电磁环境下车载通信设备的抗干扰适应性分析

车载通信设备长期工作于复杂电磁环境下,其抗干扰适应性直接影响车载通信设备的通信性能。分析电磁环境下车载通信设备的抗干扰适应性,基于车载通信设备工作原理研究单频连续波干扰、单脉冲雷达干扰、多频连续波干扰、电磁脉冲干扰、宽带噪声干扰、线性调频雷达干扰六种典型的电磁环境干扰信号,针对以上电磁环境干扰信号,提出空域天线抗干扰技术中较为有效的波束赋形技术抗干扰方法,该方法利用巴特勒变换矩阵将阵元域转换至波束域,提升电磁环境下车载通信设备的抗干扰适应性。实验结果表明,将该方法应用于车载通信设备中,其谐波抑制比、灵敏度均有所提升,且处于不同电磁环境干扰信号时适应性贴近度均接近1,说明该方法可有效提升车载通信设备抗干扰适应性。     

汽车电子电气零部件环境适应性和可靠性验证

本文介绍了汽车电子电器零部件开发过程中的环境适应性和可靠性验证方法。主要通过对开发过程中各个阶段验证情况的研究,分析了现在车厂对汽车电子电气零部件的试验目标、试验项目及试验时间的设定方法,为车载电气零部件的环境适应性和可靠性验证提供依据。     

Environmental Suitability and Durabiity Validation of Automotive Electronic and Electric Components

本文介绍了汽车电子电器零部件开发过程中的环境适应性和可靠性验证方法.主要通过对开发过程中各个阶段验证情况的研究,分析了现在车厂对汽车电子电气零部件的试验目标、试验项目及试验时间的设定方法,为车载电气零部件的环境适应性和可靠性验证提供依据.     

热带环境智能电能表环境技术及标准分析

智能电能表是电力系统智能用电的关键基础设备。在热带环境条件下,高温高湿高辐照环境对智能电能表的服役寿命和运行可靠性影响极大。本文首先分析了智能电能表在热带环境下的典型环境失效及影响机理;然后统计了电能表相关的国家及行业标准,重点分析了不同标准中各类环境试验的严酷度指标要求,包括高温试验、低温试验、交变湿热试验、盐雾试验以及太阳辐照试验;最后提出了针对热带环境的智能电能表环境适应性相关的结论和建议。     

军民两用机载设备耐久振动试验的对比方法

提出了一种适用于军民两用机载设备耐久振动试验的对比方法,该方法通过量化指标对军民机标准下的振动试验环境进行考核,能够实现不同环境的试验严酷度评估。以直升机显示器为例对该方法进行了详细论述,结果表明无法通过对比方法完成试验。     

电子产品环境试验概述

电子产品环境试验是将产品置于典型的自然或人工环境条件下，用以鉴定产品在运输、贮存和使用中的环境适应性。环境试验在产品研制和生产各个阶段得到了广泛的应用，了解环境试验对设计人员和试验人员有着重要的作用。文中着重介绍了环境试验的分类与试验项目、环境试验的顺序的选择、环境试验的实施及国内环境试验存在的问题与建议。     

对军工电子产品环境试验的几点思考

本文从军工电子产品环境试验出发，介绍了环境试验的三种形式，分另4从四个方面阐述了环境试验与可靠性试验和环境应力筛选试验之间的区别和联系，并对环境试验中个试验项目顺序的选择进行了讨论，最后推荐了在军工电子产品定型试验和批次产品验收试验时的环境试验的项目顺序。     

军用环境试验的发展和趋势

本文回顾了国内外自然环境试验和人工模拟环境试验现状，展望了两种试验技术的发展趋势。指出：自然环境试验与人工模拟加速试验相辅相成，环境试验与可靠性试验互为补充，建成有中国特色的环境试验标准化体系、网站体系、技术体系和服务体系是我国环境试验技术的发展方向。     

