三维电极法在微污染水处理中的应用研究

采用三维电极法对微污染水进行处理。试验结果表明，在三维电极反应器中进行的反应为一级反应，反应遵从下述关系：Ct=C0e^-kt；处理效果由水质状况和反应器条件决定；采用绝缘物质与吸附剂按一定比例混合的填料进行处理，能够提高电解效率。     

三维电极电化学反应器深度处理焦化废水

为探索焦化废水深度处理新途径,采用了焦粒、活性炭负载Mn（NO3）2和Zn（NO3）2化合物粒子电极为第3极的三维电极反应器对二级生化处理后的焦化废水进行深度处理。考察了焦化废水中有机物去除的影响因素及处理效果,并探讨了有机物的降解动力学。结果表明,以焦粒为载体的粒子电极三维电极系统在pH为6.5,电导率为4 580μS/cm,电流密度为16 mA/cm2,投加量大于25 g/L时,降解20 min,COD去除率超过35%以上。焦化废水的降解的动力学研究表明,焦化废水降解符合表观一级反应动力学规律。该研究可为三维电极反应器在焦化废水深度处理工程应用中提供参数依据。     

电催化氧化对制药废水二级出水的深度处理效能

以制药厂未达标二级出水为研究对象,采用二维和三维电催化氧化作为深度处理方法,考察了电催化氧化对制药废水深度处理效能。结果表明,二维和三维电催化氧化均能降低出水COD和色度,实现出水达标排放。在电流密度为7.5 m A·cm~(-2),电催化反应60 min时,与二维电催化反应器相比,三维电催化反应器可使COD去除率提高23.1%,色度降低20度,能耗降低8.2 k Wh·(kg COD)~(-1)。三维电催化体系内羟基自由基生成速率常数比二维电催化体系高2.38倍,这是三维电催化体系比二维电催化体系更具有效率高、能耗低的优势的本质原因。     

光磁耦合污水处理装置的设计及运行效果分析

基于光催化技术和磁场能够改善污水处理效果的性质,开发了一种光磁耦合污水处理装置。紫外线强度分布的设计计算采用多点源叠加近似辐射模型;磁感应强度的产生选用亥姆霍兹线圈,并采用MATLAB对反应器的磁场进行了磁场强度分布的可视化模拟;采用流体力学软件CFD对装置内流场进行了数值模拟。结果表明,灯管之间的反应器壁附近区域的紫外线强度最小,而在3根紫外灯管间的区域紫外线强度较强且相对均匀;亥姆霍兹线圈内部磁场可近似作为匀强磁场;在该装置反应区存在循环流,有利于提高光磁耦合反应速率。对反应器效果进行验证表明,该反应器对污水的脱色率和COD去除率均较高,磁性光催化剂回收率达到97%以上;光磁耦合法废水处理效果明显高于磁场和光催化作用单独处理效果。     

电助光催化氧化反应器的类型和设计要点

电助光催化反应器提供了通过外加电场提高光催化技术处理效率的场所,其构型是决定电助光催化反应效率和进行机理研究的关键要素。本文对当前电助光催化研究中采用的反应器的类型进行了综述,并提出电助光催化反应器设计的一些要点。     

镍网负载纳米TiO_2光催化反应器对酸性品红脱色效果实验研究

采用负载纳米TiO2的三维镍网装配了光催化反应器,就其对酸性品红溶液进行脱色效果进行了实验研究。考察了反应器的3种装配条件、品红初始浓度、pH值、H2O2投加量、紫外光剂量等因素对酸性品红脱色效果的影响。结果表明:UV灯+镍网+TiO2模式组合的反应器脱色效果最好;在相同的处理时间内酸性品红溶液的脱色率随起始浓度的增大而减小;将酸性品红溶液pH值调至5时脱色效果最明显,70 min的脱色率可高达94.8%。脱色效果还可以通过溶液中添加H2O2和控制紫外线剂量来调节。当溶液中H2O2投加量为0.5 g/L时,处理70 min后的脱色率可高达98.3%;到达反应界面紫外光剂量越多则能够获得越高的酸性品红脱色率。     

