Chemical evolution: The first stages

The available data on the syntheses of critically important precursor molecules for chemical evolution are reviewed and problems of rates of production versus rates of destruction in the primitive ocean are discussed. It is concluded that many global chemical syntheses would have been improbable in the Earth's oceans and that more attention should be paid to specific environments which would have favored such syntheses. The recent discovery of an accelerating effect of formaldehyde on the oligomerization of HCN as well as the eutectic-concentration mechanism are discussed in relation to a new scenario for chemical evolution on the primitive Earth.     

海底热液系统微生物活动与地球化学的耦合作用评述

热液系统微生物能适应海底极端环境,通过化能合成自养过程,利用多种无机能量生长繁殖。海底热液生态系统的运转主要依靠地球化学和矿物学体系维持,热液系统地球化学和微生物活动之间存在着紧密的耦合关系。一方面,硫化物矿物、金属离子和溶解气体为热液体系微生物的生存和繁殖提供所需能源、碳源和微量元素。热液生态系统的生产力和群落结构在很大程度上受制于地球化学能量向有机体的转移过程。另一方面,微生物对热液流体化学和矿物学也产生重要的影响,生命对热液系统无机部分的改造同样不可忽视。作为一种"复杂的地质生物体系",海底热液体系中各种有机和无机单元是通过多种生化控制和反馈作用相互联系起来的。本文评述了海底热液系统中微生物活动与无机环境相互作用研究的若干进展。     

原始大气的演变与石油天然气的形成

关于石油天然气的形成 ,有机成因说目前已被普遍接受。但天文学家发现宇宙中存在大量天际有机分子 ,其中甲烷是天然气的主要成分 ,这就说明有机物并非是石油天然气的唯一来源 ,石油天然气的形成可能十分复杂 ,是多种因素综合的结果。本文试图从原始地球的原始大气组成入手 ,简要分析其演化历程以及可能形成的有机物 ,重新探讨石油天然气的形成。     

成矿作用中金银的共生与分离及Au/Ag比值的校正

在内生作用中金与银既有共生的一面 ,又有分离的一面。其共生与分离受地球演化历史制约 ,受控于元素化学性质和地球化学亲和性 ,与岩浆起源、演化有关 ,受控于不同的基底建造和构造单元。成矿作用中金与银的共生与分离可用Au/Ag比值大小来衡量 ,本文提出了根据Au、Ag的地壳克拉克值和工业品位对传统的Au/Ag比值进行校正的方法 ,校正后的Au/Ag比值可有助于矿床研究、找矿预测和资源评价等工作     

Behavior of a hammerhead ribozyme in aqueous solution at medium to high temperatures

The “RNA world” hypothesis proposes that—early in the evolution of life—RNA molecules played important roles both in information storage and in enzymatic functions. However, this hypothesis seems to be inconsistent with the concept that life may have emerged under hydrothermal conditions since RNA molecules are considered to be labile under such extreme conditions. Presently, the possibility that the last common ancestor of the present organisms was a hyperthermophilic organism which is important to support the hypothesis of the hydrothermal origin of life has been subject of strong discussions. Consequently, it is of importance to study the behavior of RNA molecules under hydrothermal conditions from the viewpoints of stability, catalytic functions, and storage of genetic information of RNA molecules and determination of the upper limit of temperature where life could have emerged. In the present work, self-cleavage of a natural hammerhead ribozyme was examined at temperatures 10–200?°C. Self-cleavage was investigated in the presence of Mg²⁺, which facilitates and accelerates this reaction. Self-cleavage of the hammerhead ribozyme was clearly observed at temperatures up to 60?°C, but at higher temperatures self-cleavage occurs together with hydrolysis and with increasing temperature hydrolysis becomes dominant. The influence of the amount of Mg²⁺ on the reaction rate was also investigated. In addition, we discovered that the reaction proceeds in the presence of high concentrations of monovalent cations (Na⁺ or K⁺), although very slowly. Furthermore, at high temperatures (above 60?°C), monovalent cations protect the ribozyme against degradation.     

