近50年广东省降雨时空变化及趋势研究

基于1959-2008年广东省境内25个雨量站的逐日降雨观测资料,在SQL SERVER2000中编写相关代码,对次降雨、月、雨季、年、10年、50年等6个不同时间尺度的降雨量、降雨次数、降雨类型进行统计分析。研究表明：广东省境内存在3个多雨带和3个少雨带,降雨量在空间上大致呈现东、西、北部少,中、南部多的格局,年均降雨天数内陆多于沿海,而降雨量沿海大于内陆。近50年广东省年均降雨量为1758.8 mm,降雨量由南向北呈带状递减,其降雨量最多、最少的区域分别为阳江、徐闻。年降雨天数的年际变化幅度小于降雨量的年际变化幅度。年降雨量变化不大,但降雨总天数呈现减少趋势,且减少的降雨类型以小雨、中雨为主,大雨、暴雨的降雨次数有增加的趋势,降雨量在时间分布上更为集中,旱涝灾害将会更为频繁。研究区80.0%以上的降雨量在雨季产生,其中沿海雨季降雨量占年降雨量的比重要大于内陆,且内陆（沿海）雨季降雨量一般集中在前汛期（后汛期）。在月尺度上,降雨量随月份变化呈现双峰型,两个峰值分别处于6月、8月。其中1-4月、6-8月、12月降雨量整体呈现增大趋势,5月、9-11月降雨量整体呈现减少趋势。在次降雨尺度,小雨、中雨、暴雨的平均次降雨强度有增大的趋势,而大雨、大暴雨降雨强度有微度减少的趋势。     

典型喀斯特区侵蚀性降雨特征及坡面生物措施水土流失防控效应

降雨类型和生物措施是坡面水土流失的重要影响因素.为研究喀斯特区降雨类型和不同坡面生物措施共同作用下的水土保持效益,以贵州蚂蟥田小流域水土保持监测站2014—2018年5年的径流小区实测数据为基础,分析了112场次的侵蚀性降雨特征,并以降雨量、降雨历时、平均降雨强度为指标对其进行分类.同时,分析了不同侵蚀性降雨类型下6个...     

甘肃黄土高原各级降水和极端降水时空分布特征

利用甘肃黄土高原地区1960－2011年12个及周边4个站点的逐日降水观测资料,用阈值检测方法计算出甘肃黄土高原地区极端降水的阈值并运用气候线性趋势、多项式拟合、反距离加权法、Mann-Kendall检验、Morlet小波、R／S方法分析了近52a甘肃黄土高原各级雨量和R95极端降水的时空变化特征及对未来进行预测。结果表明：①近52a来甘肃黄土高原春季以小雨为主,夏、秋季以暴雨为主,冬季以大雪为主,R95极端降水主要集中在夏季;②春、秋季主要以大雨降水强度最强,夏季暴雨降水强度最强,冬季则为大雪;R95极端降水强度夏季降水强度最强。③小雪呈显著增加,微雨、中雨、大雨、微雪、R95极端降水量均呈显著减少;④微雨量、小雨量、中雨量、大雨量、R95极端降水量与年降水总量有很好的相关性,对年降水总量有很好的响应;⑤在空间分布上,各量级降水和R95极端降水大部分存在减小趋势,减小区主要集中在西南部和东北部;⑥各量级降水和R95极端降水突变年份不尽相同;⑦各量级降水和R95极端降水在不同的时间序列存在长短不同的周期震荡;⑧R／S分析表明不同量级降水和R95极端降水的未来变化趋势和过去一致。     

尾巨桉人工林小流域降水产流特征分析

研究尾巨桉(E.urophylla×E.grandis)生长阶段(林龄3.5—5.5 a)所处小流域的降水产流特征,有助于了解桉树生长过程的生态水文效应,对修订桉树人工林经营方案中注重提高生态系统的水源涵养能力有重要参考意义。以广西南宁桉树森林生态系统定位观测研究站(南宁桉树生态站)的闭合尾巨桉林小流域为试验区,在小流域出水口建设1个测流堰,在测流堰附属房的测定池安放1个自动水位计,定位观测小流域2013年5月—2015年4月的地表径流,使用生态站的自动气象观测系统观测降水量和土壤体积含水量,建立降水、土壤含水量和径流的函数关系,分析土壤前期含水量对径流形成和持续的影响。小流域年均降水量1300 mm,以小雨为主,两个年度小雨共计191场,占降水强度等级总场数74%;降水年内分布不均,雨季集中在季夏,占全年降水量的60%以上,冬季降水最少,属于干旱季节;降水产流现象在降水集中的月份才可能出现,2013年5月—2014年4月的径流深为81 mm,径流系数6%,2014年5月—2015年4月的径流深只有9 mm,径流系数仅为0.7%;径流初始时间明显滞后于降水初始,滞后时间与前期土壤含水量密切相关;径流递增率与降水历时呈线性函数关系,径流递减率与径流消退时间呈对数函数关系;降水产流过程经历径流递增期、稳定期和递减期3个阶段。     

