共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Kimberly K. Smith 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2009,22(3):241-256
Elizabeth Anderson’s “pluralist–expressivist” value theory, an alternative to the understanding of value and rationality underlying
the “rational actor” model of human behavior, provides rich resources for addressing questions of environmental and animal
ethics. It is particularly well-suited to help us think about the ethics of commodification, as I demonstrate in this critique
of the pet trade. I argue that Anderson’s approach identifies the proper grounds for criticizing the commodification of animals,
and directs our attention to the importance of maintaining social practices and institutions that respect the social meanings of animals. Her theory alone, however, does not adequately address the role of the state in this project. Drawing on social
contract theory to fill this gap, I conclude that the state’s role in regulating the pet trade should be limited to ensuring
the welfare of animals in the stream of commerce, not prohibiting their mass marketing altogether. 相似文献
2.
The Concept of Farm Animal Welfare: Citizen Perceptions and Stakeholder Opinion in Flanders, Belgium
Filiep Vanhonacker Wim Verbeke Els Van Poucke Zuzanna Pieniak Griet Nijs Frank Tuyttens 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2012,25(1):79-101
Several attempts to conceptualize farm animal welfare have been criticized for diverging reasons, among them often the failure
to incorporate the public concern and opinion. This paper’s objective is to develop a conception of farm animal welfare that
starts from the public’s perception and integrates the opinion of different stakeholder representatives, thus following a
fork-to-farm approach. Four qualitative citizen focus group discussions were used to develop a quantitative questionnaire,
which has been completed by a representative sample of Flemish citizens (n = 459). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were applied to develop a conception of farm animal welfare starting
from an extended list of aspects that relate to animal production and associate with farm animal welfare in the public’s perception.
In depth interviews with stakeholder representatives were used to match and adapt the structure of the animal welfare conception
model. The resulting conception revealed seven dimensions grouped in two different levels. Three dimensions were animal-based:
“Suffering and Stress,” “Ability to Engage in Natural Behavior,” and “Animal Health.” Four dimensions were resource-based:
“Housing and Barn climate,” “Transport and Slaughter,” “Feed and Water,” and “Human-Animal Relationship.” This conception
is distinct from earlier attempts since it is based on public perceptions; it addresses the opinion of different stakeholders,
and it distinguishes empirically between animal-based and resource-based dimensions in the conceptualization of farm animal
welfare. The relevancy of a popular definition is supported by the present demand oriented economy, in which animal welfare
is a non-trade concern, and mainly left to the market where consumers still mainly act as individuals who calculate and weigh
pros and cons. 相似文献
3.
Doolittle AA 《Environmental management》2010,45(1):67-81
The study of human-environmental relations is complex and by nature draws on theories and practices from multiple disciplines.
There is no single research strategy or universal set of methods to which researchers must adhere. Particularly for scholars
interested in a political ecology approach to understanding human-environmental relationships, very little has been written
examining the details of “how to” design a project, develop appropriate methods, produce data, and, finally, integrate multiple
forms of data into an analysis. A great deal of attention has been paid, appropriately, to the theoretical foundations of
political ecology, and numerous scholarly articles and books have been published recently. But beyond Andrew Vayda’s “progressive
contextualization” and Piers Blaikie and Harold Brookfield’s “chains of explanation,” remarkably little is written that provides
a research model to follow, modify, and expand. Perhaps one of the reasons for this gap in scholarship is that, as expected
in interdisciplinary research, researchers use a variety of methods that are suitable (and perhaps unique) to the questions
they are asking. To start a conversation on the methods available for researchers interested in adopting a political ecology
perspective to human-environmental interactions, I use my own research project as a case study. This research is by no means
flawless or inclusive of all possible methods, but by using the details of this particular research process as a case study
I hope to provide insights into field research that will be valuable for future scholarship. 相似文献
4.
