潮汐对江水致突变性的影响

对某潮汐河流从下游至上游共设A、B、C、D、E五个采样点,用Ames试验、双微核试验及单细胞凝胶电泳试验(彗星试验)检测涨潮和落潮时江水中有机污染物的致突变性.结果表明,Ames试验各采样点样品都有致突变性,且从上游至下游逐渐增强;对TA98加S9致突变性增加;双微核试验、彗星试验检测出染色体及DNA损伤剂,并以A点作用最强.涨潮时各点致突变强度较落潮时强.     

自来水中三卤甲烷的形成及其去除方法初探

一、前言 大约十年以前,在欧洲和美国的一些城市的自来水中检测出微量三卤甲烷等有机卤素化合物,经过动物试验和Ames试验证明其中三卤甲烷具有致癌性和致突变性.这使有关部门极为重视.轰动一时的70年代美国饮用水安全问题大争论就是其一例.     

长江、嘉陵江(重庆段)源水有机提取物的致突变活性及其季节变化

为了确定并比较重庆主城区段长江、嘉陵江源水有机提取物的致突变性及其季节变化规律，分别于春、夏、冬季采用GDX－120大孔树脂，对位于城区上游、城区中段、城区下游以长江、嘉陵江源水的5个水厂的进厂水进行了有机物的浓缩提取。提取物的致突变活性采用经典的Ames试验平板掺入法评估，测试菌株为TA98及TA100，同时做加与不加S9的比较。结果显示，嘉陵江及长江源水的有机提取物均有不同程度的致突变活性。嘉陵江源水明显大于长江源水，城区中段源水明显大于上游段及下游段源水。多数断面显示平水期致突变活较为显著并且移码型致突变性大于碱基置换型致密变性。研究结果提示，城市污染源已导致长江、嘉陵江源水具备致突变活性，控制两江沿岸的各种水污染源已成为当务之急。     

多环芳烃化合物的原地土壤处理

引言 本文研究多环芳烃化合物(PAHs)的原地土壤处理.发展了用制备的层析柱将土壤提取物分为所需的极性组分,用Ames沙门氏菌/哺乳动物微粒体致突变试验的方法.用C_8 Lobar A填充柱来分馏土壤提取物,将降解产物和母体化合物的极性组分收集在乙腈水中,蒸发,重新溶于二甲基亚砜供Ames试验.用这个程序测定了PAH化合物和在土壤中转变产物的潜在遗传毒性.选择出的极性组分可用低分辨质谱直接进样     

婺江水域有机污染物的定性定量分析

１９９６年对婺江水域地面水和自来水有机污染物进行ＧＣ／ＭＳ定必和定量分析，发现婺江水域已受有机污染物污染，其中含有致癌物和致突变物，各水质检测点均检出有机污染物但数量变化不大，枯水期的有机污染物数量和种类均多丰水期，水持较丰水期差。     

利用蚕豆根尖细胞微核检测技术观察污水处理效果

本研究利用蚕豆根尖细胞微核检测技术(VMT)观察污水处理效果及处理前后污水致突变性的强弱及变化。环磷酰胺诱导蚕豆根尖细胞微核具有明显的剂量——效应关系,可以用作衡量各监测点污水中致突变性的强弱及变化,选定的监测点一污管比二污管诱导蚕豆根尖细胞微核‰率更高,提示工业污水比生活污水中含有更多的致突变物(致癌物)。经处理后的污水COD、BOD_5及微核‰率较处理前均有明显下降,但排放的污水三个指标仍较高。VMT的微核‰与COD、BOD_5配合评价可更好地指示污水处理效果。     

水样石油类测定中空白用水的制备

水中石油类常用石油醚萃取,紫外分光光度法测定.《水和废水监测分析方法(第三版)》(以下简称《方法》)要求石油醚透光率大于80%.实际使用时,不同批次的石油醚透光率自80%至95%不等,当使用透光率较低(超于80%)的石油醚进行较清洁地面水测定时,石油醚中少量消光杂质溶于水常使样品吸光度为负.而使用透光率较高的石油醚时,则使样品测定结果偏高,影响水质真实类别的判定.因此,必须通过空白试验进行校正.《方法》中对空白用水未作明确规定,而常规的空白用水常使试验结果出现异常.本文对空白用     

