水体中金属(氧化物)纳米颗粒的环境行为与污染控制研究进展

金属(氧化物)纳米材料在生产和使用过程中,可以通过各种途径进入到水环境中,对水生生物、生态环境和人体健康产生威胁.理解纳米颗粒在水体中的环境行为,对于评估纳米材料的归趋及其对环境和人体的健康风险至关重要.本文概述了金属(氧化物)纳米颗粒的性质、来源和毒性危害,汇总了表征纳米颗粒浓度、粒径及形貌的分析方法与技术,分析了它们在水环境中的环境行为以及影响其稳定性的主要环境因素,并总结了水体中金属(氧化物)纳米颗粒的去除方法和效果的最新研究进展.随着金属(氧化物)纳米材料的广泛应用,未来有必要加强对自然水体中纳米颗粒环境行为的研究,并系统开展纳米颗粒健康风险评估工作,为预测纳米材料进入水环境后的归趋和风险提供科学依据.     

表面分析技术在环境颗粒研究中的应用

本文就近期光电子能谱,俄歇电子能谱、二次离子质谱、激光微探针质谱、电子探针X射线分析等现代表面分析技术在环境颗粒研究中的应用,作了综述比较。具体阐述了这些技术在大气颗粒物、煤飞灰、汽车废气颗粒、水中悬浮粒及生物样品中颗粒物研究中的重要应用实例,并论述了对环境颗粒物进行表面分析的重要意义。     

金属纳米颗粒的环境行为及其与藻类的相互作用概述

金属纳米颗粒在各领域的应用日益广泛，可通过多种途径进入环境，并在水生生态系统中积累.因此关于其进入水环境后的行为及与水中初级生产者—藻类相互作用的研究至关重要.金属纳米颗粒在水中会发生团聚、沉降、溶解、硫化反应及光化学反应等，这些行为受到自身理化性质(大小、形状、表面电荷、晶体结构、化学组成等)和环境因素(pH、离子强度、阳离子价态等)的影响，进而改变金属纳米颗粒在藻类表面的吸附聚集和可能的吸收累积.金属纳米颗粒还可能影响藻类光合作用、引起氧化应激、甚至造成藻类的凋亡.同时，与金属纳米颗粒共存的其它污染物及天然有机质也可能改变金属纳米颗粒的行为、生物吸附、生物累积和生物效应.相应地，藻类在面对金属纳米颗粒胁迫时也会启动自我防御机制.尽管如此，真实环境中金属纳米颗粒与藻类的相互作用及分子机制仍有待进一步研究.     

纳米颗粒物对雄性生殖系统影响的研究进展

纳米颗粒物因其独特的性质(表面效应、量子尺寸效应和宏观量子隧道效应),在化学、力学、电磁、光学以及生物医学等方面得到了广泛的应用。由于纳米颗粒物具有特殊的性质,使其更容易进入机体并对机体产生生物学效应,其对人体的潜在危害也已逐渐引起人们的关注。生殖健康作为健康的一个重要部分,关系着人类的繁衍与发展,因此纳米颗粒物对生殖系统的影响也逐渐引起人们的重视。本文主要总结了近几年来纳米颗粒物对雄性生殖系统影响的研究,为进一步的研究提供建议和帮助。     

打印机使用过程中颗粒物等有害因素释放及其毒理学效应研究进展

打印机的应用日趋广泛,其释放的颗粒物质尤其是纳米颗粒引起人们的高度关注。现有研究已经证明纳米级颗粒物更容易进入呼吸系统,穿越气血屏障,随之引起机体的氧化损伤、炎症反应和遗传毒性等。打印机释放颗粒的暴露水平评价及其毒理学效应识别是评估打印机健康风险的基础。本文综述了打印机工作场所颗粒暴露水平的监测结果、实验室模拟研究进展、人体采样评价、流行病学调查、体外细胞或整体动物水平毒理学效应评价方法及结果,并提出了打印机危害评估过程的标准化方案建议,以利于不同研究间的比较和总结。     