Crifasi RR 《Environmental management》2005,36(5):625-639
“A skyscraper is as natural as a bird’s nest” –Alan Watts
For millennia, people have altered freshwater ecosystems directly through water development and indirectly by global change
and surrounding land-use activities. In these altered ecosystems, human impacts can be subtle and are sometimes overlooked
by the people who manage them. This article provides two case studies near Boulder, Colorado that demonstrate how perceptions
regarding these ecosystems affect their management. These examples are typical of lakes and streams along the Front Range
of Colorado that are simultaneously natural and social in origin. Although natural, many of the region’s freshwater ecosystems
are affected by ongoing ecologic, hydrologic, chemical, and geomorphic modifications produced by human activity. People and
nature are both active participants in the production of these freshwater ecosystems. The concept of “hybridity,” borrowed
from geographers and social scientists, is useful for describing landscapes of natural and social origin. Hybrid freshwater
ecosystems are features of the humanized landscape and are derived from deliberate cultural activities, nonhuman physical
and biological processes, and incidental anthropogenic disturbance. Our perceptions of “natural” freshwater ecosystems and
what definitions we use to describe them influences our view of hybrid systems and, in turn, affects management decisions
regarding them. This work stresses the importance of understanding the underlying societal forces and cultural values responsible
for the creation of hybrid freshwater ecosystems as a central step in their conservation and management. 相似文献
5.
Maolin Li Xianshi Jin Qisheng Tang 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2012,25(1):33-54
Marine ecosystems are in serious troubles globally, largely due to the failures of fishery resources management. To restore
and conserve fishery ecosystems, we need new and effective governance systems urgently. This research focuses on fisheries
management in ancient China. We found that from 5,000 years ago till early modern era, Chinese ancestors had been constantly
enthusiastic about sustainable utilization of fisheries resources and natural balance of fishery development. They developed
numerous rigorous policies and regulations to guide people to act on natural laws. Being detailed and scientific, the legal
systems had gained gratifying enforcement, due to official efforts and folks’ voluntary participation in resource management.
In-depth analyses show that people’s consciousness of ecological conservation was derived from the edification of kinds of
ancient eco-ethical wisdom, such as totemism, nature worship, Zhou Yi, Taoism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Mohism, etc. All this Chinese classical wisdom have the same cores: “Nature and Man in One”
spirit, frugality and “All things are equal” concept. The findings show that eco-ethical thinking is never inconsistent with
social ethic systems, and it’s of great importance to give legal effect to usual ecological moral claims and eco-ethical requirements
of the public in protecting the environment. The eco-ethical wisdom is efficient in assisting and urging people to fulfill
humans’ obligation for nature. Finally, it’s believed that present world fisheries management will benefit a lot from all
these ancient Chinese thoughts and practices. People are expected to make the most of the eco-ethical wisdom, strengthen fishery
legislation and fully stimulate their voluntary participation in both marine fishery resources conservation and fishery cyclic
economy. 相似文献
6.
Two frequent beliefs about rural environmental attitudes are examined conceptually and empirically: (1) the common conception
that rural environmental concerns are expressed predominantly by wealthy community newcomers; and (2) the related position
that long-time rural residents are hostile to the environmental cause.
We argue conceptually, through the use of a 2×2 community matrix, that environmental attitudes are equally likely to be expressed
by what we term “upper middle income newcomers,” “lower middle income newcomers,” “upper middle income locals,” and “lower
middle income locals.” Empirically, we find that although wealthy newcomers express the strongest environmental attitudes
in the community, their concerns represent only a small percentage of rural environmental attitudes consisting of respondents
who make less than $40,000 a year in household income are over 40 years of age, possess less than a college education, and
work in a nonprofessional occupation. This new category expresses environmental concerns at least equal to the rest of the
community on three of four measures of environmental attitudes.
The findings provide insight into the widespread and cross-sectional nature of rural environmental concern. The implication
is that environmental groups will find significant sources of political support in rural communities, provided they craft
their environmental message in a language consistent with rural attitudes and values.
