中国进出口贸易中的隐含能估算

采用投入产出法。估算了1997-2006年中国进出口贸易中的隐含能。在考虑隐含能和进出口能源产品的情况下，都按我国的能耗效率对进出口进行的保守估计发现：1997-2006年，我国的能源进出口基本持平．其中1999-2005年是一个微弱的能源净进口国，而1997。1998和2006年却是能源净出口国；按照日本的能耗效率对进口产品进行调整后的乐观估计发现中国则是一个更大的能源净出口国，每年能源净出口量在10000-50000万t标煤之间，其中1997-2002年我国能源净出口量占当年能源消费总量的10％左右。之后该数字迅速增长，2006年更高达18．8％。可见我国进口的能源（包括进口产品中的隐含能）又以出口产品的形式输出到了国外。从能源净消费的角度看我国并没有多消费世界上其他国家的能源。虽然我国近年来能源产品进口增加较快，但我国快速增长的净出口使这些能源又“隐含”在产品中离开了中国。     

基于LMDI方法的中国国际贸易隐含碳分解

对国际贸易产生环境影响的定量研究正日益受到关注,特别是对隐含碳的研究.以中国2005年为例,对中国国际贸易隐含碳进行估算,应用对数平均D氏指数法(LMDI)对影响隐含碳净转移的因素进行分解分析.结果显示中国因生产排放碳量远大于其消费需要排放的碳量,从国外净转移到中国的隐含碳为395.66MtC;净转移隐含碳影响因素中强度效应(进出口商品完全碳排放系数差异)贡献率为60%,规模效应(进出额差异)贡献率为55%,结构效应(进出口结构差异)贡献率为-14%,此结果表明中国相比国外的高碳排放强度是造成目前碳转移额外增加的主要因素,分析结构效应发现中国主要净出口行业大部分不是高碳排放强度行业,而净进口行业却主要由高碳排放强度行业构成,特别是与碳排放密切相关的能源行业居净进口行业首位.     

隐含在计算机产品国际贸易中的碳排放流动

本文采用生命周期评价方法,从产品的角度,分析了高能耗产品计算机在国际贸易中的隐含碳排放及转移情况。分析了计算机贸易中的主要的进出口地区在2002-2013年期间由于计算机贸易导致的隐含碳排放情况。2003后年中国开始取代台湾省成为计算机贸易中隐含碳最大的输入地区,且其隐含碳输入量逐年增长很快。最大的计算机贸易隐含碳流也从2002年的美国到台湾省变成2013年的从美国到中国。从减排温室气体公平与效率双赢的角度考虑,中国和其主要贸易伙伴都用采取积极政策达到减排碳的目标。     

基于碳排放权价值的中国省域绿色贸易利益测度北大核心CSCDCSSCI

作为碳排放大国和出口强国,中国获得贸易顺差的背后是生产出口产品所带来的巨量碳排放。科学测算碳排放导致的价值损失,对“双碳”目标下的绿色发展具有重要意义。该研究通过构建嵌入式多区域投入产出表,从双边贸易层面和行业层面,分析中国30个省份进出口贸易隐含碳的现状,并利用碳排放权价值测算各省份对外贸易的环境净损失;在增加值贸易利益的基础上,进一步考察中国省域绿色贸易利益。研究表明,从双边贸易层面看,中国省域出口贸易隐含碳主要由美国和欧盟转入,进口贸易隐含碳主要向巴西、俄罗斯、印度、印度尼西亚、墨西哥和土耳其转出。对东盟贸易隐含碳占比较大的省份主要位于西南地区,对BRIIMT贸易隐含碳占比较大的省份主要位于北部地区,对日韩贸易隐含碳占比较大的省份主要位于东部地区。从行业层面看,出口贸易隐含碳集中在制造业和电热生产供应业,占比之和超过70%,且各省份的行业结构具有一定差异性。进口贸易隐含碳集中在电热生产供应业和运输业,占比之和约63%。引入碳排放权价值后,中国30省份的绿色贸易利益相比于增加值贸易利益减少0.94%。作为隐含碳净出口国,中国有28个省份在对外贸易中承担环境净损失。其中新疆和甘肃环境净损失的比重最高,分别为69.29%和57.43%。天津、吉林等7个省份在损失增加值贸易利益的同时,还承担着净出口贸易隐含碳带来的环境污染。针对结论,该研究提出大力发展清洁能源、省域间差异化减排、优化对外贸易结构的建议。     

