生物质成型燃料(BMF)技术

由广州迪森热能技术股份有限公司开发的生物质成型燃料(BMF),可替代燃料油、天然气等化石能源应用于民用及工业锅炉的燃烧。主要技术内容一、基本原理生物质成型燃料(Biomass Pellet or Biomass Moulding     

能源植物的定义

能源植物，又称“石油植物”。“柴油植物”或“燃料植物”，通常指那些具有合成较高还原性烃的能力，可产生类似石油成分，可替代石油使用或作为石油补充产品的植物，以及富含油脂的植物。     

秸秆成型燃料与垃圾衍生燃料混合燃烧研究

生物质成型燃料和垃圾衍生燃料均是20世纪后期兴起的新型能源利用技术。低碳、环保的燃烧特性和可再生属性使其具有巨大的发展潜力,成为21世纪替代化石燃料潮流中的优先选择之一。文章对生物质秸秆成型燃料和垃圾衍生燃料RDF-5的燃烧效率进行了研究,由工业焚烧试验得到的燃烧技术指标对比和经济、社会效益分析,得出生物质秸秆成型燃料和垃圾衍生燃料混合燃烧的燃烧效率高于垃圾衍生燃料单独燃烧效率的结论。     

微生物燃料电池在污水处理中的研究进展

微生物燃料电池（Microbial Fuelcell，MFC）是一种以微生物为催化剂，将有机物中的化学能转化为电能的装置。本文介绍了微生物燃料电池的原理和特点，阐述了反应器结构、底物种类、电极等方面的研究进展，分析了微生物燃料电池未来的发展方向，并对今后的研究提出建议。     

米糠油开发应用商机无限

米糠油是从米糠中榨取的植物油,含不饱和脂肪酸80%～85%。不饱和脂肪酸可改变胆固醇在人体内的分布状况,用于防治心血管病、高血脂症和动脉硬化症等疾病。米糠油中还含有ＶＥ、角鲨烯、活性脂肪酶、谷甾醇、菜油甾醇、豆甾醇、阿魏酸、固形植物素等成分,对于调节人体生理?..     

美欧研究用象草作为燃料发电替代煤炭和石油

今后10年内，北美和欧洲国家可能会开始大量种植一种名为象草的植物，作为燃料发电，有望替代煤炭和石油。     

刺猥肉的营养成分及其品质评价

本文对野生物刺猥的肉质营养成分及其品质进行了理化与感官检验。结果表明，刺猥肉的感官指标良，其品质与营养成分可与常用动物媲美，油脂与常用动植物油脂相比，脂肪酸不饱和程度明显高于动物油脂，与多种植物油相当。     

春夏两季四种植物净化生活污水的静态试验研究

在春夏两季，分别开展为期30天的静态试验，以研究芦苇、黄菖蒲、美人蕉、香蒲四种湿地植物对富营养化生活污水的净化效果。试验结果表明：通过纵向比较，夏季时植物对TN、TP的净化效果优于春季。通过横向比较，春季时黄菖蒲和香蒲的净化能力较强；夏季时美人蕉的净化能力较强。在时间上，可将喜温植物与耐寒植物结合，以保证湿地系统的长年运行；在空间上，可将挺水植物与沉水植物结合，以保证湿地系统的处理效果。     

植物篱种植模式综合效益研究

植物篱种植模式是一种有效的山区水土保持、土壤改良以及多种经营的耕作模式。该模式自20世纪70年代以来在热带非洲和东南亚等地区进行了试验、示范和较为系统的研究，作为坡耕地水土保持和土壤改良的生物措施受到广泛重视。20世纪80年代以来该模式在我国很多地区也进行了研究、示范和推广，并取得显著成效。本文在国内外已有研究基础上，采用层次分析法对四川省宁南县马桑坪的等高固氮植物篱种植模式的生态效益、经济效益、社会效益及综合效益进行了较为系统的分析和评价。评价结果表明，植物篱种植模式的生态效益、经济效益、社会效益及综合效益均大于顺坡耕作模式，种植新银合欢植物篱比种植山毛豆植物篱的综合效益高；在种植相同植物篱树种的前提下，施磷肥比不施磷肥的效果好。同时，针对该技术目前在研究和应用方面存在的问题提出了一些建议。     

