高超声速飞行器翼前缘射流降热研究

目的获得高超声速飞行器翼前缘射流降热机理。方法通过计算流体力学(CFD)方法,针对典型高超声速带翼飞行器开展飞行马赫数为15条件下的射流干扰热环境规律研究,分析无射流翼前缘气动加热特性,确定热流严酷射流开孔区域,分别在翼前缘激波干扰及翼后段布置射流孔,并设计射流流动参数,开展射流总压与来流总压比率在0.002～0.02范围内的流场仿真计算,获得局部流动及表面热流分布特性,针对计算结果进行对比分析。结果随着总压比率逐渐增大,激波干扰以及机翼后段射流孔区域热流均显著降低,降幅达76%～99%。翼中段无射流典型位置总压比率为0.002时热流增高,增幅为11%～24%,随着射流总压增大热流降低,降幅达68%～86%。高射流总压比率局部射流孔前热流增大2倍以上。结论射流影响下降热机理是射流将高温气体推离壁面,局部表面热流显著降低。低射流总压比率亚音速射流作用区域向下游延伸距离短,不会引起局部再附热流增大。高射流总压比率音速射流降热影响向下游明显延伸,增强射流强度可以增加延伸区长度,同时会诱导局部射流孔前再附热流显著增大。     

临近空间飞行器防隔热/承载一体化热结构设计及力/热行为

目的满足临近空间飞行器对结构/热防护系统质量指标的苛刻要求,研制兼具轻量化与高效防隔热/承载一体化的热防护结构及系统。方法根据临近空间飞行器承力和防热两方面的要求,设计一种全复合材料防隔热/承载一体化热防护结构,采用地面高温环境试验,考查复合材料一体化热防护结构的抗烧蚀性能。建立一体化热防护结构的热响应和力学响应预报方法,以某飞行器机翼为研究对象,开展一体化热防护结构在机翼部位的应用研究,利用有限元方法进行热力耦合分析。结果一体化热防护结构高温热暴露后表面出现热解,但结构性能保持良好。结论设计的一体化热防护结构满足防热和承载两方面设计要求,是新一代飞行器的理想热防护方案。     

飞机铝合金结构连接部位表面防护体系修理技术研究

目的研究飞机铝合金结构连接部位表面防护体系修理技术。方法根据飞机铝合金连接结构腐蚀损伤特点、原防护体系类型及服役环境特点等,选取修复材料和修复工艺,制定5种不同的表面防护体系修理方法,通过在飞机典型涂层加速试验环境谱下开展加速腐蚀试验,优选出适于飞机铝合金结构连接部位表面涂层损伤修理方法。结果加速试验2周期,采用RM4修理的试件,修复部位表面开始出现脱落现象。加速试验6周期,在紧固件区域,采用RM1,RM2,RM3,RM5修理的试件在变色、粉化、开裂、起泡和剥落指标上都属于优或者良,但在生锈指标上仅采用RM3修理的试件属于良;在非紧固件区域,采用RM1,RM2,RM3,RM5修理的试件在各指标上都属于优或者良。结论 RM3更适用于飞机铝合金结构连接部位表面防护体系修理。     

C/SiC复合材料波纹点阵结构进气道前缘设计与制备

目的 C/SiC复合材料进气道前缘轻量化设计与制备。方法基于进气道气动外形和结构要求,建立波纹点阵夹芯结构的进气道前缘有限元模型,然后按照德国航空中心H2K超声速风洞试验室试验的数据进行反演,得到进气道前缘的热流密度分布,据此进行边界条件加载,在模型中考虑固体导热、表面辐射以及空腔辐射三种传热方式。采用瞬态传热算法,求解100 s下进气道前缘的温度场,为了进一步降低C/SiC复合材料波纹点阵结构进气道前缘的最高温度,设计不同的进气道前缘尖端半径,并进行优化。最后根据优化得到的波纹点阵进气道几何参数,采用PIP法制备出C/SiC复合材料点阵结构进气道前缘。结果进气道尖端半径小于0.5mm时,最高温度高于1800℃,超过C/SiC复合材料极限温度;进气道尖端半径大于1.0 mm时,最高温度为1520℃,低于C/SiC复合材料极限温度;进气道尖端半径大于2.0 mm时,增大半径对降低进气道前缘最高温度没有明显的作用。不同进气道前缘尖端半径下,最高温度达到稳态的时间不一样,半径等于0.5 mm时,进气道前缘达到稳态的时间约为30 s左右。随着前缘尖端半径增大,最高温度达到稳态的时间增加,半径为1.0 mm时,达到稳态时间约为60 s。结论进气道前缘最高温度随着尖端半径增大明显降低,当半径大于2.0 mm时,增大半径对降低进气道前缘最高温度没有明显的作用。     