包含工业生产过程碳排放的产业部门隐含碳研究

目前基于消费的隐含碳排放核算中主要计算的是能源消费导致的CO2排放。而不考虑水泥等工业生产过程中的CO2排放以及由此引发的其它产品中的隐含碳排放。本文对利用投入产出方法计算隐含碳排放的框架进行了扩展，从而可以同时计算各部门由能源消耗导致的隐含碳排放和由某些工业生产过程导致的隐含碳排放，并利用该框架计算并分析了2002年中国各部门最终消费和使用中的隐含碳排放情况。结果发现，建筑业是隐含碳排放最高的部门，而非金属矿物制品北的生产过程隐含碳排放占部门总隐含碳排放的比重最高。此外，研究发现，部门分类水平的粗细对于各部门生产过程隐含碳排放的核算结果具有较大的影响，除了建筑业之外，其他部门在较粗分类下核算的生产过程隐含碳排放偏高。而比较不同部门的隐含碳比重和增加值比重发现，建筑业耗用了大量的碳排放而产生的增加值较低。其他社会服务业则相反。     

基于投入产出法的中国出口产品隐含碳测算

使用投入产出法,利用1999 -2008年中国海关货物出口商品分类数据,研究和测算了中国出口商品中的隐含碳.研究结果显示,中国是隐含碳的出口大国,出口贸易是中国CO2排放量逐年增长的重要原因.1999 - 2008年,我国出口产品中的隐含碳由1999年的3.8亿t上升至2008年的11.9亿t,在此期间,中国CO2年排放量的12％ -24％是因生产满足国际市场消费的产品而产生的.中国出口产品中的隐含碳主要集中在5大类行业,分别为:纺织业及服装鞋帽制造业、化学医药制造业、黑色及有色金属冶炼和压延加工业、通用及专用机械设备、电气机械及器材制造业.这5大类行业的出口产品中的隐含碳在中国出口产品的隐含碳总量中占到80％左右.中国出口产品隐含碳的主要流向是美国、欧盟和日本.在实证研究结果的基础上,本文认为国际社会应从生产者负责制和消费者负责制相结合的角度界定各国的碳排放责任和减排目标；同时建议我国应提高生产技术,降低产品的能源消耗强度,并限制能源密集型产业产品的出口.     

中国出口贸易中隐含碳排放增长的结构分解分析

作为出口贸易大国,中国的出口贸易中隐含碳排放总量相当可观,而且还呈现出不断增长的态势。采用投入产出分析方法,对1997和2007年中国出口贸易中隐含碳排放进行了核算,结果分别为290.61Mt和940.69Mt,占中国生产活动碳排放总量的比重分别为28.47%和45.53%。进而构建结构分解分析模型,将影响出口贸易隐含碳排放变化的因素分解为4种:直接碳排放强度效应、中间生产技术效应、出口总量效应和出口结构效应。并以1997-2007年为样本期,进行了实证分析。结果显示,上述4个因素的贡献值分别为-638.95Mt、132.41 Mt1、266.38 Mt和-109.77Mt。可见造成出口贸易隐含碳排放增加的主要原因就在于出口总量的不断增长;其次是中间生产技术的变化。虽然直接碳排放强度下降和出口结构改善都产生了一定的减排效应,但是相对于巨大出口量所产生的增排效应,仍显得微不足道,因而中国的出口贸易隐含碳排放还是呈不断增长态势。     

