广西大明山两栖动物多样性时空格局观测

两栖动物对环境变化非常敏感,可作为生物多样性监测的指示物种。为了解两栖动物种类、种群数量、生存状态以及受威胁状况,于2016—2018年的4、6和8月对广西大明山样区两栖动物多样性的时空格局进行观测。观测方法主要采用样线法(共布设10条样线),并以人工庇护所法作为补充。观测结果表明,广西大明山样区的两栖动物总计5科14属18种,其中鸭嘴竹叶蛙(Odorrana nasuta)、金秀纤树蛙(Gracixalus jinxiuensis)和红吸盘棱皮树蛙(Theloderma rhododiscus)是该保护区的新增物种。不同样线观测到的物种数或个体数略有差异,不同月份的物种丰富度和香农-威纳指数均呈显著性差异,而Pielou均匀度指数差异不显著。不同年份间的物种丰富度、香农-威纳指数和Pielou均匀度指数均无显著性差异。此外,保护区内和保护区外的物种丰富度和香农-威纳指数呈显著性差异,而Pielou均匀度指数无显著性差异。方差分析结果显示,物种丰富度、香农-威纳指数分别与海拔相关性显著,而Pielou均匀度指数与海拔没有显著相关性。物种丰富度、香农-威纳指数、Pielou均匀度指数与生境类型均无显著相关性。总体来说,大明山样区的两栖动物物种数和个体数趋于稳定,意味着其受保护状况较好。在人为干扰较弱的常绿阔叶林、草本泥泽、竹林区,两栖动物种类和数量分布比较均匀,而在低海拔山区和农田,两栖动物物种数和香农-威纳指数较高。     

晋西黄土区封禁流域植被群落组成及物种多样性变化

以晋西黄土区蔡家川封禁26年的小流域为研究对象,采用样线调查技术,对其植被群落特征进行了调查.结合1996年的调查资料,对6种生境类型在不同封育年限条件下群落的物种组成变化进行了对比分析,并运用物种多样性指数、均匀度指数以及生态优势度对调查区域群落物种多样性进行了分析.结果表明:随着封育年限的增加,乔木树种的比例有所上升,灌木的比例有所下降,群落中乔灌木物种更为均衡;研究区域群落整体上物种多样性指数、均匀度指数均有显著提高,生态优势度有所下降,群落朝着更为丰富、均匀、稳定的方向发展.     

不同尺度中国大陆灵长目物种丰富度的地理格局及其与环境因子和人类活动的关系

物种丰富度的分布格局及其成因有多种假说,其中生态假说中能量假说、生境异质性假说和气候假说目前被广泛接受.本文通过代表不同假说的26个环境变量,同时也利用人口密度、农田牧场面积表征人类活动强度,分别在100 km×100 km、200 km×200 km和400 km×400 km尺度上,基于特征值的空域滤波模型的方法分析中国大陆灵长类物种丰富度与环境因子和人类活动之间的关系.结果表明,在所有分析的空间尺度上,中国大陆灵长类物种丰富度呈现纬度梯度格局,即由南向北逐渐递减.其中,华南区的滇西南山地省和滇南边地省是物种最为丰富的区域,东北区、华北区、蒙新区和青藏区大部分地区基本上没有分布.在不同空间尺度上,虽然影响中国大陆灵长类物种丰富度大尺度格局的主要因素不相一致,但环境能量假说(以潜在蒸发散表示)和气候假说(以年均温度表示)相互作用,共同影响中国大陆灵长类物种丰富度大尺度地理分布格局.当表征人类活动相关的指标和环境因子一起分析时,结果表明人类活动强度对灵长类物种丰富度地理格局有影响,这对加强灵长类物种保护有参考意义.     

