不同气团下嘉兴市春季气溶胶的粒径分布特征

使用宽范围粒径谱仪(WPS)对嘉兴市2015年5月1—31日10 nm—10μm的气溶胶粒径分布进行了测定,结合HYSPLIT轨迹模式的气团聚类分型结果,分析了不同类型气团下气溶胶数浓度和表面积浓度的日变化和粒径分布特征.结果表明,观测期间嘉兴市主要受5类气团控制,分别为海洋性气团(Type1,31%)、局地气团(Type2,32%)、西南内陆气团(Type3,25%)、海陆混合气团(Type4,8%)以及西北内陆气团(Type5,4%).气团类型对核模态(10—20 nm)和粗模态(1.0—10μm)粒子数浓度日变化的影响较大,其次是积聚模态(100—1000 nm)粒子,对爱根核模态(20—100 nm)粒子数浓度日变化的影响较小.不同类型气团下气溶胶数浓度谱分布均为单峰型分布,但是谱分布特征差异较大.不同类型气团下表面积浓度的日变化多为双峰型分布,峰值出现在07∶00—09∶00和17∶00—21∶00;气溶胶表面积浓度谱均为三峰型分布,峰值分别位于120—150 nm、500—700 nm和1.2—1.5μm,Type5气团下的表面积峰值浓度最小,Type3气团下的表面积峰值浓度最大.     

蜡烛燃烧产生的亚微米颗粒物的数量排放因子

蜡烛燃烧产生的亚微米颗粒物(在10nm-500nm范围内),稳定燃烧排放的颗粒物呈单峰正态分布,而非稳定燃烧呈近似双峰正态分布.将现场测得的浓度数据通过气溶胶动力方程转化为排放因子.结果表明,蜡烛燃烧产生的颗粒物在经过一段时间历程后,粒径谱会发生较大的变化,纳米级颗粒物逐渐消失,颗粒物的粒径有所增大.蜡烛在稳定燃烧环境下产生的亚微米颗粒物的数量排放因子为4.05×1012±0.73×1012个·g-1,在非稳定燃烧下的排放因子为1.49×1012±0.32×1012个·g-1.     

福建夏初不同山区背景点气溶胶数浓度特征及潜在源区

随着全球经济的发展,快速城市化使生态环境受到严重威胁,已成为全球的研究热点。以福建为例,利用细颗粒物测量仪Fidas Frog研究福建山区夏初时段不同背景下气溶胶数浓度的污染特征及周边城市化对其的影响,2017年6月分别在福建宁德古田(县城)、南平玉山(清洁地区)和福州七星坪(城市郊区)进行连续观测。结果表明,观测期间不同观测点颗粒物数浓度呈不同特征:古田气溶胶数浓度主要集中在小于400 nm处,气溶胶数浓度平均值为434.37 cm~(-3);玉山作为清洁地区,其平均气溶胶数浓度最低,积聚模态(0.18～1.00μm)和粗粒子模态(1.00～20.00μm)颗粒物数浓度相当;七星坪气溶胶平均数浓度最高,其气溶胶数浓度主要集中在小于500 nm处;古田和玉山数浓度粒径谱呈双峰型分布,而七星坪数浓度粒径谱呈单峰型分布。通过对后向轨迹聚类及气溶胶数浓度的潜在源权重分析,得到古田强潜在源区为观测点以南区域,受古田县城人为活动影响较大;玉山和七星坪强潜在源区都在观测点西南区域,七星坪积聚模态气溶胶主要来自厦门、泉州、莆田和福州等沿海城市。     

陶瓷球颗粒在圆形漏斗中下落速度的PIV研究

利用PIV(粒子图像测速技术)对重力作用下陶瓷球颗粒在圆形漏斗底部出口下落的速度场进行了测量和分析.分别测量了漏斗中陶瓷球颗粒在不同起始颗粒层高度下出口处的速度、同一起始颗粒层高度下不同漏斗底部出口大小时的速度和同一出口条件下不同粒径时的速度.对不同下落高度时陶瓷球的下落速度进行了比较.结果表明,不同起始颗粒层高度对陶瓷球速度没有影响,同一粒径陶瓷球,颗粒速度随着出口的增大而增大;同一底部出口时,颗粒速度随着粒径的减小而增大.     

