固定化微生物技术在废气处理中的研究进展

介绍了固定化微生物的制备方法和载体选择，综述了国内外采用固定化微生物技术处理各种废气的研究和应用现状，并提出了固定化微生物技术进一步发展的方向。     

浅析露天矿土地复恳中应注意的几个问题

通过分析我国露天矿土地复垦现状,本文着重进行了问题探讨,从复垦技术,综合利用及经济补偿等方面提出一些新措施,以促进土地复垦,使生态、经济和社会三效益统一。     

浅谈微生物菌剂在环境修复中的应用

微生物菌剂具有绿色经济、无二次污染，对环境友好的特点，广泛应用于水体、土壤等污染修复中。本文介绍了微生物菌剂的定义及分类，分析了国内外的研究应用现状，阐述了微生物菌剂如何应用于农药石油及水体的污染物修复，总结了微生物菌剂在应用上存在的问题，并对微生物菌剂的未来发展前景进行了展望。     

复合固定化法固定化微生物技术在污水生物处理中的研究应用

复合固定化法固定化微生物技术由于具有许多传统固定化微生物技术所没有的特点和优势,得到了越来越多的研究和应用.本文就复合固定化法固定化微生物技术的内涵进行了综述,对复合固定化法在污水生物处理中的实际应用做了研究比较,对新型复合载体的开发和复合固定化微生物技术今后的发展提出了建议.     

化学机械浆废水处理技术探讨

简要分析了化学机械法制浆废水的特点，对适用于处理化学机械法制浆废水的常用处理方法，如好氧、厌氧生物处理法、特定微生物处理技术、臭氧氧化法以及膜分离技术等在国内外的应用研究情况做了比较分析。     

21世纪微生物技术在污水治理中的应用

本文论述了目前环境微生物技术在污水治理工程中的应用成果,探讨了应用现代生物工程技术进行污水治理和环境修复的研究方向,并对实施微生物技术进行环境保护的未来进行了展望。     

微生物法处理电镀废水技术概况与展望

微生物法处理电镀废水技术倍受关注，文章在介绍国内外微生物法处理电镀废水的试验研究和大规模工业生产的基础上，总结了微生物法处理电镀废水的机理、工艺流程，优点及存在问题，并指出了这一技术的研究热点和发展前景。     

现代分子生物学技术在活性污泥微生物菌群多样性研究中的应用

以活性污泥技术为主体的好氧工艺是污水生物处理技术方面应用较为广泛的方法。随着现代分子生物学技术的不断发展,人们对活性污泥中微生物菌群多样性的认识逐渐深化,大量用传统方法未检测到,但在活性污泥中发挥关键作用的微生物逐渐引起研究学者的重视。现代分子生物学技术以FISH技术、实时荧光定量PCR技术、DGGE／TGGE技术、16SrRNA序列比较、T—RFLP技术、AFLP技术等为代表已成为研究微生物微观形态及种群结构特征的主要手段。文章就这些技术在活性污泥微生物菌群多样性研究中的应用进行了总结,为进一步研究污水处理领域活性污泥的微生物菌群多样性提供了必要的依据。     

微生物降解石油烃类污染物的研究进展

石油烃类的微生物降解技术具有环境友好、费用较低等优点。全面地介绍了石油污染微生物降解的技术方法及其应用、微生物降解菌的种类、微生物降解的影响因素,以期全面反映此领域的研究概况,并对这一技术在我国的发展前景进行了展望。     

静电水处理技术研究现状

本文介绍了国内外静电水处理技术研究、应用现状、存在问题和发展方向。目前，静电水处理技术已广泛应用于循环水的脱垢除垢、杀菌消毒、污泥脱水工艺。高压静电场可以改善活性污泥活性，经高压静电场处理的水可以提高活性污泥中微生物的耗氧速率。     

Comparison of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in plants from disturbed and adjacent undisturbed regions of a coastal salt marsh in Clinton,Connecticut, USA

Roots of salt marsh plant speciesSpartina alterniflora, S. patens, Distichlis spicata, and others were examined for the presence of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi. Samples were taken from introduced planted material in a salt marsh restoration project and from native material in adjacent marsh areas along the Indian River, Clinton, Connecticut, USA. After ten years the replanted area still has sites devoid of vegetation. The salt marsh plants introduced there were devoid of VAM fungi, while high marsh species from the adjacent undisturbed region showed consistent infection, leading the authors to suggest that VAM fungal infection of planting stocks may be a factor in the success of marsh restoration.     