低温微生物低温适应性的机制及其应用前景

低温微生物由于长期生活在寒冷的环境中,在自然选择的作用下形成一套独特的与低温环境相适应的细胞结构和分子机制。从细胞结构、组成的变化,以及分子水平等角度阐述了近年来国内外有关低温微生物低温适应性机制的研究进展;探讨了低温微生物在环境净化、食品化工和医药等行业中的广泛应用前景。     

初论元素富集成矿的地球化学机理—以岩浆热液矿床的形成为例

元素富集成矿的过程实质上是元素在地球不同圈层和不同相以及不同集合体之间分配的结果。元素的富集起始于地球形成的初期。对于大多数金属成矿元素 ,地壳特别是上地壳是大多数矿石和矿胎的储库 ,地壳丰度是元素富集成矿的物质基础。元素在地质体系演化共存相间的分配是元素富集成矿的关键过程。对于以侵入体为中心的热液矿床的形成 ,岩浆部分熔融、结晶分异、液态分离、挥发分分离以及气液相不混溶等过程能够导致金属元素最终达到矿石级的富集。挥发分则是元素富集成矿的重要制约因素     

长江三角洲平原南部上新世以来古环境演变及多重地层划分

对长江三角洲平原BZK01钻孔进行沉积物¹⁴C测年、粒度、磁学、孢粉和微体古生物分析,结合伽玛测井、岩性地层讨论了上新世以来钻孔揭示的孢粉组合、沉积环境演化、沉积相和古气候特征,建立了钻孔的第四纪多重地层划分对比框架。结果表明,受原始地形地貌、海平面变化、海陆变迁、古气候冷暖更替及新构造运动的影响,研究区上新世以来经历了多次环境变化。钻孔自下而上揭示岩性地层依次为基岩长河组、新近纪-第四纪沉积的嘉兴组、前港组、东浦组、宁波组、镇海组,孢粉组合可划分出16个孢粉带,按暖期温暖潮湿-冷期寒冷干燥古气候旋回变化的周期律,BZK01钻孔反映该区域共存在7个古气候旋回。建立的钻孔多重地层划分对比揭示151.9～278.0 m为河流相和河湖相交替沉积的上新世-早更新世时期,存在两个气候旋回过程;83.5～151.9 m为河流相-河湖相-浅湖相沉积环境的中更新世,包含两个气候旋回过程;15.4～83.5 m为晚更新世,沉积环境自下而上为河口相-河湖相-潮坪相-滨海相-河湖相,与王店海侵-杭州海侵时期对应,包括两个气候旋回;0～15.4 m为河口相-河湖相-泻湖相沉积环境的全新世,对应富阳海侵,包括一个气候旋回。     

Measurement of atmospheric nanoparticles: Bridging the gap between gas-phase molecules and larger particles

Atmospheric nanoparticles are crucial components contributing to fine particulate matter(PM2.5), and therefore have significant effects on visibility, climate, and human health. Due to the unique role of atmospheric nanoparticles during the evolution process from gas-phase molecules to larger particles, a number of sophisticated experimental techniques have been developed and employed for online monitoring and characterization of the physical and chemical properties of atmospheric nanoparticles,...     

不同类型土壤腐殖质组分的研究

为研究各类型土壤的肥力差异,依据Pallo分组法,初步分析了黑土、草甸土、风沙土、棕壤、暗棕壤、水稻土、黑钙土等7种土壤的腐殖质组成和性质。结果表明:7种土样的腐殖质组成中,均以胡敏素的有机碳的相对数量为最高,风沙土和棕壤中,富里酸的有机碳的相对数量则大于胡敏酸的有机碳的相对数量。7种土样的腐殖化程度从高到底依次为:草甸土>黑土>黑钙土>水稻土>暗棕壤>风沙土>棕壤。各土样胡敏酸的分子复杂程度和化学稳定性的序列为:草甸土>黑土>暗棕壤>黑钙土>风沙土>水稻土>棕壤。各土样中富里酸的分子复杂程度和化学稳定性的序列为:暗棕壤>黑钙土>风沙土>黑土>草甸土>棕壤>水稻土。     

熔融包裹体及其挥发分研究概况及分析方法简析

火山岩矿物斑晶中的熔融包裹体是矿物结晶时包裹了原始岩浆而成,未发生泄露和破坏的熔融包裹体可以有效地保存有关原始岩浆中各种物质的实际浓度,其成分代表着原始岩浆的成分,它能比较真实、直接地提供原始岩浆的信息,反映成岩成矿时的物理化学务件和岩浆演化情况,因此对熔融包裹体的研究是火山学研究中的一个重要方面。文章综述了近年来熔融包裹体研究的最新进展和应用,分析了对熔融包裹体的几种检测方法的优缺点,讨论了常见的"岩石学方法"的一些问题。     