中国数字经济碳排放:总量测算与趋势展望北大核心CSCDCSSCI

随着数字经济快速发展,数字硬件产品生产、数字技术应用以及数字基础设施建设运营的环境影响特别是碳排放问题引起了各界关注。文章根据国家统计局发布的《数字经济及其核心产业统计分类(2021)》,构建了数字经济碳排放测算框架,设计出数字经济碳排放的测算方法。计算结果显示,近年来中国数字经济产生的碳排放快速增加,占碳排放总量比重由2008年的0.80%上升至2018年的5.53%。据此趋势,文章推算出2020年数字经济碳排放占中国碳排放总量的比重已达6.31%。在排放总量增加过程中,数字产品和新型基础设施的碳排放结构也发生了明显变化。再与全球数字经济及国内制造业的排放水平相比,中国数字经济碳排放强度相对偏高,并不具备显著优势。进一步地,预测到2030年,中国数字经济碳排放占比将达到11.63%,成为中国碳排放主要来源之一。排放强度不低、总量增长过快的基本事实及趋势表明,中国数字经济尚未展现出绿色低碳的发展特质,与人们对这类新兴领域自带“绿色光环”的认知形成了较大偏差,意味着中国数字经济仍主要采取了粗放式外延扩张的发展方式,加大减排力度势在必行。今后,在大力发展数字经济、运用数字技术助推其他行业“精准”减排降耗的同时,应高度重视数字经济自身的排放问题,科学评估,前瞻布局,加强对数字经济碳排放的核算与监测,引导数字经济部门加快能源转型,提高数字产品及数字基础设施的能耗标准,鼓励数字经济企业践行绿色社会责任,积极探索可持续的减排路径,推动中国数字经济实现“双碳”目标。     

包含工业生产过程碳排放的产业部门隐含碳研揪

目前基于消费的隐含碳排放核算中主要计算的是能源消费导致的CO2排放,而不考虑水泥等工业生产过程中的CO2排放以及由此引发的其它产品中的隐含碳排放.本文对利用投入产出方法计算隐含碳排放的框架进行了扩展,从而可以同时计算各部门由能源消耗导致的隐含碳排放和由某些工业生产过程导致的隐含碳排放,并利用该框架计算并分析了2002年中国各部门最终消费和使用中的隐含碳排放情况.结果发现,建筑业是隐含碳排放最高的部门,而非金属矿物制品业的生产过程隐含碳排放占部门总隐含碳排放的比重最高.此外,研究发现,部门分类水平的粗细对于各部门生产过程隐含碳排放的核算结果具有较大的影响,除了建筑业之外,其他部门在较粗分类下核算的生产过程隐含碳排放偏高.而比较不同部门的隐含碳比重和增加值比重发现,建筑业耗用了大量的碳排放而产生的增加值较低,其他社会服务业则相反.     

中国电力行业的全周期碳足迹

在碳达峰与碳中和目标下,国家层面与各省份均在积极推动碳减排。电力行业作为我国最大的排放部门成为减排重点之一,然而电力行业存在的隐含碳排放造成实际排放低估,省际间碳转移导致省级碳减排不公平问题突出。因此识别电力行业全周期碳足迹,尤其是不同省份的隐含碳足迹以及省际间的转移碳足迹特征,有助于正确评估电力行业碳排放,科学界定不同省份的碳减排责任并合理分配。通过构建电力行业全周期点-流模型以揭示电力产业链中存在的能源活动,进而明确基于用电侧考虑的2018年全周期碳足迹,并刻画碳隐含度与碳转移依赖度指标来分析电力行业的隐含碳排放与省间转移碳排放。研究表明:(1)我国电力行业全周期碳排放系数为689 g/(kW·h),排放量为4.747×10⁹t,其中北方大部分地区排放系数偏高,山东最高达891 g/(kW·h),南方地区偏低,云南最低仅101 g/(kW·h)。(2)全国电力行业全周期碳隐含度为8.95%,东南沿海贫煤省与煤炭生产高排放省的碳隐含度偏高,贵州最高达14.63%,西北、华北富煤省的碳隐含度偏低,新疆最低仅4.94%;全国隐含碳排放量为4.25×10⁸t,广东隐含碳排放量最高达5.0×10⁷t,青海最低仅1.17×10⁶t。(3)全国电力行业全周期碳转移量为9.26×10⁸t,约占排放总量的19.5%,电力与煤炭自给率越低的省区对外碳转移依赖度越高,其中北京最高达71.24%;内蒙古、山西、陕西、宁夏、安徽、新疆、贵州是主要碳转入省,总转入7.11×10⁸t,其中内蒙古最高达2.64×10⁸t;江苏、浙江、广东、山东、河北、北京、辽宁、河南、上海是主要碳转出省,总转出6.92×108t,其中江苏最高达1.12×10⁸t;全国共有240对省存在碳转移,其中有102对的转移量超过1.0×10⁶t。在研究基础上,提出相应建议推动省级电力行业公平合理低碳发展。     

Formaldehyde in conventional homes in Taiwan

A survey was conducted in the humid environment of Taipei City during April and May of 1991, to investigate the indoor formaldehyde exposure and its health effects on 117 conventional households. The levels of formaldehyde were measured by the pararosaniline method. The details regarding construction, ventilation, combustion of fuel, burning of Chinese incense, and the complaints concerning the respiratory system were obtained by a questionnaire. The results show that the age of the pressed wood used in furniture and indoor decoration, the ventilation rate, the combustion of fuel, and the burning of Chinese incense significantly affect the levels of formaldehyde. The respiratory complaints found in this study were concluded here to be only partially accounted for by exposure to formaldehyde.     