Role of mycorrhizal fungi and phosphorus in the arsenic tolerance of basin wildrye

Revegetation of arsenic (As)-rich mine spoils is often impeded by the lack of plant species tolerant of high As concentrations and low nutrient availability. Basin wildrye [Leymus cinereus (Scribner & Merr.) A. L?ve] has been observed to establish naturally in soils with elevated As content and thus may be useful for the stabilization of As-contaminated soils. An experiment was conducted to evaluate how variable phosphorus (P) concentrations and inoculation with site-specific arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influence As tolerance of basin wildrye. Basin wildrye was grown in sterile sand in the greenhouse for 16 weeks. Pots of sterile sand were amended to create one of four rates of As (0, 3, 15, or 50 mg As kg(-1)), two rates of P (3 or 15 mg P kg(-1)), and +/-mycorrhizal inoculation in a 2 x 4 x 2 factorial arrangement. After 16 weeks of growth, plants were harvested, shoots and roots thoroughly washed, and the tissue analyzed for total shoot biomass, total root and shoot As and P concentrations, and degree of mycorrhizal infection. Basin wildrye was found to be tolerant of high As concentrations allowing for vigorous plant growth at application levels of 3 or 15 mg As kg(-1). Arsenic was sequestered in the roots, with 30 to 50 times more As in the roots than shoots under low P conditions. Mycorrhizal infection did not confer As tolerance in basin wildrye nor did mycorrhizal fungi influence biomass production. Phosphorus concentrations of 15 mg kg(-1) effectively inhibited As accumulation in basin wildrye. Basin wildrye has the potential to be used for stabilization of As-rich soils while minimizing exposure to grazing animals following reclamation.     

The effectiveness of arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi and Aspergillus niger or Phanerochaete chrysosporium treated organic amendments from olive residues upon plant growth in a semi-arid degraded soil

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and a residue from dry olive cake (DOC) supplemented with rock phosphate (RP) and treated with either Aspergillus niger (DOC-A) or Phanerochaete chrysosporium (DOC-P), were assayed in a natural, semi-arid soil using Trifolium repens or Dorycnium pentaphyllum plants. The effects of the AM fungi and/or DOC-A were compared with P-fertilisation (P) over eleven successive harvests to evaluate the persistence of the effectiveness of the treatments. The biomass of dually-treated plants after four successive harvests was greater than that obtained for non-treated plants or those receiving the AM inoculum or DOC-A treatments after eleven yields. The AM inoculation was critical for obtaining plant growth benefit from the application of fermented DOC-A residue. The abilities of the treatments to prevent plant drought stress were also assayed. Drought-alleviating effects were evaluated in terms of plant growth, proline and total sugars concentration under alternative drought and re-watering conditions (8th and 9th harvests). The concentrations of both compounds in plant biomass increased under drought when DOC-A amendment and AM inoculation were employed together: they reinforced the plant drought-avoidance capabilities and anti-oxidative defence. Water stress was less compensated in P-fertilised than in DOC-A-treated plants. DOC-P increased D. pentaphyllum biomass, shoot P content, nodule number and AM colonisation, indicating the greater DOC-transforming ability of P. chrysosporium compared to A. niger. The lack of AM colonisation and nodulation in this soil was compensated by the application of DOC-P, particularly with AM inoculum. The management of natural resources (organic amendments and soil microorganisms) represents an important strategy that assured the growth, nutrition and plant establishment in arid, degraded soils, preventing the damage that arises from limited water and nutrient supply.     