Precipitation-driven carbon balance controls survivorship of desert biocrust mosses

Precipitation patterns including the magnitude, timing, and seasonality of rainfall are predicted to undergo substantial alterations in arid regions in the future, and desert organisms may be more responsive to such changes than to shifts in only mean annual rainfall. Soil biocrust communities (consisting of cyanobacteria, lichen, and mosses) are ubiquitous to desert ecosystems, play an array of ecological roles, and display a strong sensitivity to environmental changes. Crust mosses are particularly responsive to changes in precipitation and exhibit rapid declines in biomass and mortality following the addition of small rainfall events. Further, loss of the moss component in biocrusts leads to declines in crust structure and function. In this study, we sought to understand the physiological responses of the widespread and often dominant biocrust moss Syntrichia caninervis to alterations in rainfall. Moss samples were collected during all four seasons and exposed to two rainfall event sizes and three desiccation period (DP) lengths. A carbon balance approach based on single precipitation events was used to define the carbon gain or loss during a particular hydration period. Rainfall event size was the strongest predictor of carbon balance, and the largest carbon gains were associated with the largest precipitation events. In contrast, small precipitation events resulted in carbon deficits for S. caninervis. Increasing the length of the DP prior to an event resulted in reductions in carbon balance, probably because of the increased energetic cost of hydration following more intense bouts of desiccation. The season of collection (i.e., physiological status of the moss) modulated these responses, and the effects of DP and rainfall on carbon balance were different in magnitude (and often in sign) for different seasons. In particular, S. caninervis displayed higher carbon balances in the winter than in the summer, even for events of identical size. Overall, our results suggest that annual carbon balance and survivorship in biocrust mosses are largely driven by precipitation, and because of the role mosses play in biocrusts, changes in intra-annual precipitation patterns can have implications for hydrology, soil stability, and nutrient cycling in dryland systems.     

喀斯特黄壤区侵蚀性降雨及产沙特征分析

侵蚀性降雨研究是坡面侵蚀计算的前提性工作,以往喀斯特黄壤区的有关研究多因数据序列较短难以得出有效结论,或更集中于微观过程的观测,不能推广到自然状况下大尺度上的研究应用。确立降雨侵蚀力指标结构及不同下垫面的侵蚀性降雨标准,并结合相关背景资料模拟流域降雨侵蚀状况,对于喀斯特黄壤区的水蚀预报具有重要价值。文章分别观测了贵州中部和西部2个小流域的耕地、草地和人工林地3种径流小区5年的降雨产沙数据。通过计算最小降雨侵蚀力偏差系数Rcv对应的雨量雨强标准,并应用错选度,剔除率和损失率3个指标进行对雨量和雨强标准进行评定,在此基础上分析该区域的侵蚀性降雨分布和不同下垫面的产沙特征,得出以下结论：1）降雨动能和最大30 min降雨强度乘积为计算降雨侵蚀力指标的最佳结构形式,降雨侵蚀力指标可以通过降雨量和最大30 min降雨强度乘积进行简易计算;2）黄壤裸地的侵蚀性降雨指标应采用最大30 min降雨强度,其值在9.6-10.2 mm＆#183;h-1之间,耕地的侵蚀性降雨指标应采用雨量标准,其值在15 mm左右,水土保持措施可明显提高侵蚀性降雨标准,较裸地和耕地分别提高55%和25%以上,复杂下垫面宜采用雨量标准,低植被覆盖下垫面宜采用最大时段雨强标准;3）贵州西部和中部侵蚀性降雨总量分别占年降雨总量的36%和38%,主要分布在5-8月,研究区年均降雨侵蚀力在1700-1800（MJ＆#183;mm＆#183;hm-2＆#183;h-1＆#183;a-1）,明显低于同纬度带的红壤和紫色土;坡面产沙量年内分布极为不均,少数的暴雨贡献了绝大部分的产沙量;4）无人为干扰的灌木草地水土保持效果最佳,顺坡耕作玉米严重加剧土壤侵蚀,减少人为扰动是治理的关键。     