Natural radionuclides in bottled water in Austria

Concentration levels of 226Ra, 222Rn and 210Pb were analyzed in domestic bottled waters commercially available in Austria. Concentrations up to 0.23 Bq/l, with a geometric mean of 0.041 Bq/l were found for 226Ra. Concentrations for 222Rn ranged from <0.12-18 Bq/l, the geometric mean being 0.54 Bq/l. Lead-210 was analyzed in selected samples, the concentrations ranging from <2 to 34 mBq/l, with a geometric mean of 4.7 mBq/l. Ingestion doses resulting from consumption of these waters were calculated for the geometric mean and the maximum concentrations of the three radionuclides. The effective dose equivalents for different age groups of the population due to the intake of 226Ra range from 0.001 to 0.22 mSv/y and of 210Pb from 0.0003 to 0.05 mSv/y. Ingestion doses from 222Rn are low compared to those from 226Ra and 210Pb, ranging from 0.0001 to 0.011 mSv/y for adults and children, respectively. The doses are compared to the total ingestion dose from dietary intake of natural radionuclides on an annual basis.     

Precipitation-driven decrease in wildfires in British Columbia

Trends of summer precipitation and summer temperature and their influence on trends in summer drought and area burned in British Columbia (BC) were investigated for the period 1920–2000. The complexity imposed by topography was taken into account by incorporating high spatial resolution climate and fire data. Considerable regional variation in trends and in climate–fire relationships was observed. A weak but significant increase in summer temperature was detected in northeastern and coastal BC, whereas summer precipitation increased significantly in all regions—by up to 45.9 %. A significant decrease in province-wide area burned and at the level of sub-units was strongly related to increasing precipitation, more so than to changing temperature or drought severity. A stronger dependence of area burned on precipitation, a variable difficult to predict, implies that projected changes in future area burned in this region may yield higher uncertainties than in regions where temperature is predominantly the limiting factor for fire activity. We argue that analyses of fire–climate relationships must be undertaken at a sufficiently high resolution such that spatial variability in limiting factors on area burned like precipitation, temperature, and drought is captured within units.     

Radon concentrations in a spa in Serbia

The paper presents the results of indoor radon concentration survey in 201 homes and offices in Niska Banja (the Spa of Nis), a well-known health resort and a spa in the South-East of Serbia. Radon indoor concentrations were determined by active charcoal method, according to standard EPA procedure. The indoor radon concentrations were in the range of up to 200 Bq/m(3) (47%), from 200-600 Bq/m(3) (26%) and over 600 Bq/m(3) (27%). Three areas of extremely high average radon concentrations were found (1,340-4,340 Bq/m(3)), with a maximum above 13,000 Bq/m(3). The content of natural radionuclides ((226)Ra, (214)Pb, (214)Bi, (235)U, (228)Ac, (212)Pb, (212)Bi, (208)Tl, (40)K) and (137)Cs, as well as the content of total uranium, thorium and potassium in mud used in peloidotherapy in the Health Institute "Niska Banja" was determined, too. The activities of the radionuclides were determined on an HPGe detector, by standard gamma spectroscopy. The results indicated considerably high amounts of total uranium and thorium (0.021 g/kg mud and 0.003 g/kg mud, respectively), due to the karsts origin of the soil.     

Trends in lung cancer in London in relation to exposure to diesel fumes

Mortality from lung cancer among males in England and Wales is now beginning to decline, and the urban excess that has persisted for many years is also becoming smaller. There is nothing in these national trends to suggest that pollution from diesel vehicles, which has been increasing in recent decades, would be involved. Some preliminary results are presented from a long-term study of the incidence of lung cancer among London Transport staff, including men who work in bus garages where there are high concentrations of smoke from diesel buses. Over the 25 year period from 1950–1974 the numbers of cases reported in each of the several job categories have been below those expected on the basis of Greater London rates. The absence of data on smoking habits makes it difficult to determine whether the small differences in rates between job categories are of any importance, but the standardised mortality ratios are all well within the range of those found in national studies of lung cancer mortality and smoking in relation to occupation.     