平板显示器回收的新挑战

显示屏(监视器和电视机)经历了从阴极射线管到平板显示器技术的快速变化。截至目前为止,只有少量的平板显示器已记录在废物收集点。平板显示器的数量越来越多,在未来需要足够的用于回收的基础设施。本文旨在通过液晶显示屏幕的回收对经济影响的案例研究来提供数量、成分、回收利用技术和经验的基本数据。对于组件和材料也适用于其他类型的电子产品,如黑色金属和有色金属,印刷电路板或电缆,回收途径和技术是众所周知的和可用的。目前,液晶显示器(LCD)在欧洲不回收。处置时,例如,通过焚烧,有价值的材料,其成分是不再可用。例如:铟具有重要战略意义的应用,如,太阳能光伏作为一种稀缺资源。液晶显示器在欧洲具有回收基础设施,因此是有用的。     

汽车音响行业的环境试验方法

本文通过介绍汽车音响产品的环境应力和故障模式,对环境试验的流程和方法进行了描述。并通过引用国内外相关环境试验标准,对环境试验在汽车音响产品上的应用进行了分析和举例。     

Impact of Length of Dataset on Streamflow Calibration Parameters and Performance of APEX Model

Due to resource constraints, long‐term monitoring data for calibration and validation of hydrologic and water quality models are rare. As a result, most models are calibrated and, if possible, validated using limited measured data. However, little research has been done to determine the impact of length of available calibration data on model parameterization and performance. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of length of calibration data (LCD) on parameterization and performance of the Agricultural Policy Environmental eXtender model for predicting daily, monthly, and annual streamflow. Long‐term (1984‐2015) measured daily streamflow data from Rock Creek watershed, an agricultural watershed in northern Ohio, were used for this study. Data were divided into five Short (5‐year), two Medium (15‐year), and one Long (25‐year) streamflow calibration data scenarios. All LCD scenarios were calibrated and validated at three time steps: daily, monthly, and annual. Results showed LCD affected the ability of the model to accurately capture temporal variability in simulated streamflow. However, overall average streamflow, water budgets, and crop yields were simulated reasonably well for all LCD scenarios.     

定氢仪在环境试验中的应用

本文叙述了定氢仪的测氢原理、结构、特点及定氢仪在环境试验中的用途。     

材料以及产品的环境试验方法

本文主要分析了各环境因素及其引起的失效模式,介绍了环境试验方法以及环境试验设计过程中应当注意的问题等基础知识,还给出了一些常用的环境试验标准.     

Pollution,place, and premature death: evidence from a mid-sized city

ABSTRACT

Neighborhood life expectancy varies by as much as 10 years across the City of Louisville. In 2013, the Greater Louisville Project funded by local government, businesses, and foundations, argued these differences had little to do with environmental factors. The Greater Louisville Project (2013) study argued that these neighborhood differences could be attributed 40% to socio-economic factors (with a major emphasis on education), 10% to physical environment, 30% to health behaviors, and 20% to access to medical care. To test these claims, we construct our own model of neighborhood variation in years of potential life lost (YPLL) by adding two variables testing environmental degradation. We operationalise two separate measures of environmental contamination: proximity to EPA designated brownfield sites and proximity to chemical factories in an industrial park in the neighborhood known as “Rubbertown”. We conduct several regression analyses, which show a relationship between proximity to environmental contaminants and an increase in neighborhood YPLL. Our beta weights challenge the claims made by the Greater Louisville Project, which minimize the impact nearness to environmental contaminants has on reductions in life expectancy in Louisville neighborhoods.     

浅谈环境物理学

本文论述了物理学与环境污染的关系。物理学的应用带来了环境污染,同时也为环境污染的治理带来了条件。环境物理学的兴起,从声、光、热、振动和空气动力等方面入手,为治理环境带来了广阔的前景。     

废弃LCD的处理及其铟的回收技术

伴随着我国电子产业的蓬勃发展,电子产品生产及其废弃产生的金属资源浪费问题也日趋严重,国家在“十二五”规划中提出了新型液晶显示屏（LCD）的开发及其资源化回收处理,可见LCD的处理和从其废弃物中提取铟的技术亟待深入研究。本文介绍了LCD显示屏和主要含铟部件ITO材料之间的关系、生产和使用状况,重点详述了LCD和ITO材料资源化处理的研究现状,系统地总结了铟的回收方法,并展望了未来电子废弃物的处理方向。     