Things are gettin' bad fast. Easterners and environmentalists comin' down here from the big cities are tryin' to turn our
way of life completely upside down.
A western US rancher quoted in Krakauer (1991) 相似文献
7.
M. L. J. Wissenburg 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2011,24(6):557-573
Theories of intergenerational obligations usually take the shape of theories of distributive (social) justice. The complexities
involved in intergenerational obligations force theorists to simplify. In this article I unpack two popular simplifications:
the inevitability of future generations, and the Hardinesque assumption that future individuals are a burden on society but
a benefit to parents. The first assumption obscures the fact that future generations consist of individuals whose existence
can be a matter of voluntary choice, implying that there are individuals who are responsible and accountable for that choice
and for its consequences. The second assumption ignores the fact that the benefits and burdens of future individuals are complex,
and different for different “beneficiaries” or “victims.” Introducing individual responsibility for procreation as a (crucially)
relevant variable, and allowing a more sophisticated understanding of the impact of new individuals, generates grounds to
prioritize the individual’s interest in responsibility for (creating and equipping) future individuals over any collective
intergenerational obligation. I illustrate this by introducing a series of moral duties that take precedence over, and perhaps
even void, possible collective redistributive duties. 相似文献
8.
9.
Kenneth A. Barrick 《Environmental management》2010,45(1):192-202
Geyser basins provide high value recreation, scientific, economic and national heritage benefits. Geysers are globally rare,
in part, because development activities have quenched about 260 of the natural endowment. Today, more than half of the world’s
remaining geysers are located in Yellowstone National Park, northwest Wyoming, USA. However, the hydrothermal reservoirs that
supply Yellowstone’s geysers extend well beyond the Park borders, and onto two “Known Geothermal Resource Areas”—Island Park
to the west and Corwin Springs on the north. Geysers are sensitive geologic features that are easily quenched by nearby geothermal
wells. Therefore, the potential for geothermal energy development adjacent to Yellowstone poses a threat to the sustainability
of about 500 geysers and 10,000 hydrothermal features. The purpose here is to propose that Yellowstone be protected by a “Geyser
Protection Area” (GPA) extending in a 120-km radius from Old Faithful Geyser. The GPA concept would prohibit geothermal and
large-scale groundwater wells, and thereby protect the water and heat supply of the hydrothermal reservoirs that support Yellowstone’s
geyser basins and important hot springs. Proactive federal leadership, including buyouts of private groundwater development
rights, can assist in navigating the GPA through the greater Yellowstone area’s “wicked” public policy environment. Moreover,
the potential impacts on geyser basins from intrusive research sampling techniques are considered in order to facilitate the
updating of national park research regulations to a precautionary standard. The GPA model can provide the basis for protecting
the world’s few remaining geyser basins. 相似文献
10.
The traditional vision of the role science should play in policy making is of a two stage process of scientists first finding
out the facts, and then policy makers making a decision about what to do about them. We argue that this two stage process
is a fiction and that a distinction must be drawn between pure science and science in the service of public policy. When science
is transferred into the policy realm, its claims to truth get undermined because we must abandon the open-ended nature of
scientific inquiry. When we move from the sphere of science to the sphere of policy, we pick an arbitrary point in the open-ended
scientific process, and ask our experts to give us the answer. The choice of the endpoint, however, must always be arbitrary
and determined by non-scientific factors. Thus, the two stages in the model of first finding the facts, and then making a
decision about what to do, cannot be clearly separated. The second stage clearly affects the first. This conclusion will have
implications about existing scientific policy institutions. For example, we advocate that the environmental assessment process
be radically overhauled, or perhaps even let go. It will be our position that ultimately a better model for the involvement
of scientists in public policy debates is that of being participants in particular interest groups (“hired guns”), rather
than as supposedly unbiased consultants to decision-makers. 相似文献
11.