Seasonal changes in radon concentrations in buildings in the region of northeastern Poland

In this study, seasonal observations of radon concentration changes inside buildings carried out in the northeastern region of Poland is presented. One-year measurements of radon concentrations were performed in chosen buildings. The integral method of Cr-39 trace detectors in diffusive chambers was used. Mean values of radon concentrations were determined in monthly, 2-, 3-, 6-month, and annual observations. The fraction of a mean annual concentration of the value obtained in a shorter observation was calculated. Monthly concentration values were from about 0.2 to 14.9 of the annual mean. All buildings revealed seasonal fluctuation of radon concentration. Negative correlation of indoor radon concentration in the buildings and the mean temperature outside was observed in most examined buildings. The lowest coefficient range, determining which part of the annual mean value would be obtained in the 6-month observation, was gained for exposure begun in April or October.     

Participatory approach in vision setting: emerging initiatives in local municipalities in Japan

In this paper, we present the emerging practices in Japanese local municipalities, in which participatory methods are applied to envision sustainable future and relevant target settings. We selected three local cases: Higashiomi city, Kizugawa city and Nagakute city as emerging initiatives. A comparative analysis was carried out to identify commonalities and differences, and to derive lessons for appropriate governance and systems for participatory deliberation in future visioning. We argue that the deliberation processes served as a platform for effective communication, and that installing a mechanism that allows reflexive deliberation processes is the key to make participatory methods fully functional.     

Natural radionuclide content in building materials and gamma dose rate in dwellings in Cuba

An extensive research project to investigate the radioactive properties of Cuban building materials was carried out because there is a lack of information on the radioactivity of such materials in Cuba. In the framework of this project 44 samples of commonly used raw materials and building products were collected in five Cuban provinces. The activity concentrations of natural radionuclides were determined by gamma ray spectrometry using a p-type coaxial high purity germanium detector and their mean values were in the ranges: 9-857Bqkg(-1) for (40)K; 6-57Bqkg(-1) for (226)Ra; and 1.2-22Bqkg(-1) for (232)Th. The radium equivalent activity in the 44 samples varied from 4Bqkg(-1) (wood) to 272Bqkg(-1) (brick). A high pressure ionisation chamber was used to measure the indoor absorbed dose rate in 543 dwellings and workplaces in five Cuban provinces. The average absorbed dose rates in air ranged from 43nGyh(-1) (Holguín) to 73nGyh(-1) (Camagüey) and the corresponding population-weighted annual effective dose due to external gamma radiation was estimated to be 145+/-40microSv. This value is 51% lower than the effective dose due to internal exposure from inhalation of decay products of (222)Rn and (220)Rn and it is 16% higher than the calculated value for the typical room geometry of a Cuban house.     

Lead content in new decorative paints in India

The paint industry in India is broadly classified into two categories: organized sector and unorganized sector. Multinational and big Indian companies form the organized sector, whereas the small- and medium-scale industries which produce paints for the local market form the unorganized sector. The present study was undertaken to determine the level of lead in decorative paints in India. A total of 148 paint samples sourced from four organized sector companies and six unorganized sector companies were analyzed for the total lead content. Results of this study reveal that 39 % of the total paints tested (n = 148) contain lead more than 300 ppm, the voluntary limit prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standards, BIS (IS 15489:2011), and 45 % of the tested paints contain lead more than 90 ppm, the US limit. Further analysis of the data indicates that only 5 % of the tested paints manufactured by organized sector companies contain lead more than 300 ppm (n = 91), whereas 93 % of the tested paints manufactured by unorganized sector companies contain lead more than 300 ppm (n = 57). Comparison with earlier reported data suggests that while organized sector companies are gradually abandoning the use of lead-based compounds in their paints, the unorganized sector companies are still adding lead-based compounds intentionally in their paints despite the potential health hazards associated with it. The maximum concentration of lead obtained was 80,350 ppm in one of the paints manufactured by an unorganized sector company. The presence of high concentration of lead in yellow and green color paints indicates that color can be a predictor of lead content in decorative paints.