九龙山南方铁杉群落物种多样性及乔木种种间联结性

采用物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Weiner指数、Simpson指数、Pielou均匀度指数研究南方铁杉(Tsuga tchekiangensis)群落物种多样性.同时在2×2联列表基础上,应用x2检验、联结系数AC、种间共同出现的百分率PC研究南方铁杉群落19个乔木种群的种间联结性.结果表明:(1)物种丰富度的大小均表现为灌木层大于乔木层,乔木层中物种丰富度为乔木中层>乔木下层>乔木上层.(2)乔木层、乔木层上层和乔木层中层的Shannon-Weiner指数、Simpson指数、Pielou均匀度指数在1 300～1 500 m随海拔升高而增大,在1 500～1 620 m随海拔升高而减小,物种随海拔梯度变化呈现"中间高度膨胀"现象;乔木下层和灌木层则表现为相反规律.(3)x2统计度量值表明,在162个种对中,147对联结关系未达到显著水平,种间的独立性较大;共同出现的百分率PC表明多数种对之间联结程度不显著,南方铁杉、猴头杜鹃(Rhododendron simoarum)、木荷(Schima superba)三者联结是比较紧密的;联结系数AC表明,南方铁杉与厚皮香(Temstroemia gymnanthe)、多脉冬青(Ilexpolyneura)、红花油茶(Camellia chekiang-oleosa)、浙江樟(Cinnamomum chekiangense)、青冈栎(Cyclobalanopsis glauc)等种对存在显著负联结,表明这几个树种对南方铁杉的生长存在重要影响,在营造林工林时应重点加于考虑.     

旱泉沟流域次生植被不同恢复阶段的多样性特征

采用TWINSPAN和DCA对旱泉沟流域次生植物群落进行了数量分类和排序,将植物群系划分为不同的群落类型,显示出植被群落的分布格局。在此基础上,应用物种丰富度、Simpson优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数分别研究不同植被群落类型物种多样性。通过各种指数对比,得出以下结论：①植被被划分为7个群落类型,代表了植被恢复的不同阶段;②对于特定的研究区域茶树沟,制约植被群落类型、植物种分布格局的主要因素是水分和热量;③从阶段Ⅰ到阶段Ⅶ,Simpson优势度指数,乔木、灌木、草本基本持平,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为乔木〈灌木〈草本,Pielou均匀度指数,乔木〉草本〉灌木,物种丰富度逐渐升高。群落的物种组成和空间结构逐渐复杂化,并趋于稳定。     

外来入侵植物紫茎泽兰对植物多样性的影响

采用样方法调查了云南省和四川省5个受紫茎泽兰入侵的样地中草本植物和灌木的种类和数量,分析了其物种丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数.结果表明,5个样地采得本地植物87种,其中常见本地植物32种,隶属19科31属.紫茎泽兰入侵造成5种生境条件下物种丰富度指数下降显著或极显著.除样地d外,其他样地紫茎泽兰入侵的样方Simpson多样性指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数下降显著或极显著.而紫茎泽兰入侵对Pielou均匀度指数的影响则没有表现出明显的规律.不同生境条件下,植物群落的季节变化有所不同,以一年生草本植物为主的群落,其多样性指数和均匀度指数下降趋势较以多年生草本植物和灌木为主的群落更为明显.     

三江平原湿地不同土地利用生境地表甲虫群落结构

2007年6月至9月,对三江平原湿地6种不同土地利用生境下地表甲虫群落结构的调查结果显示,所采集的1 646个地表甲虫标本隶属25科,其中步甲、隐翅虫和叩甲3科个体数量较多,分别占总数的52.9%、20.1%和10.8%,共同构成本研究区的优势类群。对该甲虫群落的物种丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度指数的分析结果表明,大豆田地表甲虫数量最多,松树林最少;物种丰富度以白桦-蒙古栎林最高,杨树林最低;多样性指数以田埂最高,杨树林最低;均匀度指数以田埂最高,杨树林最低。土地利用方式对地表甲虫数量、多样性有显著影响,对均匀度无显著影响;季节变化对地表甲虫数量无显著影响,但对地表甲虫多样性和均匀度有显著影响。     