同步辐射X射线荧光和吸收谱技术在环境汞污染研究中的应用进展

汞作为一种重要的全球性重金属污染物,被许多国际组织列为优先控制污染物。常规的汞分析手段,例如电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)、原子荧光光谱(AFS)等,对汞的分析精度较高,方法比较成熟,但对样品前处理要求也较高。同步辐射技术由于其高、精、准的优势,且对样品前处理要求比较简单、可实现原位无损分析,因此被广泛应用于环境样品的分析中。随着研究的发展,同步辐射X射线荧光光谱(SRXRF)和同步辐射X射线吸收光谱(SRXAS)技术在环境汞污染分析领域得到了越来越多的应用。主要介绍了我国环境汞污染现状及污染特征,同步辐射技术对于汞分布蓄积、含量和化学形态分析方面的独特优势,重点回顾了本项目组和其他一些研究组近几年关于SRXRF和SRXAS技术在环境介质如土壤、植物体内汞的分布蓄积、相对含量和化学形态转化研究领域的应用进展,对进一步发展并提高同步辐射技术在环境及生物体汞污染水平、毒性机理和生态毒理评价方面的应用进行了展望。     

典型环境污染物对肠道菌群的影响及机制研究进展

随着环境污染日益严重,国内外有关环境污染物导致健康风险的毒性机制研究已引起广泛关注.然而,环境污染物对机体肠道菌群结构、功能的改变及其对毒性效应的调控作用研究尚处起步阶段.本综述在归纳近年来国内外人体及模式生物的肠道菌群研究进展的基础上,重点阐述了以重金属污染物、微纳米颗粒污染物、持久性有机污染物以及抗生素为代表的典型环境污染物对肠道菌群结构、组成、数量以及代谢等的影响,总结了肠道菌群在机体毒性效应中潜在调控作用,为后续肠道菌群在环境污染物毒理学效应及人类健康风险方面的系统研究提供理论参考.     

水环境中基于分离-富集的金属形态分析方法研究进展

金属的形态对其在环境介质中的迁移转化、生物有效性和毒性具有重要影响.目前认为,金属的自由离子态和不稳定络合态是具有潜在生物有效性的形态,而纳米颗粒的存在使得具有生物有效性的金属形态变得更为复杂.痕量金属和纳米颗粒在天然水环境中的含量较低,大部分检测方法无法达到检测限要求.基于分离-富集的金属形态分析方法因检测限低、操作简单、结果可靠等优点被广泛用于环境中痕量金属及纳米颗粒存在下金属的形态分析.本文从原理、应用条件和优缺点等方面对梯度扩散薄膜技术、唐南渗析膜技术、离子交换技术和渗透液膜技术等基于分离-富集的金属形态分析方法进行综述,为水环境中金属形态分析方法的选择提供了参考和依据.     

水环境中纳米氧化锌的环境行为及生物毒性研究进展

随着纳米氧化锌的大量生产和应用,作为其最终受体之一的水环境将面临越来越大的威胁.纳米氧化锌在水环境中的团聚,溶解等环境行为使其具有不稳定性,在很大程度上影响着纳米氧化锌在水体中的迁移性、生物可利用性以及对生态环境的毒性.本文着重探讨纳米氧化锌在水环境中的环境行为及其影响控制因素和检测分析方法,归纳纳米氧化锌对不同种类水生生物的毒性效应,分析纳米氧化锌的毒性机制及其存在的问题,并对水环境中纳米氧化锌的环境行为及生物毒性的研究方向进行了展望.     