利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法表征环境中金属纳米颗粒

本文利用珀金埃尔默最新的Nex ION~ 2000型电感耦合等离子体质谱仪对金属纳米颗粒的粒径和浓度进行了表征.结果显示,Nex ION 2000可对粒径10 nm以下的纳米颗粒进行准确测量,也可对不同粒径的纳米颗粒混合物进行区分和表征.     

油菜地CO2、N2O排放及其影响因素

2005年11月至2006年5月采用静态箱法对成都平原典型水稻 - 油菜轮作区油菜地CO2、N2O排放通量进行原位测定.结果表明,CO2排放通量为121.4～1 585.8 mg·m-2·h-1,平均656.8 mg·m-2·h-1;N2O排放通量为18.0～521.0 μg·m-2·h-1,平均168.0 μg·m-2·h-1.在整个油菜生长期内,地下5 cm土壤温度与CO2、N2O排放通量之间呈指数函数关系.3种不同处理油菜地CO2、N2O排放通量均为常规处理＞无氮处理＞裸地处理.土壤温度、施氮和植物生长是影响油菜地CO2、N2O排放的主要因素.     

广州市灰霾期间大气颗粒物中有机碳和元素碳的粒径分布

使用冲击式采样器(MOUDI)采集广州市灰霾形成过程的大气颗粒物.分析了有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC).结果表明,灰霾期间大气主要消光部分积聚态颗粒物及其中的OC和EC,在PM10(可吸入颗粒物)中所占的比例及其绝对浓度要远高于正常天气.正常天气OC和EC呈双模态分布,严重灰霾天气EC的粒径分布呈单一模态分布,OC的粒径分布呈双模态分布,峰值都向大粒径方向偏移.结果显示,大气颗粒物、OC和EC在积聚态的大幅度增长是形成灰霾天气的重要原因.     

纳米金颗粒进入梨形四膜虫体内的方式及其分布

以梨形四膜虫为模式动物,研究水体中的纳米金颗粒进入生物体的方式、分布及其生物学效应.实验中所采用的纳米金颗粒平均粒径为13 nm,分散均匀.透射电镜结果表明,纳米金颗粒可以通过口沟（进食）和细胞膜（内吞）两种方式进入梨形四膜虫体内;纳米金颗粒进入梨形四膜虫体内后,主要分布在食物泡中,另外细胞质和细胞核（大核）中也含有少量的纳米金颗粒.同时,研究表明在实验所用的浓度范围内,纳米金颗粒对梨形四膜虫无明显毒性.     

噻唑蓝试验(MTT)法评价纳米TiO_2的细胞毒性

探讨纳米TiO2颗粒对原代培养的巨噬细胞、淋巴细胞的毒性效应及作用机制.选用了平均粒径为15nm左右的纳米TiO2制备颗粒悬液,设立6个剂量组(0、2、20、60、100、200μg·ml-1)分别对小鼠巨噬细胞、淋巴细胞进行24、48h染毒培养,利用细胞形态学观察和噻唑蓝试验(MTT比色法)检测纳米TiO2颗粒对巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞活性的影响.结果表明,纳米TiO2颗粒均能明显影响巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞的生长形态,染毒24h后,巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞都呈现不同程度的回缩变形,细胞间隙增大,巨噬细胞内颗粒物随纳米TiO2颗粒浓度的增大而增多,细胞折光性下降;纳米TiO2颗粒在24h内对巨噬细胞具有明显的抑制作用,而对淋巴细胞却有一定的增殖作用;在48h内都呈现一定的抑制作用,且存在剂量-效应关系,随着纳米TiO2浓度的升高,其对巨噬细胞的毒性也显著增大。     

秋季COS和DMS在草坪与大气间的交换

利用静态箱法研究了羰基硫 (COS)和二甲基硫 (DMS)在绿化草坪与大气之间的交换 .在秋季 ,草坪对COS的吸收通量为 0 75— 1 4 5 μg·m- 2 ·h- 1 ,对DMS的排放通量为0 0 5— 0 35 μg·m- 2 ·h- 1 .COS和DMS的交换通量与环境温度、光照及初始浓度等因素有关 ,其中 ,周围大气COS的浓度对草坪吸收COS的影响最为明显 .草坪对COS的吸收通量与DMS的排放通量呈正相关 ,相关系数 (R2 )大于 0 7.此外 ,COS的垂直分布也表明草坪对COS具有明显的吸收作用     