雅安市谢家山两种密度柳杉人工林群落结构和物种多样性研究

林分密度是影响林分生长、群落结构及生物多样性的重要因素之一,对近自然森林的经营改造、森林生态系统稳定性的维持及林业可持续发展具有重要意义。为研究林分密度对群落结构和物种多样性的影响,并探索维持人工林生态系统的稳定性和促进近自然林业改造的合理林分密度,采用典型样地法,以物种丰富度指数D值、Shannon-wienner指数H值、Simpson优势度指数H′值和均匀度指数Jsw值作为综合衡量群落物种多样性的指标,对比研究了雅安市谢家山两种林分密度(高密度和低密度)对柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei)人工林群落结构和物种多样性的影响。结果表明:(1)共记录到植物109种,隶属57科95属。高密度群落物种组成为乔木11种,灌木27种,草本41种;低密度群落物种组成为乔木17种,灌木35种,草本35种;(2)从群落结构上看,在高密度下,物种多分布在中径级(胸径11.0~23.0cm)和高高度级(高度15.0~24.0 m);在低密度下,物种多分布在小、中径级(胸径5.0~23.0 cm)和小、中高度级(高度9.0~21.0 m);(3)两种密度下群落的各指数均表现为:草本层灌木层乔木层。物种丰富度指数D值在乔木层和灌木层表现为低密度高密度,在草本层表现为低密度高密度。从Simpson指数H′值、Shannon-Wiener指数H值和均匀度指数值Jsw值分析来看,乔木层这些指数均表现为低密度高密度,而灌木和草本层则与之相反;研究认为低密度(1 250~1 375/(株·hm-2))更利于谢家山地区柳杉人工林多样性的维持及柳杉树种的自然更新。     

林窗对马尾松人工林植物多样性的影响

为了解人工抚育调控林窗对马尾松人工林植物多样性的影响,以长江上游低山丘陵区39年生的马尾松人工林为研究对象,人为砍伐形成不同大小(100-1 600 m2)的林窗共计21个,研究了林窗、林窗边缘、林下的植物多样性.结果表明:马尾松人工林林窗内外的丰富度指数R0(物种数)、Simpson生态优势度指数(SP)、Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数(SW)差异显著(P0.05),其丰富度指数的大小顺序是林窗林窗边缘林下.不同大小林窗之间的丰富度指数也有显著差异(P0.05),但Simpson生态优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数(Jsw)差异均不显著.不同大小林窗边缘的丰富度指数、优势度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数均没有显著差异(P0.05).综合来看,林窗的形成显著提高了马尾松人工林林下植物的丰富度,林窗大小对林下植物的物种组成和丰富度也有显著影响.     

历山山核桃群落物种多样性特征

采用Patrick指数、Simpson指数、Shannon指数、Pielou指数、Alatalo指数等5个多样性指数,结合TWINSPAN分类,研究历山自然保护区山核桃(Juglans mandshurica)群落的物种多样性与群落类型、结构及环境因子的关系.结果表明:TWINSPAN分类将35个样方分为7个群丛,各群丛的物种丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数之间存在差异,各群丛乔木层、灌木层和草本层之间的丰富度指数和均匀度指数也存在差异,山核桃群落物种多样性受其所处的坡向、坡度、土壤类型等物理微环境及群落物种组成、干扰等共同影响.方差分析结果表明:各群丛间丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数差异不显著,各群丛乔木层、灌木层和草本层之间的丰富度指数和均匀度指数也差异不显著,这说明山核桃群落生境异质性小,物种对地带性气候有相似的适应特征以及相似的资源利用方式.     