近53年黄河流域降水时空分布特征

利用黄河流域76个气象台站近53 a（1960-2012）的逐日降水资料,采用国际上通用的极端降水事件指数,应用一元线性回归法、移动平均法和径向基函数空间插值法,研究了黄河流域极端降水指数时空变化特征。结果表明：（1）时间上,黄河流域年平均降水量在过去53 a下降趋势较为显著,降水倾向率为-7.2 mm/10a;极端降水量变化趋势表现较为稳定,极端降水倾向率为-0.64 mm/10a,呈不断降低趋势;极端降水强度倾向率为-0.078 mm/10a,呈不断下降趋势;极端降水比率总体表现为微弱增长趋势,倾向率为0.49 mm/10a。（2）空间上,降水量空间分布具有明显的差异性,由北至南呈阶梯式逐渐增多趋势,其中降水量最少的地区是以银川为代表的周边区域,最多的地区为黄河流域南部区域;极端降水量从北至南也具有逐渐增多态势,与降水量具有相似的空间分布特点,且极端降水量越多的地区降水总量也相对较多;极端降水强度表现出由流域西部向东部逐渐增多的趋势,西部最低值为不到20 mm/d,逐渐向东过渡到最大值为76 mm/d;极端降水比率的分布呈由北向南逐渐递减的特点,并且出现了以银川为中心的极大值和以西安为中心的极小值分布格局。     

华南滨海小流域降雨入渗对地下水的补给分析

以华南滨海小流域——中山大学滨海水循环试验基地（试验基地）作为研究区,在对该流域地下水和雨水分别进行采样、实验分析的基础上,利用氯量平衡法（CMB）与地下水动态法计算了该流域的降雨入渗补给系数与给水度。研究发现,试验基地地下水主要受降雨补给,地下水埋深在雨季（4—9月）、旱季（10—3月）的变动范围大致为0～1.5 m与0～0.5 m。根据CMB计算结果,补给区、中间区雨季降雨入渗补给系数分别为旱季的1.3～1.6倍和1.3～2.0倍,且补给区大于中间区（M5井除外）。利用地下水动态法计算次降雨入渗补给系数,所得雨季、旱季的均值（7.6%和4.6%）与CMB计算结果（7.7%和5.3%）较为接近。给水度、雨强与入渗补给系数均存在一定的线性关系。将地下水埋深分别与降雨入渗补给量及潜水蒸发量进行多项式拟合对比,发现降雨入渗对地下水的最大入渗补给埋深约为2.3 m,当埋深为3.1 m时,地下水可获得最大净补给量。     

闽西北邵武市酸雨分布特征及其与气象条件的关系

利用1992-2005年邵武市的探空、降水量和酸雨资料,分析了邵武市不同气象条件对降水酸度、酸雨出现率的影响,结果表明:(1)闽西北是福建省酸雨污染较严重的地区之一,相对于夏、秋二季,冬、春二季的降水酸度更强、酸雨出现率更高。(2)降水的量级对降水酸度、酸雨出现率有明显影响。(3)逆温层对酸雨有较大的影响,逆温特征越明显,降水pH值越低,酸雨出现概率越大。(4)1500 m高空风速、风向在一定程度上影响邵武市降水酸度和酸雨出现机率。(5)邵武市上空850 hPa~700 hPa高度层在暖平流控制下不仅降水酸度强且出现酸雨的机会大。相反,如果850hPa~700 hPa高度层在冷单流控制下不仅降水酸度弱且出现酸雨的机会小。     

Environmental change and vulnerability in the Usangu plain,southwestern Tanzania: Implications for sustainable development

Natural resources are important assets for sustainability of rural livelihoods and economic development. The objectives of the study were to assess linkage of environmental change to emerging water scarcity, livelihoods insecurity and decline in wildlife biodiversity and hydropower generation in the Great Ruaha ecosystem, and to discuss policy lessons for sustainable development. Literature survey, participatory assessments, collection of records from stakeholders, participatory observations and a questionnaire survey were used. Participatory assessment found that increasing water scarcity is associated with degradation of land, vegetation cover and change in rainfall intensity and duration. Rainfall change is supported by 83% of respondents and rainfall trends analysis. About 42% of variation in cereal production is described by the rainfall amount variability. Analysis of trends for per capita cereals production from district records showed a significant (p < 0.05) decline over the years. Changes in water flows in the Great Ruaha River have been evident since 1993, and have affected wildlife diversity in the Ruaha National Park and power generation from the Kidatu hydroelectric plant downstream. Human livelihood activities, exclusiveness, weak coordination and collaboration between sectors and institutions in policy formulation and implementation have played a role. The pro-poor policy formulation through integrated planning, strong coordination and collaboration is recommended for sustainable development.     

