泥中各污染物的含量对污染物进行源解析表明,污泥中PAHs主要来源于炼油厂、炼焦厂、煤气厂、冶炼厂和沥青厂等排放的废水.化工、木材加工、电器等工业污水是污泥中PCBs有机污染物的主要来源.     

Influence of Benguela upwelling on the structure of demersal fish populations off Namibia

The effect of bottom-water dissolved oxygen on the structure of demersal fish communities off south Namibia was analized. Collections were made during two cruises of the zone in winter 1987 and summer 1988, i.e., before and after the intensive upwelling season. Multivariate analysis revealed four distinct associations, separated by latitude (ca 27°S) and depth (ca 300 m isobath), indicating that dissolved oxygen is an important factor affecting the distribution of demersal fish communities in the zone. Faunal diversity decreased in areas of low oxygen levels. The seasonal variation in upwelling reflected the extent of fish association, their composition, and the seasonal geographical displacement of their boundaries.     

A study on physicochemical parameters of an aquaculture body in Mysore city, Karnataka, India

Monthly changes in water quality parameters (physicochemical) of a rain fed lake (Bilikere) in Mysore city, were investigated for two calendar years (2002 and 2003) to assess the suitability of this lake for pisciculture. Although there were monthly fluctuations in water temperature, total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrite and ammonia, they were within the desirable limits. On the other hand, total alkalinity and hydrogen sulphide throughout the study period and pH for a major part, were higher than the desirable limits. Other parameters viz; turbidity, biological oxygen demand (BOD), phosphate, and nitrate in a few months were higher than the desirable limits for waters used for fish culture. The high levels of these factors are due to the entry of agricultural run off and occasional flow of sewage into the lake. In addition dense algal growth was noticed at times of the year which is caused by surge in nutrients level whenever there was a rainfall. Since, the lake has a great aquacultural potential, it is suggested that control of nutrient load that enters the lake occasionally, might help the lake to continue its mesotrophic status.     

WATER QUALITY IN THE RED SEA COASTAL WATERS (EGYPT): ANALYSIS OF SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY

In order to provide a background picture of the water quality of the Egyptian Red Sea a number of hydrological and chemical parameters have been measured bimonthly in 2000. Few data are available on this area, which is apparently subjected to an increasing human impact due to recreational (swimming and diving), industrial (mainly phosphate shipping and industry) and fishing/harbor activities. The results of the present study indicate that changes in the salinity and pH were not significant with highly oxygenated seawaters. The levels of suspended solids (as total suspended matter, TSM) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) were generally low and showed an homogeneous distribution in the study region. The ratio of chlorophyll-a to total suspended matter concentrations increased between November and March and decreased from May to September. Chlorophyll-a was significantly correlated with transparency and total suspended matter concentrations in July, September and November. Nitrogen, phosphorus and reactive silicate concentrations were generally low, and allowed classifying the Egyptian Red Sea coastal water as oligotrophic to mesotrophic. The middle region of the study area, which was located between Safaga and Qusair displayed relatively high phosphate contents when compared with other coastal areas. The high values of N:P ratios indicate that PO 4 -P is the limiting factor for phytoplankton growth in the Red Sea coastal waters, with the possible exception of the middle region. Significant relationships were found between chlorophyll-a concentrations and nutrient levels in different sampling periods. Spatial distribution patterns of the studied variables revealed that productivity of the Red Sea coastal waters is mostly controlled by phosphate concentrations, salinity, temperature and dissolved oxygen.     

Water quality in the Red Sea coastal waters (Egypt): Analysis of spatial and temporal variability

In order to provide a background picture of the water quality of the Egyptian Red Sea a number of hydrological and chemical parameters have been measured bimonthly in 2000. Few data are available on this area, which is apparently subjected to an increasing human impact due to recreational (swimming and diving), industrial (mainly phosphate shipping and industry) and fishing/harbor activities. The results of the present study indicate that changes in the salinity and pH were not significant with highly oxygenated seawaters. The levels of suspended solids (as total suspended matter, TSM) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) were generally low and showed an homogeneous distribution in the study region. The ratio of chlorophyll-a to total suspended matter concentrations increased between November and March and decreased from May to September. Chlorophyll-a was significantly correlated with transparency and total suspended matter concentrations in July, September and November. Nitrogen, phosphorus and reactive silicate concentrations were generally low, and allowed classifying the Egyptian Red Sea coastal water as oligotrophic to mesotrophic. The middle region of the study area, which was located between Safaga and Qusair displayed relatively high phosphate contents when compared with other coastal areas. The high values of N:P ratios indicate that PO 4 -P is the limiting factor for phytoplankton growth in the Red Sea coastal waters, with the possible exception of the middle region. Significant relationships were found between chlorophyll-a concentrations and nutrient levels in different sampling periods. Spatial distribution patterns of the studied variables revealed that productivity of the Red Sea coastal waters is mostly controlled by phosphate concentrations, salinity, temperature and dissolved oxygen.     