氧化石墨烯的环境行为和毒性效应研究进展

由于具有优异的光学、力学、电学特性,氧化石墨烯纳米材料被广泛应用于传感、航空航天、新能源、疾病诊断等方面。随着氧化石墨烯的大量生产和广泛应用,其对环境的健康风险也日益引起关注。阐明氧化石墨烯的潜在毒性效应及其作用机制,对于科学客观评价其对人体和生态环境健康风险具有十分重要的意义。文章在总结了纳米氧化石墨烯在不同环境介质中的迁移、转化行为基础上、系统综述了氧化石墨烯对水生生物、陆生植物、大鼠以及微生物的毒害效应并探讨了氧化石墨烯生物毒害效应的可能机制。研究发现,氧化石墨烯在环境介质中主要形成稳定胶体且具有难以降解和易于多介质间迁移等特点;同时,氧化石墨烯还可以进入藻类、鱼类、植物、大鼠以及微生物细胞内并引起氧化应激反应导致炎症发生、多种细胞器损伤和组织器官形态异常。此外,研究还发现纳米氧化石墨烯还会导致DNA氧化损伤和DNA断裂等遗传毒性和诱导生殖毒性相关的小RNA异常表达。因此,对不同环境介质中纳米氧化石墨烯的环境行为和毒性效应进行深入研究具有十分重要的意义。今后可在纳米氧化石墨烯的暴露定量分析,纳米氧化石墨烯与生物大分子间的交互作用及长期低剂量下纳米氧化石墨烯的毒性效应3个方面加强研究。文章可为进一步阐明氧化石墨烯的健康风险提供理论参考。     

An exploratory study of chemical elements in drinking water and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Nanomaterials are widely used in the field of engineering and in modern society. Although the unique characteristics of nanoparticles also enable them to provide environmental solutions to reduce the formation and emissions of pollutants, adverse effects on human health may occur from the exposure to nanomaterials during the manufacturing processes and when nanomaterials are released and they contaminate the environment. It is essential to understand the factors affecting the accumulation, aggregation, deposition, translocation, and distribution of nanomaterials (natural or engineered) in the ecosystem. This study presents an extensive review of the environmental effects of nanomaterials, including classification, adverse impacts on human health and the environment, transport pathways, monitoring methods, and the current regulations regarding nanomaterials. The review indicates that the diversity of nanoparticles and their properties make the identification and characterization of nanomaterials a difficult task, and an improvement in sensitivity and selectivity of analytical methods for detecting nanoparticles in the environment is required. Besides, few regulations have been established for the management of nanoparticles released into the environment. In order to expedite the environmental management of nanomaterials, this study proposes a risk assessment framework based on the findings in the review as a practice alternative for the environmental assessment and effective management of nanomaterials. Development of practical innovative risk-based management measures may help us to find answers to the concerns such as safety of engineering and applying nanomaterials and effective control of nanoparticle contamination in the environment.     

Auswirkungen nanotechnologischer Entwicklungen auf die Umwelt

Background

Nanotechnology is about discovering, developing and using materials consisting in their primary stage at a size within the low nanometer range. These ultrafine particles offer new properties and opportunities. Even if the synthesis of nanoparticles has been discovered not until during the last decades, the exposure of humans to ultrafine particles occurred long before, due to the generation of ultrafine particles in ambient air during combustion processing.

Aim

Within this review, only engineered nanoparticles are considered, because these technical products are associated with many hopes for new applications, while only little information is available about their potential adverse effects. At workpiaces, during manufacturing, in technical applications or in drugs, nanoparticles will always have ‘side effects’ which have carefully to be weighed against their advantages, before they can be released in the environment. Therefore, information about their safety and potential hazards is urgently needed.

Results and Discussion

Along with the technical development of nanoparticles, a public discussion has started, leading to extensive investigations on possible negative ‘side effects’ on human health. Research activities have been strengthened in departments for environmental toxicology, hygiene institutes and other academic facilities to identify hazard and risks during handling and use of these new materials. On the other hand, nanotechnology offers the promise to prematurely identify environmental problems through improved detection and monitoring capabilities, and significantly reduced environmental effects from cleaner manufacturing and synthesis approaches, which results in a reduction or elimination of wastes as well as reduced energy use, and unique remediation solutions as well as pollution strategies.

Conclusions

However, the potential impact of manufactured nanomaterials used in various applications also needs to be evaluated in the context of human health with regard to potential toxicology and routes of exposure, environmental effects, including fate, transport, transformation, bio-availability, and bio-accumulation, and an analysis of product-life cycle.     