镍网负载纳米TiO2光催化反应器对酸性品红脱色效果实验研究

采用负载纳米TiO2的三维镍网装配了光催化反应器,就其对酸性品红溶液进行脱色效果进行了实验研究。考察了反应器的3种装配条件、品红初始浓度、pH值、H2O2投加量、紫外光剂量等因素对酸性品红脱色效果的影响。结果表明：UV灯＋镍网＋TiO2模式组合的反应器脱色效果最好;在相同的处理时间内酸性品红溶液的脱色率随起始浓度的增大而减小;将酸性品红溶液pH值调至5时脱色效果最明显,70 min的脱色率可高达94.8%。脱色效果还可以通过溶液中添加H2O2和控制紫外线剂量来调节。当溶液中H2O2投加量为0.5 g/L时,处理70 min后的脱色率可高达98.3%;到达反应界面紫外光剂量越多则能够获得越高的酸性品红脱色率。     

黄孢原毛平革菌降解比布列希猩红的水处理反应器的设计和比较

以染料比布列希猩红为降解对象,采用细胞固定化技术,建立6种黄孢原毛平革菌的水处理反应器工作体系。研究表明,海藻酸钙小球-生物流化床、不锈钢网片反应器、以海绵和泡沫为载体的池形反应器（反应器Ⅰ和Ⅱ）及以裹夹生物海绵的钢丝网为载体的池形反应器（反应器Ⅲ和Ⅳ）等不同类型的反应器均具有较好的处理效果;15—16d内,染料脱色降解率可达95％左右。相比较而言,反应器Ⅳ具有操作简单、反应启动快、处理水量大和节能低耗等优点。     

不同类型填料的三维电极/Fenton试剂法处理苯酚废水

采用不同类型填料对三维电极/Fenton试剂法处理苯酚模拟废水进行研究.结果表明.不同类型活性炭填料对苯酚去除率有很大影响,粒炭不适合做粒子电极,采用5.0 mm柱炭处理效果较好;采用石英砂与活性炭混合填料的处理效果比单一活性炭填料好,但苯酚去除率提高不明显;电解槽反应器中按比例投加涂膜活性炭和活性炭混合填料能明显提高苯酚去除率;当涂膜活性炭与活性炭体积比为1,2时,苯酚去除率最高,达96.8%.     

双转盘反应器光催化处理罗丹明B

采用溶胶—凝胶法制备的TiO2/Ti电极为光阳极,Cu、Fe、Zn或C为阴极,组成双转盘反应器,以罗丹明B(RhB)为目标污染物,考察了反应条件对光催化效率的影响.结果表明,最佳反应条件:阴极材料为Cu;转盘转速为70 r/min;初始pH为2.5；Na2SO4质量浓度为1.0 g/L; RhB初始质量浓度为20 mg/L.在最佳反应条件下,处理RhB模拟废水30 min的脱色率可达到99.9％.双转盘反应器处理不同浓度的RhB时,其脱色率是单转盘的1.12～2.33倍,且倍数随着RhB浓度增大而增加,表明双转盘反应器可高效地光催化处理高浓度染料废水.     

SBR法的特点及其在生物脱氮中的应用

SBR兼有全混合反应器与推流式反应器的优点，物料混合均匀，耐冲击负荷，不存在物料返混，生化反应动力大，处理好，SBR法的整个过程可放置于一个构筑物内完成，工艺简单，操作灵活，此外，通过对SBR的适当调控，易形成好氧／缺氧交替的环境，为生物脱氮创造条件，近年来，SBR法得到了较大的发展，操作方式也得很大的改进。     

电增强载铝活性炭纤维吸附除氟的效果与影响因素

以含氟地下水为研究对象,采用自制电促吸附除氟反应器,开展电增强载铝活性炭纤维吸附除氟的动态实验,研究了不同电压、极板间距、地下水碱度和流速对吸附除氟效果的影响。实验结果表明,在负载炭纤维毡的电极一端加正电,可以提高除氟效果。当电压为1.6 V时除氟效果较好,单位面积炭毡处理达标水量为56.7 L/m2;极板间距设置为4mm时电吸附反应器除氟效果最佳;通过调节pH改变地下水碱度,当地下水pH调节为5.5时,电吸附反应器除氟效果较未调节前提高50%;当采用3对电极板,流速为1.88 m/h时,达到最高表面处理负荷2 073.6 L/(m2.d);探究了反应器的反洗再生方式,并连续进行了吸附再生的动态实验;穿透的反应器以Al2(SO4)3溶液为再生液并采用反向加电1.6 V的方式,可以达到较好的再生效果,实现连续动态运行。     