Impact of climate changes on pollution levels in Denmark

The impact of climate changes on the pollution levels in Denmark is the major topic of this paper. Variations of the Danish air pollution levels that are caused by climatic changes are studied together with variations caused by other factors (emissions, inter-annual variability of meteorological conditions, etc.). The Unified Danish Eulerian Model (UNI-DEM) was run on a fine, 10 km × 10 km, grid over a space domain covering all of Europe to minimize the influence of the boundary conditions on the Danish pollution levels. This study is based on four categories of scenarios: (i) traditional scenarios, (ii) climatic scenarios, (iii) scenarios with variations of the human-made (anthropogenic) emissions and (iv) scenarios in which the biogenic emissions were varied. The total number of applied scenarios was 14, and a time-period of 16 years was used. The results show clearly that although the concentrations of the major pollutants do not depend too much on the climatic changes, some quantities, in particular quantities related to high ozone levels, might be increased significantly as a result of the warming trends in the future climate. The reason for this phenomenon is explained.     

Nutrient subsidies to belowground microbes impact aboveground food web interactions

Historically, terrestrial food web theory has been compartmentalized into interactions among aboveground or belowground communities. In this study we took a more synthetic approach to understanding food web interactions by simultaneously examining four trophic levels and investigating how nutrient (nitrogen and carbon) and detrital subsidies impact the ability of the belowground microbial community to alter the abundance of aboveground arthropods (herbivores and predators) associated with the intertidal cord grass Spartina alterniflora. We manipulated carbon, nitrogen, and detrital resources in a field experiment and measured decomposition rate, soil nitrogen pools, plant biomass and quality, herbivore density, and arthropod predator abundance. Because carbon subsidies impact plant growth only indirectly (microbial pathways), whereas nitrogen additions both directly (plant uptake) and indirectly (microbial pathways) impact plant primary productivity, we were able to assess the effect of both belowground soil microbes and nutrient availability on aboveground herbivores and their predators. Herbivore density in the field was suppressed by carbon supplements. Carbon addition altered soil microbial dynamics (net potential ammonification, litter decomposition rate, DON [dissolved organic N] concentration), which limited inorganic soil nitrogen availability and reduced plant size as well as predator abundance. Nitrogen addition enhanced herbivore density by increasing plant size and quality directly by increasing inorganic soil nitrogen pools, and indirectly by enhancing microbial nitrification. Detritus adversely affected aboveground herbivores mainly by promoting predator aggregation. To date, the effects of carbon and nitrogen subsidies on salt marshes have been examined as isolated effects on either the aboveground or the belowground community. Our results emphasize the importance of directly addressing the soil microbial community as a factor that influences aboveground food web structure by affecting plant size and aboveground plant nitrogen.     

The relationship between dissolved oxygen concentration and maximum size in deep-sea turrid gastropods: an application of quantile regression

Bathymetric gradients in body size are the most well-known patterns of geographic variation in deep-sea organisms. The causes of size-depth relationships remain uncertain, but most have been attributed to rates of nutrient input. Chapelle and Peck (1999, Nature 399:114-115) recently hypothesized that body size in marine invertebrates is a function of dissolved oxygen concentration. We tested this hypothesis by using quantile regression techniques to assess the relationship of dissolved oxygen levels to maximum size in deep-sea turrid gastropods collected from the North Atlantic. Relationships were examined for a group of nine turrid species and within the abundant lower bathyal species Benthomangelia antonia (Dall, 1881). We controlled the analysis for depth because size in deep-sea gastropods varies bathymetrically. When the effects of depth are accounted for statistically, maximum size in B. antonia increases with increasing levels of dissolved oxygen. In turrids as a group, both depth and oxygen appear to explain significant proportions of the variance in maximum size. These findings suggest that a suite of factors, including dissolved oxygen concentration, may influence maximum size in deep-sea organisms.     