Development of Soils and Communities of Plants and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on West Virginia Surface Mines

Surface mining followed by reclamation to pasture is a major driver of land use and cover change in Appalachia. Prior research suggests that many aspects of ecosystem recovery are either slow or incomplete. We examined ecosystem structure—including soil physical and chemical properties, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) infectivity and community composition, and plant diversity and community composition—on a chronosequence of pasture-reclaimed surface mines and a non-mined pasture in northern West Virginia. Surface mining and reclamation dramatically altered ecosystem structure. Some aspects of ecosystem structure, including many measures of soil chemistry and infectivity of AMF, returned rapidly to levels found on the non-mined reference site. Other aspects of ecosystem structure, notably soil physical properties and AMF and plant communities, showed incomplete or no recovery over the short-to-medium term. In addition, invasive plants were prevalent on reclaimed mine sites. The results point to the need for investigation on how reclamation practices could minimize establishment of exotic invasive plant species and reduce the long-term impacts of mining on ecosystem structure and function.     

Mycorrhizae increase arsenic uptake by the hyperaccumulator Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata L.)

Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata L.) is a hyperaccumulator of arsenic (As) that grows naturally on soils in the southern United States. It is reasonable to expect that mycorrhizal symbiosis may be involved in As uptake by this fern. This is because arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have a well-documented role in increasing plant phosphorus (P) uptake, P and As have similar chemical properties, and ferns are known to be colonized by AM fungi. We conducted a factorial greenhouse experiment with three levels of As (0, 50, and 100 mg kg(-1)) and P (0, 25, and 50 mg kg(-1)) and with and without Chinese brake fern colonized by a community of AM fungi from an As-contaminated site. We found that the AM fungi not only tolerated As amendment, but their presence increased frond dry mass at the highest As application rate. Furthermore, the AM fungi increased As uptake across a range of P levels, while P uptake was generally increased only when there was no As amendment. These data indicate that AM fungi have an important role in arsenic accumulation by Chinese brake fern. Therefore, to effectively phytoremediate As-contaminated soils, the mycorrhizal status of ferns needs to be taken into account.     

Metal decontamination of tannery solid waste using <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tagetes patula</Emphasis> in association with saprobic and mycorrhizal fungi

A greenhouse trial was conducted to investigate the role of mycorrhizal and resistant fungi on heavy metal phytoextraction from different concentrations of tannery solid waste amended soil (10, 20, 50, and 100%) by Tagetes patula. The four treatments included were, the control (C) without any inoculum, mycorrhizal (M) inoculated with strongly mycorrhizal roots of Cynodon dactylon, fungal (F) inoculated with Trichoderma pseudokoningii and the combined inoculation with both mycorrhizal and fungal inocula (M + F). The dual inoculation increased plant biomass and phytoextraction ability of plant for metals like Cd, Cr, Cu, and Na. Plants given only fungus (F) and only mycorrhizal (M) treatment also showed significant growth rate as compared with control treatment. The statistical analysis of data indicated synergistic interaction between mycorrhizal and fungal inoculum promoting high biomass and enhanced metal phytoextraction. Thus using more than one group of rhizosphere fungi in association with a high biomass producing plant may be employed for rendering tannery solid waste free of metals.     

Relation Between Edaphic Factors and Vegetation Development on Copper Mine Wastes: A Case Study From Bor (Serbia,SE Europe)

The relationship between edaphic characteristics and vegetation growing on mine wastes in the Bor region (East Serbia, SE Europe) was studied using multivariate statistical analysis. The influence of edaphic factors on the composition of plant life-forms was also investigated, since it could reflect strategies for the avoidance of or tolerance to disturbances of ecosystems. The goal was to provide potential models for the restoration and management of this and similar mine waste areas. The results of this study imply that soil textures, nitrogen contents, reclamation technology and the presence of hydrothermally altered andesite as the type of bedrock significantly influenced plant colonization and vegetation composition of the Bor mine wastes. These edaphic factors explained 30.3 % of the total variation in the vegetation data set. It was also revealed that the pattern of plant life-forms found on the considered site groups corresponded to the soil texture. Based on their relative abundance on the investigated sites and relationships with soil properties it is concluded that therophytes and geophytes are unsuccessful primary colonizers of the Bor mine wastes. Hemicryptophytes of psammophytic character were the most successful primary colonizers and therefore potential candidates for anthropogenically-assisted natural recovery. This study suggested that an assessment of edaphic factors should be widely used in the characterization of mine wastes prior to reclamation. Estimation of their role in the development of existing mine vegetation should predate reclamation procedures. Thus, approaches based on adequate plant life-forms should have a more prominent role in future mine reclamation schemes.     