Temporal variation of heavy metal pollution in urban stormwater runoff

Stormwater runoff from three types of urban surfaces, a parking lot, a street, and a building roof, was monitored during four rainfall events that occurred in the one-year period from June 2009 to June 2010. The event mean concentrations (EMC) of dissolved copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) exceeded China’s National Water Quality Standards for Surface Water. The degree of heavy metal contamination was related to the type of underlying surfaces. Additionally, the concentration of dissolved heavy metals peaked shortly after the runoff began and then declined sharply as a result of adequate flushing. First flush effects of varying degrees were also observed during all of the monitored rainfall events based on the first flush ratio (FF₂₅). Redundancy analysis revealed that four environmental variables (rainfall depth, intensity, antecedent dry weather period and type of underlying surface) had significant effects on the strengths of the first flush effects, accounting for 72.9% of the variation in the FF₂₅. Dissolved metals presented varying first flush effects on different underlying surfaces that occurred in the following relative order: parking lot>roof>road for low intensity and high runoff volume rainfall events; parking lot>road>roof for high intensity and low runoff volume events. The relative strength of the first flush for dissolved heavy metals was Fe, Mn>Cu, Zn>Pb.     

Acid Deposition in the Tuscan Appennines During the Dry Period 1988-89

The typical parameters of acid precipitation are evaluated in the forest of Vallombrosa (Tuscan Appennines) during the dry period 1988-89. Individual rain events (dry and wet deposition) were sampled in a clearing of the forest and below the canopy of an evergreen tree as well as a deciduous broadleaf tree.

In atmospheric precipitation the pH values usually vary around 4.4, with neutralization in the hot season due to calcareous material from distant sources. Relatively large concentrations of Pb and Cd are found in rain, but only in a small amount in canopy leachate. Aluminium, manganese and iron are more significantly washed off than Pb and Cd.     

Acid Deposition in the Tuscan Appennines During the Dry Period 1988-89

The typical parameters of acid precipitation are evaluated in the forest of Vallombrosa (Tuscan Appennines) during the dry period 1988-89. Individual rain events (dry and wet deposition) were sampled in a clearing of the forest and below the canopy of an evergreen tree as well as a deciduous broadleaf tree.

In atmospheric precipitation the pH values usually vary around 4.4, with neutralization in the hot season due to calcareous material from distant sources. Relatively large concentrations of Pb and Cd are found in rain, but only in a small amount in canopy leachate. Aluminium, manganese and iron are more significantly washed off than Pb and Cd.     

皖南丘陵地区小流域氮素径流输出的动态变化

以亚热带北部皖南丘陵地区小流域定位实地观测为基础 ,研究了农林共存小流域氮素径流输出规律。发现小流域氮素径流输出季节性变化明显。降雨和施肥是影响这一变化的重要因子 ,模拟分析表明 ,它们与氮素输出之间具有很好的线性相关关系     

Intergenerational effects of climate generate cohort variation in lizard reproductive performance

An evaluation of the link between climate and population dynamics requires understanding of climate effects both within and across generations. In ectothermic vertebrates, demographic responses to climate changes should crucially depend on balancing needs for heat and water. Here, we studied how temperature and rainfall regimes experienced before and during adulthood influenced reproductive performances (litter size, offspring size, and survival) in a natural population of the live-bearing common lizard, Lacerta vivipara, monitored continuously from 1989 to 2004. Rainfall regime, but not temperature, had both immediate and delayed effects on these reproductive performances. Rainfall during the first month of life was positively correlated with juvenile survival. Females experiencing more rainfall during gestation produced smaller neonates that showed greater survival when controlling for the positive effect of body size on survival. Furthermore, females that experienced heavier rainfall when in utero produced fewer but longer neonates during adulthood. These demographic effects of rainfall on adult reproductive traits may come from maternal effects of climate conditions and/or from delayed effects of rainfall on the environment experienced early in life. Irrespective of the precise mechanism, however, this study provides evidence of intergenerational climate effects in natural populations of an ectothermic vertebrate.     