柴油发电机房噪声治理的优化设计及应用

目前柴油发电机房噪声的设计与治理方法没有形成固定的模式，为了解决这个问题，文章以某柴油发电机房噪声治理为例，对该噪声控制进行理论探讨、设计计算和技术优化。以此为据完成了工程，取得了良好的处理效果。并为柴油发电机房噪声控制提供了一种可供参考的方法。     

降低汽油机冷起动阶段有害排放的技术措施

在汽油机的一个测试循环中,约占排放污染物总量70%～80%的非甲烷碳氢化合物是在汽油机冷起动阶段没有经催化转化而直接排入大气中,造成严重污染。研究探讨了使用高效汽油添加剂、催化器减少汽油机冷起动排放污染物的机理和实况,进而提出了一些可行的实用方案。     

内燃机排气中醛、酮污染物的测定

采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术,在流动相为乙腈/水的梯度淋洗条件下,对内燃机排气中醛、酮污染物同时进行分离测定.结果表明,吸附管的采样效率＞95%,平行样相对标准偏差＜10%,回收率为87.5%-115.0%;利用二级管阵列检测器在醛、酮衍生物各自最大吸收波长检测13种醛、酮类衍生物.醛、酮最低检出限为0.6-2.7μg·l-1,线性范围2.1-13333μg·l-1.     

Combined use of earthworm (Alma millsoni) and bacterium (Bacillus sp.) improved the bioremediation of spent engine oil contaminated soil

This study was carried out to assess the effectiveness of the combined use of earthworm (Alma millsoni) and bacterium (Bacillus sp.) in the bioremediation of spent engine oil (SEO) contaminated soils. A. millisoni were collected from the Botanical Garden of University of Ibadan, Nigeria. The stock culture of hydrocarbonoclastic Bacillus sp. was used for the bioremediation study. A set-up of eight pots containing 1000?g soil sample and 20?g of cow dung were mixed with 100, 75, 50 and 0?mL SEO respectively. Each of the set up was subjected to bioremediation agents; A. millisoni alone, Bacillus sp alone, A. millisoni and Bacillus sp, no treatment (control) in duplicate. Treatment of 100?ml SEO contaminated soil with combined A. millisoni and Bacillus sp resulted in significantly (P? bacterium > vermi-remediating agents. Earthworms exposed to 100?mLSEO-contaminated soil had higher CAT, SOD, and GPx activities compared to the control. Findings indicated that A. millisoni with Bacillus sp. can synergistically improve bioremediation of SEO contaminated soils.     

Quantification of emission variability for off-road equipment in China based on real-world measurements

• Emissions from 53 in-use diesel-fueled off-road equipment were measured. • There exists a large off-road equipment variability in emissions. • Engine operations have significant impacts on real-world tailpipe emissions. • Emission inventory development should take into account job duties and operations. The objective of this paper is to quantify the variability in emissions of off-road equipment using a portable emission measurement system. A total of 53 commonly used equipment for agriculture, base construction, paving construction, and material handling were selected. Time-based and fuel-based emissions were quantified by different duty and engine modes. Three duty modes (idling, moving, and working) were used. Ten engine modes were defined based on normalized engine revolutions-per-minute and manifold absolute pressure, respectively. Composite emission factors taking into account both duty modes and its corresponding time percentage during a typical duty cycle were estimated. Results showed that there existed a large off-road equipment variability in emissions. Depending on duty and engine modes, time-based NO emissions ranged from 3.1 to 237.9, 29.1‒1475.6, 83.2‒681.6, and 3.2‒385.2 g/h for agriculture, base construction, paving construction and material handling equipment, respectively while for fuel-based NO emissions these ranges were 5.3‒52.0, 11.7‒69.0, 4.8‒30.8, and 11.0‒54.6 g/kg, respectively. Furthermore, emission factors derived from this study exhibited a much larger variability compared to those used in NONROAD by US EPA and National Guideline for Off-road Equipment of China. This implied that localized measurements of emissions are needed for improvement of accuracy of emission inventory. Furthermore, both equipment types and operations should be considered for development of emission inventory and control strategy.     