Thodoris Dantsis Angeliki Loumou Christina Giourga 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2009,22(3):197-216
Up to now, several scientific works have noted that the organic sector resembles more and more conventional farming’s structures,
what is widely known as the “conventionalization” thesis. This phenomenon constitutes an area of conflict between organic
farming’s original vision and its current reality and raises ethical and social questions concerning the structure of agricultural
systems of production and their interactions with the socio-economic and natural environment. The main issue of this dialogue
is the concept of sustainable agriculture, which for scientists and policymakers is a means to express their vision of a better
agriculture. In this article we focus on agricultural sustainability in the context of capitalist production as conducted
by the two subsystems of agro-industrial system. As we have proposed in this article, the relationship between organic agriculture,
defined by two essential components (prevention and direct marketing), and the agro-industrial complex, defined by two subsystems,
indicates the degree of agricultural sustainability. The investigation of this relationship can be extremely useful as it
may lead those involved in the discussion of sustainability to identify the key aspects of sustainable agriculture. In order
to investigate the interaction of organic farming with the agro-industrial complex, a survey was conducted in Central Macedonia,
Northern Greece, involving local organic farms. The results of our study indicate that a large proportion of organic producers
did not differ substantially from their counterparts in conventional agriculture in so far as their relationship with the
agro-industrial complex is concerned. Finally, this research highlights two scenarios for the evolution of organic farming.
The first is the full absorption of organic farming to the existing economic system and the second one is the development
of organic farming in a radically opposite direction to conventional farming. 相似文献
12.
13.
Gail Krantzberg 《The Environmentalist》2008,28(3):301-305
Some argue that a collective vision for the future of the Laurentian Great Lakes is embodied in the␣Great Lakes Water Quality
Agreement (GLWQA). The GLWQA is a binational agreement, first signed in 1972 by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and President
Richard Nixon, wherein the two countries (the Parties) commit to “restore and maintain the chemical, physical and biological
integrity of the waters of the Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem.” Article X of the Agreement states that the Parties shall conduct
a comprehensive review of the operation and effectiveness of this Agreement following every third biennial report of the [International
Joint] Commission (IJC). The IJC’s 12th Biennial Report, released in 2004, triggered this important science, program, and
policy review which commenced May 2006. This essay makes the case for a rigorous review, that explores deliberately the future
scope of the Agreement to protect the world’s largest surface freshwater resource, and calls for innovation in the governance
regime of this binational ecosystem. 相似文献
14.
Unni Kj?rnes 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2012,25(2):145-162
The lack of consistency between people’s engagement in ethical issues and their food choices has received considerable attention.
Consumption as “choice” dominates this discourse, understood as decision-making at the point of purchase. But ideas concentrating
on individual choice are problematic when trying to understand how social and ethical issues emerge and are dealt with in
the practices of buying and eating food. I argue in this paper that “consumer choice” is better understood as a political
ideology addressing a particular way in which everyday practices can be directed so as to solve social problems. It is a way
that makes questions of power particularly challenging. Some assume consumer sovereignty, emphasizing consumer choice as a
reflection of neoliberal deregulation and commercialization. Others worry that ongoing changes increase consumers’ powerlessness.
None of these seem to capture that there is active regulation, where public as well as commercial and civil actors are making
strong efforts to make people do the right thing—voluntarily. Labeling is the key measure. In practice, the individualized
and rationalized model of responsibility depends not only on market opportunities, but even political and social expectations
and trust. People may lack concrete capabilities and power to follow up on moral calls, but they may also have a different
understanding of who is responsible and what is a “good deed,” or their actions may, in a Foucauldian sense, represent resistance.
The paper will, with examples from European empirical studies, discuss how mobilization as well as inertia and disinterest
emerge within specific political constellations and practical contexts. 相似文献
15.