美科学家用油治理水污染

OilUsedforWaterPollutionTreatmentByAmericanScientists据《中国机电日报》报导世界银行官员认为，缺少安全卫生的饮用水已成为许多国家严重关注的问题。全球大约有10亿人口饮用不上清洁水。绝大多数人类及牲畜粪便未经处理就排入河流及其他淡水水源中，工业废水、废渣也造成了很大的污染。目前，位于美国科罗拉多州的“国家土壤植物营养研究中心”正在试验用油来处理被氮肥污染的水。该中心所使用的油不是会污染水的燃用油，而是一些植物油。由于美国农民超量施肥、过度灌溉或对牛粪便处理不当等原因，造成美国很多地方的饮用水被氮…     

Effects of cold press operating conditions on vegetable oil fatty acid profiles

Although most of jet fuels are currently made from petroleum, nonfood oilseeds such as flax and canola seeds may be an alternative for renewable jet fuel production in the near future. Vegetable oils produced from those oilseeds can be upgraded to liquid hydrocarbons to produce renewable jet fuels. The production efficiency and cost are heavily relied on the vegetable oil fatty acid profile (FAP). Previous research indicated that vegetable oil FAP is affected by oilseed species and oil extraction conditions. Cold press oil extractions from flax and canola seeds were conducted. The effect of the frequency controlling the screw rotating speed on the oil extraction efficiency and quality was discussed. Characterization of the vegetable oils produced, including density, pH value, viscosity, moisture, element component, heating value and FAP, was carried out. The residual oil contents left in the cold press meals were also determined. The results show that the oil extraction efficiency of oilseeds increased when the frequency decreased. For flax and canola seeds, their highest oil extraction efficiency was the same (81.0%), which was both obtained at 15 Hz. The cold press frequency had a minor influence on the FAPs of flax oils. However, the FAPs of canola oils produced at 15 Hz were different from those produced at 20 Hz and 25 Hz to some extent. The main fatty acid in flax and canola oils was linolenic acid and erucic acid, respectively.     

Economic assessment of microbial biodiesel production using heterotrophic yeasts

The production of biodiesel using oleaginous microorganisms is investigated as promising alternative to produce a truly sustainable and renewable transportation fuel. While the feasibility of this approach has been shown on the laboratory scale, a commercial scale implementation is to date inhibited due to economic restraints. In order to evaluate the current cost situation and to develop suggestions to reduce production related costs, a simple cost analysis of the proposed microbial oil production process has been carried out. For closed fermentation in large-scale fermenters a break-even price of 2,350 US$ t^–1 for microbial oil was calculated. In the context of a sensitivity analysis it was shown that especially alterations in capital cost can lead to overall cost reductions. Accordingly, an open pond cultivation approach was designed, cutting the cost for equipment almost in half and decreasing the break-even price to 1,723 US$ t^–1. However, these reductions are only feasible when stable biomass and lipid yields can be ensured in open-pond systems, because the sensitivity analysis identified these yield parameters as leading factors influencing the break-even price. Even under very optimistic assumptions, it was not possible to reduce the break-even price below that of conventional plant oils as competitive products. Therefore, economic feasibility of the process will probably only occur if on one hand considerable technical development and efficiency improvements of the production process are made while on the other hand plant and crude oil prices are continuously increasing.     

Usability of food industry waste oils as fuel for diesel engines

Two cogeneration units were each fitted with a prechamber (IDI) diesel engine in order to test the feasibility of using waste oils from the food industry as a fuel source, and additionally to test emissions generated by the combustion of these fuels. Esterified waste oils and animal fats as well as mustard oil were tested and compared to the more or less "common" fuels: diesel, rapeseed oil and rapeseed methyl ester. The results show that, in principle, each of these fuels is suitable for use in a prechamber diesel engine. Engine performance can be maintained at a constant level. Without catalytic conversion, the nitrogen oxides emissions were comparable. A significant reduction in NO(x) was achieved through the injection of urea. Combining a urea injection with the SCR catalytic converter reduced NO(x) emissions between 53% and 67%. The carbon monoxide emissions from waste oils are not significantly different from those of "common" fuels and can be reduced the same way as of hydrocarbon emissions, through utilization of a catalytic converter. The rate of carbon monoxide reduction by catalytic conversion was 84-86%. A lower hydrocarbon concentration was associated with fuels of agricultural origin. With the catalytic converter a reduction of 29-42% achieved. Each prechamber diesel engine exhibited its own characteristic exhaust, which was independent of fuel type. The selective catalytic reduction of the exhaust emissions can be realized without restriction using fuels of agricultural origin.     