热液石油与金属成矿流体的形成

本文介绍了热液石油形成的温度、运移方式几个方面的特征。通过实例证实了热液石油与成矿流体具有共生关系。在热液石油的形成过程中，有机酸、烃类、NSO极性化合物等组分直接参与了成矿物质的活化、迁移作用，而有机质在演化过程中的体积膨胀作用则为成矿物质的带出提供了通道。     

二氧化钛-水体系氧同位素分馏系数的实验研究

对TiO2的两种常见同质多像变体金红石和锐钛矿与水之间的氧同位素分馈系数的实验研究进行了系统的总结和评述。水热品化法（575～775℃）和水热氧化法（300～700℃）以及低温水解（22～50℃）获得的实验金红石－水体系分馏系数与增量方法理论计算结果相一致。低温水对法获得的锐钛矿－水体系分馏可能是一种不平衡分馏，其分馏系数的大小决定于锐钛矿的形成机制。同时，低温水解实验还揭示．在低温矿物形成和同质多像转变过程中可能存在氧同位素继承性，这对解释低温环境氧同位素数据具有重要的地球化学意义。     

Arsenic and sulfur nanoparticle synthesis mimicking environmental conditions of submarine shallow-water hydrothermal vents

Arsenic and sulfur mineralization is a natural phenomenon occurring in hydrothermal systems where parameters like temperature and organic matter(OM) can influence the mobilization of the toxic metalloid in marine environments. In the present study we analyze the influence of temperature and OM(particularly sulfur-containing additives) on As and S precipitation based on the recent discovery of As-rich nanoparticles in the hydrothermal system near the coast of the Greek island Milos. To this end, ...     

大陆溢流玄武岩成矿体系与基韦诺(Keweenaw)型铜矿床

美洲基韦诺裂谷与峨眉山大陆溢流玄武岩是全球仅有的两个具完整成矿体系的暗色岩系。基韦诺裂谷位于三个不同块体的拼接位上 ,周边存在明显的岩石圈结构不连续界面。滇黔边界大规模的自然铜矿化与超大型基韦诺铜矿 (储量 5 0 0 0万吨 )有很大的相似性。年代学与地球化学资料表明成矿往往只与玄武岩喷发结束拖尾阶段的岩浆分异有关。高孔隙度的火山角砾岩、熔结凝灰岩、砾岩与砂岩提供了热液活动和铜沉淀空间。Fe2 + 向Fe3 + 转化和有机质存在为自然铜形成提供了还原条件。地质和地球化学证据均支持同生热液成矿的观点。     

西宁市浅层地下水化学特征及形成机制

地下水是西部干旱地区重要的供水水源，随着西部大开发战略的深入，工业化和城市化发展加大了西宁市对地下水资源量的需求，不合理的开发利用已引起地下水环境发生变化，探明地下水化学演化特征及形成机制，对防止其恶化，确保可持续利用至关重要.运用水化学和多元统计技术相结合的方法，分析了西宁市地下水化学特征，探讨了地下水的形成机制和不同因子的影响程度.结果表明，西宁市浅层地下水化学类型多达36种，以HCO₃-Ca(Mg)(占比60.00%)和HCO₃·SO₄-Ca(Mg)(占比11.81%)为主，草地、林地和裸地中地下水化学类型5～6种，建设用地和耕地中地下水化学类型复杂，多达21种，表明受到人类活动影响较强.研究区地下水化学演化过程主要受岩石风化溶滤、蒸发结晶和阳离子交换作用综合影响，主要控制因素分别是水-岩相互作用(贡献率为27.56%)、工业废水排放(贡献率为16.16%)、酸碱环境(贡献率为16.00%)、化肥、农药的过量施用(贡献率为13.11%)和生活污水(贡献率为8.82%).针对西宁市地下水化学特征及其人类活动影响，提出...     