新型长时热流测量装置的研制及应用

目的设计一种新型热流测量装置,使传感器满足长时间热流测量的需求,且传感器外表面可以适量打磨,与飞行器的气动外型面完好随型。方法采用铜和钢作为备选材料,施加相同的表面热流边界,对比敏感端内外壁温差情况。优化热流辨识传感器传热路径、敏感端厚度,通过有限元模型分析打磨对热流辨识结果的影响。基于优化结果,研制出热流测量装置,并通过地面试验验证该装置的有效性。结果从热响应获取时间延迟角度来看,Cu比钢具有较大的优势。综合考虑敏感端外表面需要与飞行器外表面随型打磨,选用5 mm的厚度具有一定的安全可靠性。敏感端的适度打磨基本不影响温度测量结果。辨识获得的热流数据与实际控制热流吻合较好,最大偏差约15%。结论成功研制了热流测量装置,并通过地面热试验证明了热流测量的有效性。     

复合材料尾翼前缘结构抗鸟撞仿真及试验验证研究

目的 依据适航条款25.631的要求,对飞机复材尾翼前缘结构抗鸟撞能力进行仿真分析及试验验证。方法 根据复材鸟撞仿真计算的需要,建立了获取复材动态力学性能参数的试验矩阵,开展了复材动态力学性能测试及本构模型参数标定。应用标定后的复材本构模型参数,对尾翼前缘结构的抗鸟撞能力进行了仿真分析,同时开展了试验验证。结果 试验结果与仿真结果良好的一致性,表明建立的鸟撞数值仿真模型能够较合理地预计尾翼前缘结构的损伤。结论 建立的试验证矩阵和经试验验证过的复材鸟撞仿真分析方法对飞机结构抗鸟撞设计具有一定的指导作用。     

高热流密度阵列的温度一致性工程化设计研究

目的研究一种提高高热流密度条件下热源阵列温度一致性的工程化设计方法。方法基于微通道内相变传热的原理,在结构上创新的设计保证通道内各处冷却液的温度尽量在工质的相变点附近,从而缩小各热源之间的温度差异。对一体化综合热物理样机进行数字建模,通过数值模拟的方法,对样机进行稳态的流动和传热分析。结果验证了集总参数仿真的可行性,并获得了样机的流场和温度场分布。结论该样机经由微通道相变强化传热之后,各热源间具有较小的温差,可进行工程化应用。     

发动机燃烧室内壁材料热环境的气动热试验模拟技术研究

利用超声速矩形湍流导管和等离子电弧加热器模拟了发动机燃烧室内流和高超声速飞行器外壁面外流热环境,进行了平板表面冷壁热流测量和燃烧室内壁材料考核试验。结果表明:由于辐射换热的影响,在选取的两个典型来流条件下,发动机燃烧室内流热环境下的冷壁热流比外流热环境下的高出21%和40%,但是冷壁热流的增量基本相当,约为0.70~0.80MW/m²。随着冷壁热流的增加,辐射换热产生的热流增量的影响力会逐渐减小。材料考核时,相同配方的C/SiC复合材料在内流热环境下的表面温度高出约400℃,背面温度高出约90℃,这种差异对于发动机燃烧室内壁面材料考核至关重要,必须在材料考核试验中加以考虑。      

高超声速飞行器综合热管理及关键技术研究进展

从高超声速飞行器面临的内外热环境特点、热防护与舱内热管理的需求入手,面对热源增大、热沉受限的现状,提出需对高超声速飞行器舱外热防护与舱内热管理开展综合热管理与一体化设计,并分别针对热防护、舱内热管理以及综合热管理现有技术手段、应用特点以及发展趋势等方面开展综合论述与分析。在此基础上,对美国已经提出的一系列综合热管理计划的发展状况与关键技术点进行了综合论述。最后,从先进热管理单点技术、高超声速飞行器内外一体化耦合设计以及综合热管理系统快速建模与分析3方面分析了高超声速飞行器综合热管理关键技术。     

真空热试验红外加热笼运动驱动系统设计

目的解决在航天器真空热试验中,单纯依靠红外加热笼自身设计,无法兼顾高、低温工况外的热流模拟需求问题。方法设计一套运动驱动系统,并应用于型号试验,通过调整红外加热笼的相对位置,调节不同工况下外热流模拟能力。结果该系统满足空间环境模拟器机械和电接口要求,克服了真空热试验环境高真空、超低温等因素的影响,实现了红外加热笼的平稳可靠移动,使其最大、最小辐射热流密度等指标得到显著提升。结论真空热试验中,通过运动驱动系统适时调整红外加热笼的相对位置,可以使其更好地适应不同工况需求,并提高外热流模拟整体能力。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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