Phase behaviors,fuel properties,and combustion characteristics of alcohol-vegetable oil-diesel microemulsion fuels

Biofuels are being considered as alternatives to fossil-based fuels due to depletion of petroleum-based reserves and pollutant emission concerns. Vegetable oils and bioalcohols have proven to be viable alternative fuels both with and without engine modification. However, high viscosity and low energy content are long-term operational problems with vegetable oils and bioalcohols, respectively. Therefore, vegetable oil-based microemulsification is being evaluated as a method to reduce the high viscosity of vegetable oils and enhance the miscibility of alcohol and oil phases. Studies have shown that microemulsification with different alcohols lead to varying fuel properties depending on their structure. The overall goal of this study was to formulate microemulsion fuels with single and mixed alcohol systems by determining the effects of water content, alcohol branching structure and carbon chain length on phase behaviors, fuel properties, and emission characteristics. It was found that microemulsion fuels using certain alcohols displayed favorable stability, properties, and emission characteristics. Flames of fuels with linear short-chain-length alcohols had larger near-burner blue regions and lower CO and soot emissions indicating the occurrence of more complete combustion. In addition to alcohol effects, the effect of vegetable oils, surfactants, and additives on emission characteristics were insightful in pursuit of appropriate microemulsion fuels as cleaner burning alternatives to both No.2 diesel and canola biodiesel.     

An investigation of engine and fuel system performance in a diesel engine operating on waste cooking oil

Waste cooking oil (WCO) was experimentally examined to determine whether it can be used as an alternative fuel in a 3-cylinder, 4-stroke, direct injection, 48 kW power tractor engine. The test engine was operated under full load conditions using diesel fuel and waste vegetable oil from the 2400 to 1100 rpm and performance values were recorded. Tests were performed in two stages to evaluate the effect of the waste oils on the engine life cycle. When the test engine was operated with diesel fuel and waste cooking oil; engine torque decreased between at ratio of 0.09 % and 3% according to the engine speed. While no significant difference occurs in the diesel fuel tests at the end of 100 hours of operation, an important reduction was observed in the engine torque of the WCO engine between 4.21% and 14.48% according to the engine speed, and an increase in average smoke opacity ratio was also observed. In accordance with the results obtained from the studies, it was determined that the engine performance values of waste cooking oil show similar properties with diesel fuel, but in long-term usage, performance losses increased. In the SEM analysis performed on the fuel system, there were dark deposits at the nozzle tip and stem. According to an EDX analysis at the nozzle tips, the detected elements point to engine oil ash in the combustion chamber and show coking products (C and O). The other elements (Na, S, Ca, P, Cl, and K) point to used WCO.     

Evaluating the potential of biodiesel (via recycled cooking oil) use in Singapore,an urban city

Singapore has pledged to attain 7–11% Business-As-Usual carbon emissions reduction by 2020. About 19% of CO₂ contribution stemmed from road transport in 2005. Commercial vehicles, which uses mainly diesel, consumed 695 million litres diesel in 2012. An estimated 115,585 tonnes or 127 million litres cooking oils (derived from seeds/fruits) were consumed in 2010, in which the bulk of used cooking oil is re-incorporated into the food preparation process while only a small amount is being recycled into biodiesel or disposed into the sewerage. Nevertheless, the present research reveals that biodiesel derived from spent cooking oil has potential to be a viable fuel supplement. Surveys were carried out involving three market segments – suppliers, processors and end-users – to identify the barriers and obstacles in mass production of biodiesel. A key enabler of biodiesel as a fuel supplement towards a greener environment lies in government mandate/policies in promoting greater biodiesel usage.     