Analysis of spatial and temporal patterns in a large reservoir using water quality and hydrodynamic modeling

Effective management of reservoir water resources demands a good command of ecological processes in the waterbody. In this work the three-dimensional finite element hydrodynamic model RMA10 was coupled to an eutrophication model. The models were used together with a methodology for loads estimation to foster the understanding of such processes in the largest reservoir in Western Europe—the Alqueva. Nutrient enrichment and eutrophication are water quality concerns in this man-made impoundment. A total phosphorus and nitrogen loads quantification methodology was developed to estimate the inputs in the reservoir, using point and non-point source data.Field data (including water temperature, wind, water elevation, chlorophyll-a, nutrient concentration and dissolved oxygen) and estimated loads were used as forcing for simulations.The analysis of the modeling results shows that spatial and temporal distributions for water temperature, chlorophyll-a, dissolved oxygen and nutrients are consistent with measured in situ data.Modeling results allowed the identification of likely key impact factors on the water quality of the Alqueva reservoir. It is shown that the particular geomorphological and hydrological characteristics of the reservoir together with local climate features are responsible for the existence of distinct ecological regions within the reservoir.     

Emergy-based urban health evaluation and development pattern analysis

The objective of this study is to measure and evaluate the ecosystem health levels of 31 Chinese capital cities in 2004 through an emergy synthesis framework. A system of indicators was developed corresponding to the four factors of urban ecosystem health including efficiency, structure, impact and flux. Furthermore, combined with individual indices, an emergy-based urban ecosystem health index (EUEHI) was proposed to measure and evaluate the health levels among various typical cities in China, which offers an integrated evaluation tool in view of urban production, trade and consumption. The results showed that there are intrinsic differences among six clusters associated with driving mechanisms distinguishing the rankings of urban health levels. After lining the cities of similar health levels with cluster map, the spatial distribution of the urban health is found to be arch-shaped, increasing initially and then decreasing from coast to inner land. This kind of spatial hierarchy is per se compatible and consistent with the hierarchical theory of emergy synthesis. The results also revealed double restrictions of urban health between economy and environment. Moreover, the interaction analysis was used for mirroring the driving mechanism of urban ecosystem health. Three conclusions were arrived at. Firstly, environmental health is inversely related to the economic health in China, indicating that cities cannot achieve win–win between environment and economy in the current urban development mode. Secondly, based on economy-driven mode, four quadrants were divided in the city division map, wherein 43.33% of the concerned cities developed in high economy-restriction mode, which means low economic level is still an important limiting factor for the major cities of China. Finally, based on environment-driven mode, two sections were divided, of which weak environmental dominance mode expounds the special characteristics of urban environment with obvious fragility. 23.33% of the 30 cities were in the intermediate state, which means a few correspondingly unhealthy cities should develop concrete polices for the urban ecosystem restoration.     

森林凋落物分解研究进展

森林凋落物是指森林生态系统内由生物组分产生,然后归还到林地表面的所有有机物质的总称。森林凋落物在促进森林生态系统正常的物质循环和养分平衡,维持生态系统功能中具有重要作用,其分解受多因素影响,且各因素之间相互交错。不同情况下,各因子的重要性可能不同。温度和湿度被认为是影响凋落物分解主要的气候因子。凋落物随着温度升高分解速率加快,增加土壤湿度对凋落物分解有积极作用。凋落物的化学性质中,C、N比和木质素含量被认为是最重要的指标。凋落物分解前期的分解速率受到养分含量、水溶性碳化合物和结构碳化合物含量的强烈影响,而后期则更多地受到木质索及纤维素／木质素比值的支配。土壤动物可以粉碎凋落物,土壤微生物也是促进凋落物分解的重要因素,人为活动也影响凋落物分解。N沉降、全球变暖和臭氧层破坏等全球变化对森林凋落物分解的影响已逐渐成为研究热点。未来凋落物分解的研究方向是统一研究方法,开展长期定位监测,加强对分解过程中有机碳含量和释放量的研究,以及N沉降对凋落物分解作用机理的研究。