Assessment of Vegetation Establishment on Tailings Dam at an Iron Ore Mining Site of Suburban Beijing, China, 7 Years After Reclamation with Contrasting Site Treatment Methods

Strip-mining operations greatly disturb soil, vegetation and landscape elements, causing many ecological and environmental problems. Establishment of vegetation is a critical step in achieving the goal of ecosystem restoration in mining areas. At the Shouyun Iron Ore Mine in suburban Beijing, China, we investigated selective vegetation and soil traits on a tailings dam 7 years after site treatments with three contrasting approaches: (1) soil covering (designated as SC), (2) application of a straw mat, known as “vegetation carpet”, which contains prescribed plant seed mix and water retaining agent (designated as VC), on top of sand piles, and (3) combination of soil covering and application of vegetation carpet (designated as SC+VC). We found that after 7 years of reclamation, the SC+VC site had twice the number of plant species and greater biomass than the SC and VC sites, and that the VC site had a comparable plant abundance with the SC+VC site but much less biodiversity and plant coverage. The VC site did not differ with the SC site in the vegetation traits, albeit low soil fertility. It is suggested that application of vegetation carpet can be an alternative to introduction of topsoil for treatment of tailings dam with fine-structured substrate of ore sands. However, combination of topsoil treatment and application of vegetation carpet greatly increases vegetation coverage and plant biodiversity, and is therefore a much better approach for assisting vegetation establishment on the tailings dam of strip-mining operations. While application of vegetation carpet helps to stabilize the loose surface of fine-structured mine wastes and to introduce seed bank, introduction of fertile soil is necessary for supplying nutrients to plant growth in the efforts of ecosystem restoration of mining areas.     

湿式氧化法在法国污泥处理处置中的初步应用

文章简述了法国污泥处理处置的概况,介绍了湿式氧化法在法国污泥处置的初步应用,包括污泥处理的工艺流程、处理结果及湿式氧化技术的优缺点。指出我国应多途径探索经济高效的污泥处置技术,促进污泥资源化发展。     

木贼定居对铅锌尾矿砂微生物多样性及重金属迁移转化的影响

为研究根际微生物影响木贼耐受和吸附重金属的机制,为重金属污染植物-微生物协同修复提供参考,应用化学分析方法和Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,对木贼定居对铅锌尾矿重金属含量、土壤微生物多样性的影响进行研究。结果表明,子囊菌、未明确分类真菌和担子菌是铅锌尾矿地土壤的优势真菌。木贼定居导致散囊菌纲、座囊菌纲丰度下降,粪壳菌纲丰度增加。Alternaria,Amorphotheca,Aspergillus为尾矿裸地中主要优势真菌,Fusarium,Chaetomiaceae-Unclassified,Calcarisporiella为木贼根际土壤主要优势真菌。变形菌门、厚壁菌门、放线菌门是研究区土壤中的优势细菌类群,Lactococcus,Bacillus,Gemmatimonas,Sulfuricaulis,Dongia,Sulfurifustis,Azoarcus,Nitrospira等是尾矿地优势细菌。有机质、全氮与真菌和细菌ace,shannon指数显著相关,重金属含量与真菌和细菌ace,shannon指数显著或极显著负相关。木贼定居提高了尾矿砂中微生物的种类和多样性,有利于有机和氮素营养成分的积累和降低重金属含量;在尾矿生态修复实践中可多引入木贼等乡土草本先锋植物,同时补充有机质和氮素营养,或引入功能微生物菌剂和接种植物共生菌等,强化生态修复效果。