不同培养介质中纳米氧化铜对小麦毒性的影响

采用琼脂培养和水培方法比较了纳米氧化铜(CuONPs)在不同暴露介质中的环境化学行为及其对小麦根生长的影响,并探讨了不同培养介质对CuONPs植物毒性的影响机制.结果表明,琼脂介质相对水相(营养液)环境可以减少CuONPs的团聚,增强其分散性.在琼脂和水相中Cu离子溶出随CuONPs浓度变化规律存在明显差异,在50～1000mg CuONPs·L-(1以Cu计)范围内,CuONPs在琼脂中无论是Cu2+的溶出浓度还是溶出比率均低于其在水相中的值.CuONPs在不同介质中表现出显著的小麦毒性差异.琼脂培养下小麦根生长半抑制效应浓度EC50(以CuONPs浓度表示)为108mg·L-1,而在水培方式下为9.0mg·L-1,说明琼脂介质极大缓解了CuONPs引起的植物毒性.分析表明,Cu2+溶出浓度较CuONPs投放量与小麦根生长抑制效应之间存在更好的指数相关关系,这说明该研究体系下CuONPs小麦毒性主要是由纳米颗粒释放Cu2+引起的.此结论较好地解释了当培养介质从水相变成琼脂时,Cu2+溶出减少,纳米毒性降低的现象.该研究结果认为,当前国内外使用水培法获得的纳米材料植物毒性研究结果在外推至实际土壤状况时将高估其环境安全性风险,推荐使用琼脂作为纳米材料土壤环境风险评价的模拟介质.     

(Super)paramagnetic nanoparticles as platform materials for environmental applications: From synthesis to demonstration

• The fabrication of monodisperse, (super)paramagnetic nanoparticles is summarized. • Monolayer and bilayer surface coating structures are described. • Mono/bilayer coated nanoparticles showed high sorption capacities for U, As, and Cr. Over the past few decades, engineered, (super)paramagnetic nanoparticles have drawn extensive research attention for a broad range of applications based on their tunable size and shape, surface chemistries, and magnetic properties. This review summaries our recent work on the synthesis, surface modification, and environmental application of (super)paramagnetic nanoparticles. By utilizing high-temperature thermo-decomposition methods, first, we have broadly demonstrated the synthesis of highly monodispersed, (super)paramagnetic nanoparticles, via the pyrolysis of metal carboxylate salts in an organic phase. Highly uniform magnetic nanoparticles with various size, composition, and shape can be precisely tuned by controlled reaction parameters, such as the initial precursors, heating rate, final reaction temperature, reaction time, and the additives. These materials can be further rendered water stable via functionalization with surface mono/bi-layer coating structure using a series of tunable ionic/non-ionic surfactants. Finally, we have demonstrated platform potential of these materials for heavy metal ions sensing, sorption, and separation from the aqueous phase.     

Heavy metals,occurrence and toxicity for plants: a review

Metal contamination issues are becoming increasingly common in India and elsewhere, with many documented cases of metal toxicity in mining industries, foundries, smelters, coal-burning power plants and agriculture. Heavy metals, such as cadmium, copper, lead, chromium and mercury are major environmental pollutants, particularly in areas with high anthropogenic pressure. Heavy metal accumulation in soils is of concern in agricultural production due to the adverse effects on food safety and marketability, crop growth due to phytotoxicity, and environmental health of soil organisms. The influence of plants and their metabolic activities affects the geological and biological redistribution of heavy metals through pollution of the air, water and soil. This article details the range of heavy metals, their occurrence and toxicity for plants. Metal toxicity has high impact and relevance to plants and consequently it affects the ecosystem, where the plants form an integral component. Plants growing in metal-polluted sites exhibit altered metabolism, growth reduction, lower biomass production and metal accumulation. Various physiological and biochemical processes in plants are affected by metals. The contemporary investigations into toxicity and tolerance in metal-stressed plants are prompted by the growing metal pollution in the environment. A few metals, including copper, manganese, cobalt, zinc and chromium are, however, essential to plant metabolism in trace amounts. It is only when metals are present in bioavailable forms and at excessive levels, they have the potential to become toxic to plants. This review focuses mainly on zinc, cadmium, copper, mercury, chromium, lead, arsenic, cobalt, nickel, manganese and iron.     