Increased salinity in spawning and nursery grounds in the Savannah River estuary was cited as the primary cause of a 97% decrease
in adult striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and a concomitant 96% decrease in striped bass egg production. Restoration efforts focused on environmental remediation
and stock enhancement have resulted in restored salinity patterns and increased egg and adult abundances. However, future
water needs or harbor development may preclude further recovery by reducing freshwater inflow or increasing salinity intrusion.
To assess the effect of potential changes in the salinity regime, we developed models relating discharge, tidal phase, and
salinity to striped bass egg and early larval survival and re-cast these in a quantitative Bayesian belief network. The model
indicated that a small upstream shift (≤1.67 km) in the salinity regime would have the least impact on striped bass early
life history survival, whereas shifts >1.67 km would have progressively larger impacts, with a 8.33-km shift potentially reducing
our estimated survival probability by >28%. Such an impact could have cumulative and long-term detrimental effects on the
recovery of the Savannah River striped bass population. The available salinity data were collected during average and low
flows, so our model represents some typical and some extreme conditions during a striped bass spawning season. Our model is
a relatively simplistic, “first-order” attempt at evaluating potential effects of changes in the Savannah River estuarine
salinity regime and points to areas of concern and potential future research. 相似文献
16.
Franck L. B. Meijboom Nina Cohen Elsbeth N. Stassen Frans W. A. Brom 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2009,22(6):559-571
European animal disease policy seems to find its justification in a “harm to other” principle. Limiting the freedom of animal
keepers—e.g., by culling their animals—is justified by the aim to prevent harm, i.e., the spreading of the disease. The picture,
however, is more complicated. Both during the control of outbreaks and in the prevention of notifiable, animal diseases the
government is confronted with conflicting claims of stakeholders who anticipate running a risk to be harmed by each other, and who ask for government intervention. In this paper, we first argue that in a policy that
aims to prevent animal diseases, the focus shifts from limiting “harm” to weighing conflicting claims with respect to “risks
of harm.” Therefore, we claim that the harm principle is no longer a sufficient justification for governmental intervention
in animal disease prevention. A policy that has to deal with and distribute conflicting risks of harm needs additional value
assumptions that guide this process of assessment and distribution. We show that currently, policies are based on assumptions
that are mainly economic considerations. In order to show the limitations of these considerations, we use the interests and
position of keepers of backyard animals as an example. Based on the problems they faced during and after the recent outbreaks,
we defend the thesis that in order to develop a sustainable animal disease policy other than economic assumptions need to
be taken into account. 相似文献
17.
Dunja Jaber 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2000,13(1-2):29-42
In their report for the Swiss government on the notion of the dignity of creatures, Philipp Balzer, Klaus-Peter Rippe, and
Peter Schaber analyze the relationship between human dignity and the dignity of creatures, taking them as two categorically
different concepts. Human dignity is defined as the “moral right not to be humiliated,” whereas the dignity of creatures is
taken to be “the inherent value of non-human living beings.” To my mind there is no need to draw a categorical distinction
between the two concepts. Both notions could be brought together under an all-encompassing concept of the inherent value of
living beings, humans and non-humans alike, a concept one could name “the dignity of living beings.” Indeed, this very notion
underlies the position taken in the report, although this is not made explicit by the authors themselves.
As the aim of the paper is only to clarify the concepts used, I do not go beyond this “internal” critique of their position,
i.e., I don’t assess how the claims articulated via these concepts — the claim that humans and/or creatures have an inherent
value consisting in a supposed intrinsic good — are to be justified, although I myself would be rather skeptical that this
might be successfully done. 相似文献
18.