脉冲电晕反应器结构对乙硫醇消除效果的影响

研究了脉冲电晕等离子体反应器结构的变化对乙硫醇消除效果的影响规律。结果表明，在反应器内设置折流板，可以增加气流的湍动程度，有利于活性粒子与污染物的充分接触，从而提高消除率。高压电极间距对电晕区范围及消毒效果有较大影响，间距较小将导致各电极产生的电场相互干扰明显，消除率减小；而电极间距过大，虽然电极间电场分布相互干扰小，但是反应器内可排布的电极数减少，总电晕区减少，消除率也减小。根据实验结果，电极间距设置为50 mm比较合理。另外，在相同的电场强度和脉冲频率下，毛刺形高压电极比线电极结构能耗低，能量利用率高。     

有机废水SBR反应器研究进展

本文从SBR反应器的原理及其工艺特征出发 ,讨论了SBR反应器的类型和运行模式。分析认为 ,SBR反应器将在有机废水的处理方面有着广泛的应用 ,预计不久的将来 ,SBR及在其基础上开发的CASS、ICEAS等新工艺在生产中的应用将有所突破     

五氯苯酚在厌氧颗粒污泥中的吸附研究

在血清瓶中进行的分批实验中,研究了UASB和EGSB反应器厌氧颗粒污泥对五氯苯酚(PCP)的吸附、解吸规律.结果表明,吸附和解吸在接触PCP 2.5 h内达到平衡,吸附和解吸过程都符合Freundich等温方程,PCP的吸附机制为恒定的分配吸附.来自UASB反应器中活的颗粒污泥吸附能力大于灭活的颗粒污泥,Freundich等温方程吸附常数K值分别为0.557 0和0.037 9.UASB反应器颗粒污泥对PCP的吸附能力大于EGSB反应器颗粒污泥,Freundich等温方程吸附常数K值分别为0.557和0.263.     

Impact of Bioaugmentation with a Consortium of Bacteria on the Remediation of Wastewater-Containing Hydrocarbons (5 pp)

Goals, Scope and Background It has been observed that hydrocarbon treated wastewaters still contain high COD and a number of intermediates. This suggests that the required catabolic gene pool for further degradation might be absent in the system or, that its titer value is not significant enough. By providing the desired catabolic potential, the overall efficiency of the treatment system can be improved. This study aims to demonstrate this concept by bioaugmentation of a lab-scale reactor treating refinery wastewater with a consortium having the capacity to complement the alkB genotype to the available microbial population. Methods Two reactors were set up using activated biomass collected from a refinery treatment plant and operated at a continuous mode for a period of 8 weeks. The feed to both reactors was kept constant. Crude oil was spiked regularly. One reactor was bioaugmented with a consortium previously described for crude oil spill remediation. The efficiency of the bioaugmented reactor was demonstrated by reduced COD. The changes in the microbial population over a period of time were analyzed by RAPD. Catabolic activity of the biomass in both reactors was monitored by PCR. The presence of the catabolic loci was confirmed by Southern Hybridization. Results and Discussion 52.2% removal of COD was observed in the bioaugmented reactor while only 15.1% reduction of COD was observed in the reactor without bioaugmentation. The change in microbial population can be seen from the 4th week, which also corresponds to improved catabolic activity. The presence of the bedA locus was seen in all samples, which indicates the presence of aromatic degraders, but the appearance of the alkB locus, from the 6th week onwards, which was observed only in the samples from the bioaugmented reactor. The results suggest that the gene pool of the bioaugmented reactor has catabolic loci that can degrade accumulated intermediates, thus improving the efficiency of the system. Conclusions In this study, improvement of efficiency of bioremediation was demonstrated by addition of catabolic loci that are responsible for degradation. Bioaugmentation was carried out in biomass that was collected from an ETP (effluent treatment plant) treating hydrocarbon containing wastewater to study the strategies for improvement of the treatment system. Biostimulation, only marginally improved the efficiency, when compared to bioaugmentation. The improved efficiency was demonstrated by COD removal. The presence of the alkB locus suggests the importance of a catabolic gene pool that acts on accumulated intermediates. It is well documented that straight chain aliphatics and intermediates of aromatic compounds after ring cleavage, accumulate in refinery wastewater systems, thereby hindering further degradation of the wastewater. Supplementation of a catabolic gene pool that treats the lower pathway compounds and alkanes will improve the overall efficiency. In this study, results suggest that the alkB locus can also be used to monitor the degradative mode of the activated biomass. Recommendations and Perspective . Pollution from petroleum and petroleum products around the globe are known to have grave consequences on the environment. Bioremediation, using activated sludge, is one option for the treatment of such wastes. Effluent treatment plants are usually unable to completely degrade the wastewater being treated in the biological unit (the aerator chambers). The efficiency of degradation can be improved by biostimulation and bioaugmentation. This study demonstrates the improved efficiency of a treatment system for wastewater containing hydrocarbons by bioaugmentation of a consortium that supports degradation. Further experiments on a pilot scale are recommended to assess the use of bioaugmentation on a large scale. The use of molecular tools, like DNA probes for alkB, to monitor the system also needs to be explored.     

