大气中苯系物测定方法的研究

对大气中苯、甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、间二甲苯、异丙苯、邻二甲苯、苯乙烯这８种苯系物的分析，采用常温下Ｔｅｎａｘ－ＧＣ富集采样，热解析进样，弹性石英毛细柱分离气相色谱测定的方法，当采样量为１Ｌ时，８种苯系物的最低检出浓度在０．００１０－０．０１０２ｍｇ／Ｎｍ＾３之间；相对标准偏差小于９％，回收率高于９５％。     

树脂吸附法处理硝基苯和硝基氯苯生产废水的研究

研究了用ＣＨＡ－１１１树脂吸附处理硝基本和硝基氯苯生产废水的最佳工艺条件，当废水中硝基苯类化合物含量为６３９ｍｇ／Ｌ时，ＣＨＡ－１１１树脂的工作吸附容量为１２６ｍｇ／ｍＬ，处理水量为１９０ＢＶ，处理后硝苯类化合物的浓度〈５ｍｇ／Ｌ，去除率〉９９％；采用异丙醇作脱附剂；表明该树脂的吸附与脱附性能良好。     

顶空气相色谱法测定聚苯乙烯食品包装材料中挥发组分

以顶空气相色谱法直接测定聚苯乙烯食品包装材料固体试样中的苯，甲本、对二甲苯和苯乙烯，最小检出量为１０－１０＾１０ｇ，回收率为９７．６％－１０２．５％。该法基体干扰小、操作简便。     

光催化氧化法降解废气中苯系物的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶工艺制备以多孔泡沫镍为载体的TiO2薄膜，并用其光催化氧化降解挥发性苯系物(苯、甲苯和二甲苯)。考察了催化剂粒径、反应时间、苯系物的初始浓度、体系的相对湿度和反应温度等因素对苯系物去除率的影响。结果表明，以粒径20．7nm的TiO2为催化剂、甲苯初始质量浓度为200mg/m^3、体系的相对湿度为5％、反应温度为20—50℃、反应时间为60min条件下，甲苯的去除率达76％以上。     

气化法处理氯苯生产残液

气化法处理氯苯生产残液氯苯是大吨位的产品，在其生产中，氯化和蒸馏时有多氯苯和炭黑等生成，因而在分馏过程的后期，由塔底排出０．５％－１％的残液。该残液是粘稠的液固混合物，固体中含有炭黑及氧化铁，液体物是以二氯苯为主的混合液。残液主要成份见表１。苯的氯化...     

液膜萃取法处理有机磺酸工业废水

对含高浓度数－硝基甲苯－２－磺酸（ＮＴＳ）的工业废水采用液膜萃取法处理。研究了萃取过程膜溶剂、表面活性剂、外水相的ＰＨ、内水相氢氧化钠浓度、油内比的选择及它们之间的相互关系，以探讨去除ＮＴＳ的最佳条件。实验结果表明，外水相ＰＨ为４，内水相氢氧化钠浓度为５．０％－７．５％油内比为１：０．５－１．２５，表面话性剂复配使用可获得最佳的处理效果，ＮＴＳ和ＣＯＤ的去除率分别达９９．４％和９６．２％。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定水稻、土壤及稻田水中的恶庚草烷残留量

建立了一种用于测定糙米、稻壳、植珠（稻草和秧苗）、土壤及稻田水中恶庚草烷残留量的分析方法,样品中的恶庚草烷用乙腈或炳酮提取和微型柱固相萃取净化后,用ＧＣ／ＭＳ（ＳＩＭ）方法测定。仪器的灵敏度低于５０ｐｇ,样品中恶庚草烷的最低检出质量浓度为０．００５ｍｇ／ｋｇ,不同浓度下恶庚草烷的平均回收率为８０．０％－９６．４％,变异系数〈１３％,在恶庚草烷／水稻的残留试验中应用本方法测定恶 草烷残留量取得了满意     

抗蚜威农药废水处理

在抗蚜威农药的生产过程中，排出α－甲基乙酰乙酸乙酯合成废水和抗蚜威合成废水。前者采用萃取法回收α－甲基乙酰乙酸乙酯和乙酰乙酸乙酯，简单蒸馏－精馏法回收甲醇；后者采用萃取法回收甲基嘧啶醇中间体。两股废水经预处理后，ＣＯＤ去除率分别达到９７％和７５％，ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤ从０．１－０．２提高到０．４，预处理后的废水混合后进行生物接触氧化处理，ＣＯＤ和ＢＯＤ５去除率分别达到８５％和９８％。     