The need to integrate values into environmental curricula

Many environmental problems are controversial because of conflicting values people hold and because there is not a consensus as to which values should have precedence over others. If environmental managers are to make ethical decisions that reflect environmental values, they must have full understanding of such values and types of ethics and principles of moral reasoning to use in the decision-making process. Unfortunately, integration of values into environmental curricula has often not been explicit or comprehensive. One result is that university-trained environmental managers do not possess the knowledge, skills, and methods necessary for more ethically based decisions. An analysis of attitudes about integrating values and/or ethics into environmental curricula and approaches to do so yields the conclusion that environmental programs should more fully include teaching about values and ethics so that environmental managers can make more ethically sound decisions.     

Factors influencing private and public environmental protection behaviors: results from a survey of residents in Shaanxi, China

Currently one of the largest and most rapidly developing countries, China also has some of the world's most severe environmental problems. China will most likely need to use all of the potential major strategies currently available to solve the country's huge environmental challenges, including promoting individual conservation behavior through educational campaigns and encouraging public environmental advocacy. This paper summarized the findings of a survey of 347 residents of Shaanxi province on environmental attitudes and behaviors. The survey found generally high levels of environmental knowledge and high recognition of the seriousness of environmental issues, moderate levels of individual actions supporting environmental resource conservation and low levels of public environmental behaviors, particularly for organized public advocacy. Further analysis indicated that the perceived importance of environmental protection is the most important factor influencing individual environmental resource conservation, but not public advocacy behaviors. Implications for environmental campaigns are discussed.     

Environmental indicators for communication of life cycle impact assessment results and their applications

Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) is performed to quantitatively evaluate all environmental impacts from products, systems, processes and services. However, LCIA does not always provide valuable information for choosing among alternatives with different specifications, functionalities and lifetimes. The objectives of this study are (1) to propose environmental indicators to evaluate environmental efficiency and value qualitatively and quantitatively on the basis of analogies to financial and economic indicators, and (2) to present the application of the indicators. Incremental evaluation using a reference is employed to obtain the environmental indicators. The environmental efficiency indicators are conceptually based on the ratios of reduced environmental burdens returned to environmental burdens required: environmental return on investment, environmental payback period and environmental internal rate of return. The environmental value indicator is the sum of all reduced and required environmental burdens: i.e., environmental net present value. All the environmental indicators can be used to compare and rank the environmental efficiencies or values of alternatives. The environmental efficiency indicators can be applied to a new environmental labeling. The concept of eco-efficiency labeling is developed by combining the environmental efficiency indicators with financial indicators. A case study is performed to illustrate the necessity and importance of the environmental indicators. These environmental indicators can help easily communicate LCIA results in the field of environmental management.     

Environmental impact assessment: An international evaluation

Experiences with environmental impact assessment (EIA) in a number of countries are discussed in the light of both explicit and implicit goals and objectives. Adequate environmental information is not always available to decision makers because of failure to apply EIA to all relevant decisions, the continuing inadequacies of prediction and evaluation techniques, the failure to consider alternatives adequately, and the bias of some EISs. EIA frequently results in changes to proposals and may result in stricter environmental management conditions in some cases, but some people regard it as a failure because it has not stopped development. Generally, EIA leads to better integration of environmental factors into project planning. Open procedures and freedom of information encourage responsiveness to EIA procedures, which can be weakened by discretionary powers and lack of access to the courts by public interest groups. However, legal standing may have side effects that offset its advantages. EIA can encourage cooperation and coordination between agencies but does not ensure them. Similarly, it can have a limited role in coordinating interstate and international policies. In the long term, the success of EIA depends on adequate monitoring, reassessment, and enforcement over the life of the project. EIA has generally opened up new opportunities for public participation, and may help to reduce conflict. EIA procedures need to be integrated with other environmental protection and development control programs, and various means exist for reducing its cost to developers and the public.