H and O isotopic differences in typhon and urban-induced heavy rain in Tokyo

Stable isotope ratios of hydrogen and oxygen of water are useful tracers of the hydrological cycle. For example, isotopes monitor the evapotranspiration in vegetated areas, local snow ice processes and stream water flow processes. δ¹⁸O and δD in rainwater reflect the processes of evaporation, condensation and precipitation. Heavy rains thus modify the stable isotope ratio of ground water, stream water and transpiration water vapor. However, the controlling factors of δ¹⁸O and δD are not clear. Here we analyzed the inorganic ion concentration and stable isotope ratio in 38 normal rainwater and 15 heavy rainwater samples were collected in Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan, during four years from October 2012 to December 2015. Results show a decrease in δ¹⁸O and δD values with the total rainfall amount, thus highlighting the amount effect. δ¹⁸O and δD volume-weighted mean values in typhoon heavy rain were higher than the values estimated from amount effect, whereas δ¹⁸O and δD volume-weighted mean values in urban-induced heavy rain were lower. Typhoon heavy rain has high Na⁺ ratio and stable isotope ratios, while urban-induced heavy rain has low Na⁺ ratio and stable isotope ratio.     

城市高架桥降雨径流多环芳烃（PAHs）污染特征及其生态风险评价

以上海市高架桥降雨径流作为研究对象,分析了4场高架路面降雨径流溶解相、颗粒相16种PAHs的质量浓度和场次降雨径流平均浓度（Event Mean Concentration）。探讨了城市高架降雨径流中PAHs质量浓度特征、动态变化过程和污染状况。通过对无量纲累积径流量和无量纲累积污染物负荷曲线M（V）进行幂函数拟合,对4场降雨径流不同环数和总PAHs冲刷强度进行了定量表征。以水样中8种PAHs的监测质量浓度及其对3至40种水生生物的LC50为基础数据,采用推广风险系数法对径流水体PAHs进行了生态风险评价。结果表明：地表径流中溶解态PAHs的质量浓度为27.9~979.4 ng·L-1,主要以3环和4环组分为主;颗粒态PAHs中的质量浓度为1120.1~4892.6 ng·L-1,主要以4-6环的组分为主。径流样品中PAHs更容易吸附在颗粒物上,PAHs主要以颗粒相为主,且4-6环颗粒相PAHs所占比例更高,也显示了化石燃料不完全燃烧的特征。4场降雨径流以2013-05-26次降雨EMC值最大,PAHs污染水平最高。其中通过对BaP的EMC值计算,发现4场降雨径流中BaP的EMC值皆超过了国家的排放标准,应引起相关监测管理部门重视。4场降雨径流均表现不同程度的初始冲刷效应,雨强和径流量是影响初始冲刷的2个重要因素。初始冲刷散点拟合状况良好,定量表征发现2013-06-27次降雨初始冲刷强度最大。风险商表征说明,径流水体PAHs造成的生态风险较小,但部分单体PAH对水生生物的生态影响不容忽视。     

雨强对黄土区土壤钾素径流流失的影响

通过不同雨强人工模拟冲刷试验，初步分析了雨强对黄土区土壤钾素径流的影响。结果表明，雨强(冲刷强度)增大，溶解态钾质量浓度，溶解态钾、缓效钾和速效钾流失量明显增加；在不同雨强的条件下，缓效钾、速效钾的流失量与坡度呈显著的指数函数关系；雨强对速效钾、缓效钾的富集率影响不大；雨强比坡度对缓效钾和速效钾的流失影响更大。     

佛山市区大气降水pH值的时空分布及酸雨成因

根据大气降水监测资料，分析了佛山市区大气降水pH值的时间变化规律和空间分布特征，探讨了佛山市区酸雨的主要形成原因和影响因素，在此基础之上，提出了防治酸雨污染的对策。     

弄拉岩溶区次生林的生态水文效应

于2006年5月至7月对广西弄拉兰电堂泉水源林区各类水样的物理化学特征进行了研究。通过收集弄拉兰电堂泉集水区次生乔木林中的大气降雨、穿透雨、树干径流雨和表层岩溶泉水,对其中的化学成分含量和pH值进行了分析测定。结果表明:大气降雨经过森林层后,化学成分的总含量增加了;各种养分元素表现出不同的变化,Cl-和Na 减少,其余各离子以及TC、TIC和TOC都表现出增加,对应于每场降雨后的泉水中各成分的变化不是很显著;穿透雨和树干径流雨的pH值表现为下降,泉水的pH值变化幅度较小。经过次生林后的雨水可促进岩溶作用和表层岩溶带的生物地球化学循环,增加土壤中某些碱性元素的有效态。