Production and characterization of biodiesel from Eriobotrya Japonica seed oil: an optimization study

Biodiesel is now-a-days recognized as a real potential alternative to petroleum-derived diesel fuel due to its number of desirable characteristics. However, its higher production cost resulting mainly due to use of costly food-grade vegetable oils as raw materials is the major barrier to its economic viability. Present work is an attempt to explore the potential of Eriobotrya japonica seed oil for the synthesis of biodiesel using alkali-catalyzed transesterification. Optimization of production parameters, namely molar ratio of alcohol to oil, amount of catalyst, reaction time and temperature, was carried out using Taguchi method. Fatty acid composition of both oil and biodiesel was determined using GC and H¹ NMR. Alcohol to oil molar ratio of 6:1, catalyst amount of 1% wt/wt, 2 h reaction time and 50 ^°C reaction temperature were found to be the optimum conditions for obtaining 94.52% biodiesel. Highest % contribution was shown by the ‘amount of catalyst’ (67.32%) followed by molar ratio of alcohol to oil (25.51%). Major fuel properties of E. japonica methyl esters produced under optimum conditions were found within the specified limits of ASTM D6751 for biodiesel, hence it may be considered a prospective substitute of petro-diesel.     

An experimental apparatus for testing biodiesels based on a CFR engine—setup and validation with different methyl ester blends

A cooperative fuel research (CFR) engine was modified and instrumented in order to control operating conditions and to measure engine parameters and in-cylinder pressure diagrams. Aiming at the comparison of different alternative fuels, an experimental procedure was defined, including cetane number (CN) evaluation and the definition of engine operating quantities in different working points, for fixed levels of compression ratio (CR) and injection advance. An investigation was made considering several blends of methyl-esters of rapeseed oil (RME) and of a mix of vegetable oils (VOME) with conventional diesel oil. The defined experimental procedure was applied to assess CN, engine brake thermal efficiency (bte) and exhaust emissions. Results show that the biodiesel content has a positive influence on soot emissions, with strong reduction, while thermal efficiency and NO_X emissions are negatively affected, which can be justified taking into account fuel properties and changes in combustion process. As observed outcomes are generally in line with those presented in literature, the facility proved to be a suitable tool for basic investigations on alternative fuels to be used in specific applications.     

Comparison of jatropha and karanja biofuels on their combustion characteristics

Biofuel blends produced from Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) and Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) oil were evaluated for their combustion properties. Two kinds of blends (regular diesel with Jatropha and Karanja oil) were prepared at 20% volume to the diesel and tested as alternative fuels in single cylinder (vertical), water-cooled, direct injection diesel engine at the rated speed of 1500 rpm. The performance of the engine in terms of thermal efficiency at full load for diesel was 30%. For Jatropha and Karanja biodiesel blends, the thermal efficiencies were 29.0% and 28.6%, respectively. The maximum cylinder pressure and ignition delay for biodiesel fuel blends are very close to that of regular diesel. Prolonged combustion was observed for Karanja oil blend in comparison to Jatropha oil blend. The combustion pattern also reveals the slow burning characteristics of vegetable oils and this study indicates that the blended biofuels have combustion characteristics that are similar to regular diesel fuels.     

Potential use of oil shale for direct production of power in Jordan

Up until the present, Jordan has relied almost exclusively on imported petroleum for its primary energy requirements. Encouraged by emerging technologies and recent fossil fuel discoveries, Jordanians are seriously examining exploitation of their own indigenous energy resources to meet projected mid- and long-term power requirements. The most prominent of the known resources is oil shale. This report addresses the oil shale-for-power-production option in Jordan. Under consideration are 20 MW and 50 MW demonstration units and a 400 MW commercial-scale plant. The report focuses on three areas: (i) the engineering feasibility of using Jordan's oil shale in a circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) boiler; (ii) environmental aspects of the proposed oil shale-for-power plants(s); and (iii) the economic feasibility of the proposed plant(s). The results could be useful for other low- to middle-income countries considering oil shale as an option for power production.