天津市“城-郊-乡”样带土壤种子库特征分析

为了解天津市不同地理位置土壤种子库物种组成和群落结构的变化,沿天津市设置＂城区—城郊—远郊＂的生态样带,在6个典型样地选取20个样方进行土壤种子库的采样工作并进行萌发试验。结果表明：土壤种子库的密度、物种组成及群落结构差异性明显,除趋势对应分析后分异出典型的城市土壤种子库、城郊土壤种子库、远郊土壤种子库3种类型。从远郊到城区,土壤种子库的密度递增,相似性指数也递增,而物种丰富度却递减。相比远郊地区,城区、城郊区土壤种子库物种丰富度损失率分别为66.67%、45.23%。城区因城市化水平较高及频繁的人为干扰致使土壤种子库物种呈现匀质化特点,物种多为一年生的耐踩踏草本。城郊区的多样性指数、生态优势度指数、均匀度指数最低,但是种子库密度较大,物种丰富,萌发种子中木本植物可观,适合用于进行植被恢复的试验研究。     

南京市郊蔬菜地土壤中重金属含量的时空变化规律

测定了28份蔬菜地土壤样品中的铜、锌、铅、镉、汞的含量,从城市化的角度研究了南京市郊蔬菜地土壤重金属在“城区、郊区和农区”的水平空间变化和在层次间的纵向空间变化,并结合历史数据分析了蔬菜地土壤重金属的时间累积作用。结果表明,城市化影响重金属的水平空间变化,蔬菜地土壤重金属含量随着蔬菜地与城市距离的增加,在城区到郊区这一距离段呈下降趋势,在郊区到农区则基本不变;城市化影响重金属的纵向空间变化,蔬菜地各重金属元素表层减底层差值的均值,城区均为正值且绝对值较高,郊区和农区各值都在0浓度附近摆动且绝对值较小。由于受城市化的时间累积作用的影响,1999年土壤中重金属Pb和Zn含量显著高于1985年。     

Contribution of Urban Expansion and a Changing Climate to Decline of a Butterfly Fauna

Butterfly populations are naturally patchy and undergo extinctions and recolonizations. Analyses based on more than 2 decades of data on California's Central Valley butterfly fauna show a net loss in species richness through time. We analyzed 22 years of phenological and faunistic data for butterflies to investigate patterns of species richness over time. We then used 18–22 years of data on changes in regional land use and 37 years of seasonal climate data to develop an explanatory model. The model related the effects of changes in land‐use patterns, from working landscapes (farm and ranchland) to urban and suburban landscapes, and of a changing climate on butterfly species richness. Additionally, we investigated local trends in land use and climate. A decline in the area of farmland and ranchland, an increase in minimum temperatures during the summer and maximum temperatures in the fall negatively affected net species richness, whereas increased minimum temperatures in the spring and greater precipitation in the previous summer positively affected species richness. According to the model, there was a threshold between 30% and 40% working‐landscape area below which further loss of working‐landscape area had a proportionally greater effect on butterfly richness. Some of the isolated effects of a warming climate acted in opposition to affect butterfly richness. Three of the 4 climate variables that most affected richness showed systematic trends (spring and summer mean minimum and fall mean maximum temperatures). Higher spring minimum temperatures were associated with greater species richness, whereas higher summer temperatures in the previous year and lower rainfall were linked to lower richness. Patterns of land use contributed to declines in species richness (although the pattern was not linear), but the net effect of a changing climate on butterfly richness was more difficult to discern. Contribución de la Expansión Urbana y un Clima Cambiante a la Declinación de la Fauna de Mariposas     