纳米零价铁的生态毒性效应研究进展

纳米零价铁(n ZVI)由于其比表面积大、表面反应活性高以及强还原性,可以作为一种高效的环境修复材料,广泛运用于污染地下水及土壤修复。大量的n ZVI颗粒直接注射到污染位点会增加生态系统的暴露可能性,并且由于n ZVI粒径特别小,能穿过细胞膜和生物体的各类天然屏障,对环境及生态系统存在潜在风险,因此科学家们开始更多地关注n ZVI的生物安全性研究。鉴于n ZVI在环境修复应用中的巨大潜力和可能的毒性效应,对n ZVI环境风险的研究也显得尤为重要。综述了近几年国内外关于n ZVI生态毒性的研究成果,n ZVI对病毒、细菌、微生物群落、以及动植物等都能导致一定的负面效应,尽管其毒性机制尚不明确,但普遍认为n ZVI暴露后铁离子的释放和氧化损伤确实可以引起生物效应,部分研究还分析了环境因素和表面改性对其毒性的影响。文章对其未来的发展方向进行了展望,以期为今后纳米零价铁的研究提供参考。     

人工纳米材料对贝类生态毒理效应的研究进展

纳米技术已成为21世纪发展最迅猛的技术领域之一。纳米材料因其具备新异的物理、化学特性而广泛应用于各种领域,包括农业,电子工业,生物医学,制造业,医药品和化妆品等,因此纳米颗粒不可避免会释放到水环境中。贝类由于其具有分布广,处于食物链中的关键位置,滤食食性,对重金属及污染物有较强的生物累积能力,且很多贝类具有养殖和商业价值,因而纳米颗粒对贝类的生态毒性效应备受关注。本文通过对已有相关研究成果进行归纳分析,重点阐述了3方面的内容:1)人工纳米材料在水环境中的行为;2)贝类作为水生污染监测指示生物的重要意义;3)人工纳米材料对贝类的毒性效应,主要包括贝类对纳米颗粒摄取、积累和转移,并从组织细胞水平,分子和基因水平,胚胎发育和个体生长水平等阐述了纳米材料对贝类的毒性效应。     

Removal and recovery of toxic nanosized Cerium Oxide using eco-friendly Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

• Eco-friendly IONPs were synthesized through solvothermal method. • IONPs show very high removal efficiency for CeO₂ NPs i.e. 688 mg/g. • Removal was >90% in all synthetic and real water samples. • >80% recovery of CeO₂ NPs through sonication confirms reusability of IONPs. Increasing applications of metal oxide nanoparticles and their release in the natural environment is a serious concern due to their toxic nature. Therefore, it is essential to have eco-friendly solutions for the remediation of toxic metal oxides in an aqueous environment. In the present study, eco-friendly Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs) are synthesized using solvothermal technique and successfully characterized using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM respectively) and powder X-Ray diffraction (PXRD). These IONPs were further utilized for the remediation of toxic metal oxide nanoparticle, i.e., CeO₂. Sorption experiments were also performed in complex aqueous solutions and real water samples to check its applicability in the natural environment. Reusability study was performed to show cost-effectiveness. Results show that these 200 nm-sized spherical IONPs, as revealed by SEM and TEM analysis, were magnetite (Fe₃O₄) and contained short-range crystallinity as confirmed from XRD spectra. Sorption experiments show that the composite follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Further R²>0.99 for Langmuir sorption isotherm suggests chemisorption as probable removal mechanism with monolayer sorption of CeO₂ NPs on IONP. More than 80% recovery of adsorbed CeO₂ NPs through ultrasonication and magnetic separation of reaction precipitate confirms reusability of IONPs. Obtained removal % of CeO₂ in various synthetic and real water samples was>90% signifying that IONPs are candidate adsorbent for the removal and recovery of toxic metal oxide nanoparticles from contaminated environmental water samples.