西昆仑山构造格架与成矿堆积环境

本文在对西昆仑山广布的岩浆岩尤其是花岗岩研究取得的成果基础上 ,结合区域构造、沉积建造等其它地质特征 ,再造了西昆仑山地质构造发展历程 ,进而研究了区内成矿堆积环境及其矿床地质特征。结果表明 ,西昆仑山经历了复杂的地质构造演化 ,是一条由北而南分别由加里东造山带、华力西造山带和燕山早期造山带组成的复合型造山带。区内存在以下 5种主要成矿堆积环境 :洋脊 (蛇绿岩 )成矿堆积环境 (塞浦路斯型含铜黄铁矿矿床 ,豆荚状铬、镍矿床 ) ,被动陆缘成矿堆积环境 (MVT铅锌矿床 ,Sedex型铅铜矿床 ) ,火山弧成矿堆积环境 (斑岩型铜矿床 ,黑矿型铜锌铅矿床 ,矽卡岩型铜铅锌多金属矿床 ) ,弧后盆地成矿堆积环境 (海底火山喷发沉积型铁铜金矿床 ,气液充填型铜金铁矿床 )和同碰撞成矿堆积环境 (伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床 ,伟晶岩型多金属银矿床 )     

Impact of hydrothermal process on the nutrient ingredients of restaurant garbage

In order to recover the nutrient resource from restaurant garbage, a complete trial with 2 factors on 5 levels of experiments was carried out. The temperature and heating time are the main factors influencing on hydrothermal process （HP） by which improves the degradability and digestibility of the restaurant garbage favorably to make animal feeds or fertilizer. The results showed the variation of protein, saccharide, and oil in the garbage. It showed that protein dissolved and liquefied during hydrothermal process, which made organic nitrogen in solid phase transfer to liquid phase. After heating at 180℃ for 60min, organic nitrogen in liquid phase began to transform into ammonia. It also showed that hydrothermal process could promote the dextrinization, dissolution of the starch and its hydrolysis to reducing sugar, due to that starch in the restaurant garbage decreases and reducing sugar increases. When the temperature reached 140℃, the reducing sugar started to decrease due to chemical reactions. The cellulose was stable at 100-180℃. The floatable oil increased markedly in the hydrothermal process. The suitable condition for de-oil was observed at 160℃ heating for 80 min. Furthermore, the extraction of grease from the solid phase accords with first-order reaction dynamic model.     

Optimizing food waste hydrothermal parameters to reduce Maillard reaction and increase volatile fatty acid production

The occurrence of the Maillard reaction and melanoidins formation during the hydrothermal treatment of food waste can reduce the yield of volatile fatty acids (VFA); however, few studies have investigated the adverse effects of the Maillard reaction. This study identified the impact of hydrothermal treatment parameters on hydrolysis and melanoidins formation and optimized the hydrothermal treatment conditions to enhance VFA production by minimizing the impact of the Maillard reaction. A response surface methodology was employed to optimize the hydrothermal treatment parameters and VFA production was evaluated. Results showed that temperature, reaction time, and pH were significant interacting factors with respect to hydrolysis and melanoidins formation while the C/N ratio and moisture content of food waste had little impact. The optimal conditions for hydrothermal treatment (temperature of 132 °C, reaction time of 27 min, and a pH of 5.6) enhanced VFA production by 22.1%. Under optimal hydrothermal treatment conditions, a higher initial C/N ratio further increased VFA production.     

热水沉积作用与成矿效应

热水活动在岩石圈中是一种非常重要的地质和成矿作用，热水作用的动力学类型主要有深部岩浆作用、碰撞挤压作用和沉积物自生高压脱水作用。根据热水成矿的特点，在传统的三种成矿作用分类范围之外列出热水成矿作用，并进行了次级分类。我国南方主要发育有四期热水沉积作用．其特征是：在演化方式上从震旦纪到二叠纪有从沉积作用向交代和充填作用演化的趋势，在元素组成上有从稳定元素向活泼元素演化的趋势。在时空分有模式上，热水沉积矿床主要发育于张性构造背景中裂陷盆地充填层序碳酸盐岩向细碎屑岩的过渡部位．这个过渡时期正是盆地演化到深部与表层物质和能量强烈交换的时期，也是盆地海平面最高、陆源物最少的时期，同时由于盆地沉积基底碳酸盐岩的较早因此共产生裂隙和层间空隙，有利于形成热水集中供给的通道。