内、外循环EGSB反应器酸碱调控能力的对比试验研究

通过对比运行试验，研究了内、外循环EGSB反应器酸碱特征及其调控能力。结果表明，内、外循环厌氧反应器内部的pH值分布规律相似，较低有机负荷时pH值梯度变化较小，较高负荷时随循环比变化pH值分布有所差别，但2种条件下循环比为3时反应器内pH值均可达到较均衡的分布。相同原水pH值条件下外循环体系pH值要高于内循环体系pH值，2种条件下体系pH值变化趋势较为一致，二者平均差值在0．5个单位左右。循环厌氧反应器系统pH值维持在6．3—6．8可以较好地保障系统正常运行，为了保证此条件，外循环运行方式对原水pH值的极限调节范围是4．5—6．8，内循环运行方式对原水pH值的极限调节范围是5．3—7．2。该成果对于研究和应用内外循环EGSB反应器具有理论参考和实用价值。     

The role of activated carbon on the removal of p-nitrophenol in an integrated three-phase electrochemical reactor

Three-phase electrochemical reactor is still far from concerned in wastewater treatment in order to improve electrochemical treatment efficiency especially when the concentrations of organic pollutants are relatively low. This paper presents a novel process integrated electrocatalysis and activated carbon (AC) adsorption in a fluidization mode for p-nitrophenol (PNP) abatement, with special attention on probing the role of AC. Sparged by external gas (e.g., O(2)), the electrochemical reactor is actually a three-phase (gas, liquid, solid) reactor. By this one-step integrated process, the treatment efficiency was significantly promoted where PNP of initial concentration 150 mg l(-1) could be completely removed in no more than 30 min and it kept good performance for five consecutive runs, showing potential application for environmental remediation. In the integrated process, AC is in a dynamic state of adsorption and in situ electrochemical regeneration by the attack of electrogenerated hydroxyl radical on organic pollutants. When oxygen is sparged into the process, hydrogen peroxide can be formed by cathodic reduction and then decomposed by catalytic reaction on AC, which further promotes organic pollutants degradation.     

An Integrated Theory for Suspended-Growth Bioscrubbers

An integrated theory is developed to describe the steadystate operation of a suspended-growth bioscrubber for the control of biodegradable, volatile organic gases. The bioscrubber consists of an N-stage absorber and an oxidation reactor. A biomass slurry is circulated between the absorber and the oxidation reactor, t he pollutant is absorbed and partially oxidized in the absorber. Oxidation is completed in the oxidation reactor. Predictions of the theory show that the removal efficiency is a function of Henry's Law constant for the pollutant, the ratio of the liquid flow rate to the gas flow rate, and the number of stages. Since high efficiencies can be achieved for soluble, biodegradable, volatile organic compounds, such systems have the potential to be a low-cost control method.     

Bio-SR工艺去除硫化氢气体的研究

采用Bio-SR工艺,利用铁盐吸收与氧化亚铁硫杆菌的联合作用对H2S进行脱除实验。通过改进微生物的培养条件,减少了83.9%的沉淀量,一定程度上解决了挂膜后生物填料塔易堵塞的问题,保证了填料塔的连续运行。在实验选取工况下,硫化氢脱除率可达到98.4%以上,当吸收液中Fe3+浓度为5.5～6 g/L、H2S进气浓度为1 g/m3、通气量为0.08～0.12 m3/h时效果最佳,反应器可持续高效地运行。此外,对进气浓度、通气量与硫化氢去除率之间的相关性进行了进一步研究,其结果有利于反应器及运行参数的优化设计。