Importance of Reserve Size and Landscape Context to Urban Bird Conservation

Abstract:  We tested whether reserve size, landscape surrounding the reserve, and their interaction affect forest songbirds in the metropolitan area of Seattle, Washington (U.S.A.), by studying 29 reserves of varying size (small, medium, large) and surrounding urbanization intensity (urban, suburban, exurban). Larger reserves contained richer and less even bird communities than smaller reserves. These size effects disappeared when we removed the positive correlation of shrub diversity with reserve size, suggesting that greater habitat diversity in large reserves supported additional species, some of which were rare. Standardizing the number of individuals detected among all reserve size classes reversed the effect of size on richness in exurban landscapes and reduced the magnitude of the effect in suburban or urban landscapes. The latter change suggested that richness increased with reserve size in most landscapes because larger areas also supported larger samples from the regional bird species pool. Most bird species associated with native forest habitat (native forest species) and with human activity (synanthropic species) were present in reserves larger than 42 ha and surrounded by >40% urban land cover, respectively. Thus, we recommend these thresholds as means for conserving the composition of native bird communities in this mostly forested region. Native forest species were least abundant and synanthropic species most abundant in urban landscapes, where exotic ground and shrub vegetation was most common. Therefore, control of exotic vegetation may benefit native songbird populations. Bird nests in shrubs were most dense in medium (suburban) and large reserves (urban) and tended to be most successful in medium (suburban) and large reserves (exurban), potentially supplying another mechanism by which reserve size increased retention of native forest species.     

The Botanist Effect Revisited: Plant Species Richness, County Area, and Human Population Size in the United States

Abstract:  The "botanist effect" is thought to be the reason for higher plant species richness in areas where botanists are disproportionately present as an artefactual consequence of a more thorough sampling. We examined whether this was the case for U.S. counties. We collated the number of species of vascular plants, human population size, and the area of U.S. counties. Controlling for spatial autocorrelation and county area, plant species richness increased with human population size and density in counties with and without universities and/or botanical gardens, with no significant differences in the relation between the two subsets. This is consistent with previous findings and further evidence of a broad-scale positive correlation between species richness and human population presence, which has important consequences for the experience of nature by inhabitants of densely populated regions. Combined with the many reports of a negative correlation between the two variables at a local scale, the positive relation between plant species richness in U.S. counties and human population presence stresses the need for the conservation of seminatural areas in urbanized ecosystems and for the containment of urban and suburban sprawl.     

Identification of ecologically significant habitats for urban nature conservation: a case study in Turkey

Given the rapid urbanization of Turkey, sustained productivity of natural resources should be an integral part of any urban development policy. The biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem services link urban and rural ecosystems. It is, therefore, essential that ecologically significant habitats along urban-rural continuum be protected to secure public and environmental health. This necessitates their identification and the establishment of administrative and legal foundations for urban nature conservation in the management of urban habitats, should be established Ecological analysis of urban habitats of Kar?iyaka led to the identification of 19 ecologically significant habitats. Nature conservation priority was rated, using rarity, species richness, stratification, site age, and area of the habitats. Ecologically significant habitats made up about 54 ha of the total urban green space of 289 ha in Kar?iyaka. The total number of plant species was estimated to be 273.     

上海市区与郊区降水的离子组成特征及来源

通过测试上海市区与郊区2008年4月—2009年3月的降水样品中的主要离子浓度值,分析了各离子的浓度变化特征和来源。结果发现：市区总离子浓度值为冬季〉秋季〉春季〉夏季,各离子平均浓度值为SO4^2-〉Ca^2＋〉NH4〉Cl^-〉NO3^-〉Na^＋〉Mg^2＋〉F^＋〉K^＋;郊区总离子浓度值为秋季〉冬季〉春季〉夏季,各离子平均浓度值为SO4^2-〉NH4〉Ca^2＋〉Cl^-〉Na^＋〉NO3^-〉Mg^2＋〉F^-〉K^＋。经定量探源分析,发现降水中离子浓度受人为活动影响严重,市区、郊区降水离子的人为源分别占离子总量的76．8％和71．7％。阴离子中,市区与郊区SO4^2-的人为源所占比例均为最高,cl一的海源大于人为源,且郊区海源比例比市区高10．5％;NO3^-、F^-等均来自人为源。阳离子中,K^＋以陆源为主,市区有部分为人为源;Ca^2＋以人为源为主,且市区人为源比例高于郊区;Mg^2＋以陆源为主,且市区所占比例小于郊区。     