工业废水中苯系物的去除方法

本发明提供了一种工业废水中苯系物的去除方法，步骤包括：（1）选择新鲜翠绿、生长良好的刚毛藻附着在网状载体上，置于自来水中驯化培养1—2d；（2）将驯化后的载有刚毛藻的网状载体置于深度为20～40cm的工业废水水面上，处理时间2～6h。驯化、处理条件：光强2500—3500lx，相对湿度35％～50％，温度15—25℃，光暗周期比为12：12。用刚毛藻处理污水中的苯和甲苯，一次去除率可达62．7％～78．6％，且运行设备简单，投资少，     

炼油废水生物脱氮中间试验

对炼油废水中氮氮的生物降解用两种工艺进行了中间试验。试验结果表明,正常工艺条件下,Ｏ／Ｏ工艺处理后出水中ＮＨ３－Ｎ〈２５ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＣＯＤ〈４０ｍｇ／Ｌ,油〈５ｍｇ／Ｌ;Ａ／Ｏ工艺处理后出水中ＮＨ３－Ｎ〈２０ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＣＯＤ〈５０ｍｇ／Ｌ,油〈５ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＮＯ＾３－Ｎ〈１０ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

二硫化碳萃取—气相色谱法同时测定含盐酸废水中的甲苯、邻氯甲苯、对氯甲苯和氯化苄

建立了二硫化碳萃取—气相色谱法同时测定含盐酸废水中甲苯、邻氯甲苯、对氯甲苯和氯化苄的方法，并应用于实际水样的测定。采用二硫化碳萃取含盐酸废水中的甲苯、邻氯甲苯、对氯甲苯、氯化苄，待测物质经30QC3/AC20（30 m×0.32 mm×0.50 μm）毛细管柱气相分离。采用保留时间定性，外标法定量。实验结果表明，甲苯、邻氯甲苯、对氯甲苯和氯化苄的质量浓度在0.2~100.0 mg/L范围内与对应的峰面积呈良好的线性关系，检出限分别为0.09，0.12，0.13，0.10 mg/L。该方法的精密度和准确度较高，相对标准偏差小于2%，加标回收率在96.4%~101.0%之间。     

二级膜分离—冷凝—吸附工艺处理石化罐区废气

采用二级膜分离—冷凝—变压吸附工艺回收处理含有高浓度挥发性有机物和苯系物的炼厂罐区外排“呼吸气”。结果表明,进气的非甲烷总烃质量浓度范围41 000~182 000 mg/m³,进气中苯、甲苯和二甲苯的质量浓度分别为400~1 400 mg/m³,150~1 600 mg/m³,300~2 100 mg/m³时,尾气中非甲烷总烃质量浓度始终低于80 mg/m³,去除率均高于99.9%,苯、甲苯和二甲苯的去除率分别为99.6%、99.6%和99.8%。抗冲击负荷实验将进气量提高50%,尾气中非甲烷总烃质量浓度仍低于80 mg/m³。二级膜单元可以高效浓缩轻烃,既回收获得可燃气,又解决了轻烃积累所造成的尾气超标难题。     

乙二醇生产废水中特征污染物含量的测定

建立了气相色谱(氢火焰离子化检测器)检测乙二醇生产废水中乙二醇、二乙二醇、三乙二醇含量的新方法。该方法采用HP-FFAP型毛细管色谱柱，优化的色谱条件为:进样口温度230℃，初始柱温50℃，载气流量1.0mL/min，分流比1∶1。在质量浓度为1.0~150.0mg/L范围内，废水中各组分色谱峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系，相关系数均在0.9989~0.9996之间;相对标准偏差均小于2.0％;乙二醇、二乙二醇、三乙二醇的最低检出限分别为0.63，0.21，0.25mg/L，加标回收率为97.72％~103.52％。     