Pär Segerdahl 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(2):167-193
Although the notion of natural behavior occurs in many policy-making and legal documents on animal welfare, no consensus has
been reached concerning its definition. This paper argues that one reason why the notion resists unanimously accepted definition
is that natural behavior is not properly a biological concept, although it aspires to be one, but rather a philosophical tendency
to perceive animal behavior in accordance with certain dichotomies between nature and culture, animal and human, original
orders and invented artifacts. The paper scrutinizes the philosophy of natural behavior as it developed in the organic movement
in response to a perceived contrast between industrialized and traditional agriculture. There are two reasons for focusing
on the organic movement: (i) the emphasis on “the natural” is most accentuated there and has a long history, (ii) everyday
life on organic farms presupposes human/animal interplay, which conflicts with the philosophical tendency to separate nature
from culture. This mismatch between theory and practice helps us see why, and how, the philosophy of natural behavior needs
to be reconsidered. The paper proposes that we understand farms as local human/animal cultures, and asks what we can mean
my natural behavior in such contexts. Since domestic animals adapt to agricultural environments via interaction with caretakers,
such interplay is analyzed as “hub” in these animals’ natural behavior. 相似文献
19.
There is a “revolving door” between federal agencies and the industries regulated by them. Often, at the end of their industry
tenure, key industry personnel seek employment in government regulatory entities and vice versa. The flow of workers between
the two sectors could bring about good. Industry veterans might have specialized knowledge that could be useful to regulatory
bodies and former government employees could help businesses become and remain compliant with regulations. But the “revolving
door” also poses at least three ethical and policy challenges that have to do with public trust and fair representation. First,
the presence of former key industry personnel on review boards could adversely impact the public’s confidence in regulatory
decisions about new technology products, including agrifood biotechnologies. Second, the ‘‘revolving door’’ may result in
policy decisions about technologies that are biased in favor of industry interests. And third, the ‘‘revolving door’’ virtually
guarantees industry a voice in the policy-making process, even though other stakeholders have no assurance that their concerns
will be addressed by regulatory agencies. We believe these three problems indicate a failure of regulatory review for new
technologies. The review process lacks credibility because, at the very least, it is procedurally biased in favor of industry
interests. We argue that prohibiting the flow of personnel between regulatory agencies and industry would not be a satisfactory
solution to the three problems of public trust and just representation. To address them, regulatory entities must reject the
traditional notion of objectivity. Instead they should adopt the conception of objectivity developed by Sandra Harding and
re-configure their regulatory review on the basis of it. That will ensure that a heterogeneous group of stakeholders is at
the decision-making table. The fair representation of interests of different constituencies in the review process could do
much to inspire warranted public confidence in regulatory protocols and decisions. 相似文献
20.
MacMynowski DP 《Environmental management》2007,39(6):831-842
The conceptual rubric of ecosystem management has been widely discussed and deliberated in conservation biology, environmental
policy, and land/resource management. In this paper, I argue that two critical aspects of the ecosystem management concept
require greater attention in policy and practice. First, although emphasis has been placed on the “space” of systems, the
“time”—or rates of change—associated with biophysical and social systems has received much less consideration. Second, discussions
of ecosystem management have often neglected the temporal disconnects between changes in biophysical systems and the response
of social systems to management issues and challenges. The empirical basis of these points is a case study of the “Crown of
the Continent Ecosystem,” an international transboundary area of the Rocky Mountains that surrounds Glacier National Park
(USA) and Waterton Lakes National Park (Canada). This project assessed the experiences and perspectives of 1) middle- and
upper-level government managers responsible for interjurisdictional cooperation, and 2) environmental nongovernment organizations
with an international focus. I identify and describe 10 key challenges to increasing the extent and intensity of transboundary
cooperation in land/resource management policy and practice. These issues are discussed in terms of their political, institutional,
cultural, information-based, and perceptual elements. Analytic techniques include a combination of environmental history,
semistructured interviews with 48 actors, and text analysis in a systematic qualitative framework. The central conclusion
of this work is that the rates of response of human social systems must be better integrated with the rates of ecological change. This challenge is equal
to or greater than the well-recognized need to adapt the spatial scale of human institutions to large-scale ecosystem processes and transboundary wildlife. 相似文献