汽油车尾气亚慢性暴露对小鼠肺的损伤作用

机动车尾气是我国大气细颗粒物PM_(2.5)污染的主要来源之一,长期暴露于机动车尾气对动物呼吸系统及其他多种脏器造成损害。为探索长期暴露于汽油燃烧的汽车尾气对小鼠肺组织的损伤作用,将51只雄性8周龄SPF级ICR小鼠随机分为7个处理。其中,空气对照组1个(6只);箱体对照组3个:0.5 h对照组(5只)、1 h对照组(8只)、2 h对照组(8只);汽油车尾气暴露组3个:0.5 h暴露组(8只)、1 h暴露组(8只)、2 h暴露组(8只)。小鼠每天在自制染毒箱中暴露0.5 h、1 h、2 h。95 d的暴露实验后,处死实验鼠,测定其肺组织的炎症因子白介素-6(IL-6)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、转化生长因子β(TGF-β),并制作小鼠肺部病理学切片进行HE染色。暴露实验过程中,观察记录小鼠行为特征,测定箱体内O_2、NO_x、NO_2、NO、SO_2和CO的浓度。采集汽油车尾气的PM2.5,对其水溶性阴离子(F~-、Cl~-、NO_2~-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-))、水溶性阳离子(Na~+、NH_4~+、Ca~(2+)、K~+、Mg~(2+))、有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)、7种重金属元素(Cu、Ni、Mn、Zn、Pb、As、Cr)、16种多环芳烃(PAHs)浓度等进行了测定。结果表明:(1)亚慢性染毒箱内汽油车尾气PM2.5所分析的化学物质中,OC浓度最高,占PM2.5中总化学物质浓度的75.5%;其次是EC,占22.9%;再次是阴离子和阳离子,分别占1.11%和0.27%。(2)3个暴露组小鼠活跃程度降低,暴露5～8 min后进入睡眠或休息状态,呼吸频率降低,小鼠通过这些行为来减少汽油车尾气的伤害。(3)汽油车尾气长期暴露组的体重增长率与各自对照组之间不存在显著差异,但2 h暴露组体重增长率明显小于2 h对照组,且2 h暴露组在第14周开始体重有下降的趋势。(4)与对照组相比,1 h暴露组的IL-6和0.5 h暴露组的TNF-α显著升高,说明汽油车尾气暴露造成小鼠肺炎症损伤,使IL-6、TNF-α的分泌增加。随着暴露时间的延长,IL-6和TNF-α表现为2 h暴露组分别显著低于1 h暴露组和0.5 h暴露组,意味长期暴露后小鼠肺部受到严重伤害,免疫力严重下降,不再有积极的抗炎性反应。(5)组织病理观察表明,与开放对照组比较,3个汽油车尾气暴露组小鼠肺部组织充血较为严重,大量淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞浸润,肺泡间质增生明显,呈现出随时间延长损伤加重的梯度差异。(6)汽油车尾气长期暴露可致实验鼠肺脏损伤,且随着暴露时间的增加,对肺组织造成的损伤程度增加。     

Investigating the potential for different scooter and car exhaust emissions to cause cytotoxic and (pro-)inflammatory responses to a 3D in vitro model of the human epithelial airway

The aim of this study was to compare the cytotoxicity and the (pro-)inflammatory responses of two-stroke (direct injection and carburetor technology) and four-stroke scooter and diesel car exhaust emissions on lung cells in vitro. This was analyzed by exposing a 3D in vitro model of the epithelial airway (consisting of human bronchial epithelial cells (cell line 16HBE14o^?) combined with human whole blood monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells) to physically characterized exhaust emissions. Biological endpoints of cytotoxicity (lactate dehydrogenase release), as well as pro-inflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) and inflammatory chemokine (interleukin(IL)-8) stimulation were examined. Two-stroke direct injection scooter exhaust contained the highest particle number concentration and nitrogen oxides (NO _x ) concentrations and the emissions from the two-stroke carburetor scooter contained the highest hydrocarbon and lowest NO _x concentrations. The four-stroke scooter emitted the highest carbon monoxide concentration whereas the cars emitted the lowest. The combination of various technical optimizations for the two-stroke direct injection scooter (particle filter, oxidative catalyst, better oil and fuel) reduced the total emissions strongly and the TNF-α concentration significantly (p?相似文献   

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.