紫外光谱结合正交试验设计同时测定水中苯系物

利用正交试验设计,以光谱预处理、特征筛选及多元校正方法为考察因素,每个因素的4种不同方法为水平,确定了水中3种苯系物（苯酚、苯胺及苯甲酸）紫外光谱数据的最佳分析方法,从而建立了其定量校正模型。对于苯酚、苯胺及苯甲酸,其光谱预处理、特征筛选及多元校正分别采用一阶导数+无信息变量消除法（UVE）+偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）,Savitzky-Golay平滑+变量结合种群分析法（VCPA）+PLSR,Savitzky-Golay平滑+移动窗口偏最小二乘法（MWPLS）+PLSR。在独立测试集上3组分的预测误差均方根（RMSEP）分别为0.809 4、0.796 3和0.945 4。水样加标回收实验的回收率为97.79%~103.84%,相对标准偏差（RSD）小于3%。该方法可作为一种同时测定水中苯系物的简便有效方法。     

Changes in organic matter composition during composting of two digested sewage sludges

Changes in the chemical and chemical-structural composition of the organic matter of two different sewage sludges (aerobic and anaerobic) mixed with sawdust (1:1 and 1:3, v/v) during composting were determined by monitoring chemical and microbiological parameters as well as by pyrolysis-gas chromatography. Composting was carried out in periodically turned outdoor piles, which were sampled for analysis 1, 30, 60 and 90 days after the beginning of the composting process. Both volatile organic matter and the water soluble C fraction decreased during composting, indicating that the more labile C fractions are mineralized during the process. Microbial activity as measured by microbial respiration (CO(2) evolved from compost samples during incubation) also decreased with composting, reflecting the more stable character of the resulting compost. No major differences were observed between the four composts studied as regards their chemical-structural characteristics. The acetonitrile, acetic acid and phenol pyrolytic fragment tended to increase with composting. Although the final composts were more aromatic in nature than the starting materials, a low degree of humification was observed in all four composts studied, as determined by their high proportion of polysaccharides and alkyl compounds. For this reason, the relationship between pyrolytic fragments, such as benzene/toluene or benzene+toluene/pyrrol+phenols, which are used as indices of humification for soil organic matter, are not of use for such poorly evolved sludge composts; instead, ratios that involve carbohydrate derivatives and aromatic compounds, such as furfural+acetic/benzene+toluene or acetic/toluene, are more sensitive indices for reflecting the transformations of these materials during composting. Both the chemical and microbiological parameters and pyrolytic analysis provided valuable information concerning the nature of the compost's organic matter and its changes during the composting process.     

Nitrate enhancement of in-situ bioremediation of monoaromatic compounds in groundwater

Removal of benzene, toluene, and the isomers of xylene (BTX) from gasoline-contaminated groundwater under denitrifying conditions was investigated. In laboratory microcosms, benzene removal was found to be significantly stimulated by phosphorus addition. For total xylenes, removal followed a similar response, but toluene disappearance was unaffected by phosphorus enrichment. An in-situ bioremediation project was conducted to extend this laboratory work to an actual field-scale cleanup of gasoline-contaminated groundwater. The flow of groundwater from two extraction wells to an infiltration gallery created a mostly closed loop to recycle the groundwater enriched with added nutrients and the electron acceptor (nitrate). The coincident occurrence of BTX loss (greater than 90 percent) in situ, nitrate (as well as phosphorus and ammonia) appearance, and increased levels of denitrifying bacteria at a downgradient well all suggested that denitrification may play a significant role in BTX remediation at this site.     

Assessment of Bacterial Degradation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Environment by Analysis of Stable Carbon Isotope Fractionation