若尔盖西部草甸的基本类型、特点及近几十年来的变化

2000年8月对若尔盖西部草地的调查，确定了该地18个草丛类型（不包括典型的沼泽植被）。经群丛间Pearson最大相关系数配合生境作图，将该地区的草地群丛分成3大类，即沼生草地，中生性草甸和旱生性草地。各群丛的SW指数，物种丰富度，地上生物量，裸地面积按照生境序列作图，显示中性草甸具有最高的物种丰富度和地上生物量。群丛C和J分别是沼生和旱生植被与中生性草甸之间的拐点式过渡类型，其物种丰富度明显比周期的群丛低，生境转换关键种分别为鹅绒委陵菜和垂穗披碱草。在草地物种组成上，杂类草占81．3％，莎草类仅占6．8％；群丛建群种方面，杂类草占61％，莎草类占28％；在次优势种方面，杂类草和禾草所占比重都有所增加。草原成分出现在丛中生至旱生的群丛中，在有些群丛中甚至成为次优势种。沼泽消退，黄河河道附近沙化以及过牧的阳坡山地生长带刺的旱生化植被，说明当地正经历着干旱化的过程，原因不仅有自然的还有人为的，特别是草地的过度使用。最后对当地草场的管理及发展提出了一些建议。图3表2参20     

宁夏东北部典型荒漠草原植物群落与土壤养分特征

以宁夏东北部荒漠草原为研究区,采用野外样方调查、采样和室内植物鉴定、土壤样品测定等方法,探析研究区内植物群落物种组成与土壤养分特征,以及植物多样性指数与土壤养分的相关关系,以期为中国荒漠治理、生物资源保护与可持续性利用提供依据。结果显示:(1)研究区植物共86种,隶属61属21科,其中禾本科(18种)、豆科(16种)、菊科(13种)和藜科(11种)植物占总物种数的67.44%;(2)研究区土壤总体上呈碱性,pH值平均为8.81,全氮、全磷、有机质的质量分数(0-10 cm土层)分别为0.07-0.54、0.16-0.51、0.51-6.24 g·kg^-1;(3)研究区植物多样性指数中的Margalef丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与土壤pH值呈显著负相关,与其他土壤养分的相关关系未达到显著水平,其他植物多样性指数与土壤养分的关系均未达到显著水平。研究表明,宁夏东北部荒漠草原植物种类少,禾本科、豆科植物优势明显,土壤养分条件差,土壤全氮、全磷、有机质对植物多样性指数的影响不大。     

Determinants of local extinction and turnover rates in urban bird communities.

Studying the effects of urbanization on the dynamics of communities has become a priority for biodiversity conservation. The consequences of urbanization are mainly an increased fragmentation of the original landscapes associated with a decrease in the amount of favorable habitats and an increased pressure of human activities on the remaining patches suitable for wildlife. Patterns of bird species richness have been studied at different levels of urbanization, but little is known about the temporal dynamics of animal communities in urban landscapes. In particular, urbanization is expected to have stronger negative effects on migratory breeding bird communities than on sedentary ones, which should lead to different patterns of change in composition. Using an estimation method accounting for heterogeneity in species detection probability and data collected between 2001 and 2003 within a suburban area near the city of Paris, France, we tested whether these communities differ in their local extinction and turnover rates. We considered the potential effects of patch size and distance to Paris' center as a measure of the degree of urbanization around the patches. As expected, local rates of extinction and turnover were higher for migratory than for sedentary species, and they were negatively related to patch size for migratory species. Mean species richness of the sedentary species increased during the study period and their local turnover rate was negatively related to the distance to the urban core, showing a trend to colonize the most urban patches. These results highlight the very dynamic nature of the composition of some local bird communities in fragmented habitats and help to identify factors affecting colonization and extinction.