¹³C/¹²C stable carbon isotope fractionation was used to assess biodegradation in contaminated aquifers with toluene as a model compound. Different strains of anaerobic bacteria (Thauera aromatica, Geobacter metallireducens, and the sulfate-reducing strain TRM1) showed consistent ¹³C/¹²C carbon isotope fractionation with fractionation factors between C = 1.0017 and 1.0018. In contrast, three cultures of aerobic organisms, using different mono- and dioxygenase enzyme systems to initiate toluene degradation, showed variable isotope fractionation factors of C = 1.0027 (Pseudomonasputida strain mt-2), C = 1.0011 (Ralstonia picketii), andC = 1.0004 (Pseudomonas putida strain F1). The great variability of isotope fractionation between different aerobic bacterial strains suggests that interpretation of isotope data in oxic habitats can only be qualitative. A soil column was run as a model system for contaminated aquifers with toluene as the carbon source and sulfate as the electron acceptor and samples were taken at different ports along the column. Microbial toluene degradation was calculated based on the ¹³C/¹²C isotope fractionation factors of the batch culture experiments together with the observed ¹³C/¹²C isotope shifts of the residual toluene fractions. The calculated percentage of biodegradation, B, correlated well with the decreasing toluene concentrations at the sampling ports and indicated the increasing extent of biodegradation along the column. The theoretical toluene concentrations as calculated based on the isotope values matched the measured concentrations at the different sampling ports indicating that the Rayleigh equation can be used to calculate biodegradation in quasi closed systems based on measured isotope shifts. A similar attempt was performed to assess toluene degradation in a contaminated, anoxic aquifer. A transect of groundwater wells was monitored along the main direction of the groundwater flow and revealed decreasing concentrations accompanied with an increase in the ¹³C/¹²C stable carbon isotope ratio of the residual toluene. Calculation of the extent of biodegradation based on the isotope values and laboratory derived isotope fractionation factors showed that the residual toluene was degraded to more than 99% by microbial activity. Calculation of the theoretical residual toluene concentrations based on the measured isotope values described the strongly decreasing concentrations along the plume. Other aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene and naphthalene which were analysed in the same course also showed decreasing concentrations along the groundwater flow path accompanied by increasing ¹³C values indicating biodegradation.     

液液萃取—气相色谱-质谱法测定丙傲来、烯酸生产废水中的特征污染物

建立了液液萃取—气相色谱-质谱法快速测定丙烯酸生产废水中苯系物、酯类、醇类、醛类和酮类等12种半挥发性有机物的分析方法。液液萃取条件为：以二氯甲烷为萃取剂,废水pH 7,分散剂甲醇加入量10 mL/L,盐析剂NaCl加入量300 g/L。各组分的工作曲线的线性关系良好。各组分的加标回收率为95.2%~116.0%,各组分的方法检出限为0.001~0.179 μg/L,相对标准偏差均小于3.5%。该方法可用于丙烯酸生产废水中主要特征有机物的快速定量检测。     

无黏结剂ZSM-5分子筛的制备及其对甲苯的吸附性能

以硅溶胶为黏结剂，将粗孔硅胶、聚乙二醇、拟薄水铝石、ZSM-5晶种导向剂捏条成型，采用干胶转化法制备得到了无黏结剂ZSM-5分子筛。XRD和SEM等表征方法的结果显示，采用干胶转化法制备得到的ZSM-5分子筛的相对结晶度较高，具有200nm左右的小晶粒构成的自支撑结构。采用无黏结剂ZSM-5分子筛吸附剂进行甲苯吸附-脱附实验，该吸附剂表现出良好的吸附性能，对甲苯的脱附性能优于活性炭。     

Operating windows to assess whether monitored natural attenuation is a technically feasible remediation option for BTEX‐contaminated groundwater

When used in combination with source management strategies, monitored natural attenuation (MNA) is likely to be a technically feasible remediation option if the contaminant persistence time along the flow path is less than (a) the transport time to the compliance point and (b) the time available for groundwater remediation objectives to be achieved. Biodegradation is often the most significant natural attenuation process for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) in groundwater. While BTEX transport rates increase with groundwater velocity, examination of data obtained from the published literature for seven sites undergoing MNA revealed significant positive correlations between groundwater velocity and first‐order biodegradation rates for toluene (r = 0.83, P < 0.05), ethylbenzene (r = 0.93, P < 0.01), m‐ and p‐xylene (r = 0.96, P < 0.01), and o‐xylene (r = 0.78, P < 0.05). This is attributed to increased dispersion at higher velocities leading to more mixing of electron acceptors with the contaminant plume. There was no positive correlation between groundwater velocity and first‐order biodegradation rates for benzene due to noise in the relationship caused by variations in (a) the concentrations of electron acceptors in the uncontaminated groundwater and (b) the proportions of benzene in the total BTEX concentration in the source area. A regression model of the relationship between groundwater velocity and the first‐order biodegradation rate can be used to delineate operating windows for groundwater velocity within which the contaminant persistence time is less than the transport and remediation times for a given source concentration, target concentration, distance to compliance point, retardation factor, and remediation time. The operating windows can provide decision makers with a rapid indication of whether MNA is likely to be a technically feasible remediation option at a given site. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.