有机磷农药的测定 气相色谱法 水中甲基对硫磷,对硫磷、乐果、马拉硫磷残留量的测定

简介本方法用溶剂萃取法处理水样,用二根不同的色谱柱火焰光度检测器,气相色谱法测定地面水中甲基对硫磷、对硫磷、乐果、马拉硫磷的残留量,不需净化处理,方法简单,快速,灵敏。地面水取样1升,检测下限为:甲基对硫磷0.2ppb;对硫磷为0.3ppb;乐果为0.2ppb;马拉硫磷为0.2ppb。     

EXCEL在地面水水质评价中的应用

地面水水质评价是一项既复杂又繁琐的工作，运用ＥＸＣＥＬ电子表格软件对地面水监测结果进行评价，具有快速、高效、形象、直观等优势，可大大提高工作效率。     

HC型阳离子高分子絮凝剂的絮凝性能及其应用研究

报道了所合成的具有五元环结构的二甲基二烯丙基季铵盐均聚物与共聚物的絮凝性能.用硅藻土或高岭土悬浮液及工业上、下水进行了絮凝性能试验,并与国内外阳离子絮凝剂进行了比较,还对其毒性进行了动物试验和致突变性试验.可以认为它是一种无毒、性能优良、具有工业潜力的新型阳离子高分子絮凝剂.     

A level change in mutagenicity of Japanese tap water over the past 12 yr

A relative comparison study of mutagenicity in Japanese tap water was conducted for 1993 and 2005 surveys. It intended to assess the effects of advanced water treatment installations to water works, improvement of raw water quality and improvement of residual HOCl concentration controlling. Sampling points (taps) were the same in both surveys. The results of 245 samples obtained by the Ames Salmonella mutagenicity test (Ames test) were analyzed. The Ames tests were conducted by using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains with and without exogenous activation (S9). With the exception of TA100-S9, the other conditions needed no discussion as a factor in the mutagenicity level change. The average mutagenicity in 1993 and 2005 under the conditions of TA100-S9 were 2600 and 1100 net revertant L⁻¹, respectively. This indicated that the mutagenicity level of Japanese tap water decreased during the 12-yr period. Particularly a remarkable decrease in mutagenicity was observed in the water works where the advanced water treatments were installed during the 12-yr period. The advanced water treatments were effective in decreasing the mutagenicity of tap water. Mutagenicity also decreased in the water works with conventional water treatments; the improvement of residual HOCl concentration controlling was also considered to be effective in decreasing the mutagenicity of tap water.     

The mutagenic potentials of tap water samples in Shanghai

The tap water samples were collected from the users' ends in several areas of Shanghai, which is located in Taihu Lake basin, Eastern China. Source water samples were also collected from two municipal source water facilities at the same time. Samples were assayed by three different short-term mutagenicity test systems: Salmonella/microsome assay (Ames test), the Arabinose resistance test (Ara test) and the SOS/umu test. The data showed that two source water samples did not display direct mutagenic potentials. Two tap water samples from city north, which were directly from Yangtze River, were also not mutagenic. Water samples from city south and middle which used source water originating from Taihu Lake were proved to be contaminated with mutagenic potentials by three different assay techniques. The boiled water displayed an even stronger mutagenic potential compared to its original tap water. The molecular mechanism of mutagenicity was associated with a reading frame-shifting potential. GC-MS analysis of tap water extracts from city middle and corresponding source water was compared. Qualitatively similar spectra were observed except for the peaks of three chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, which existed only in the tap water. Since the water source has been polluted, raw water was heavily chlorinated in order to sterilize. More toxic compounds, including mutagens, might form during the multi-chlorination. Caution about the possibility of elevated cancer risks in the population that consumes heavily chlorinated water should be kept in mind. A cohort study in the residents of Shanghai is required.     

Application of semipermeable membrane device for assessing toxicity in drinking water

Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) mimic passive diffusive transport of bioavailable hydrophobic organic compounds through biological membranes and their partitioning between lipids and environmental levels. Our study was developed on a surface water treatment plant based in Turin, Northern Italy. The investigated plant treats Po River surface water and it supplies about 20% of the drinking water required by Turin city (about one million inhabitants). Surface water (input) and drinking water (output) were monitored with SPMDs from October 2001 to January 2004, over a period of 30 days. The contaminant residues, monthly extracted from SPMDs by dialysis in organic solvent, were tested with the Microtox^TM acute toxic test and with the Ames mutagenicity test. Same extracts were also analyzed with gaschromatography—mass spectrometry technique in order to characterise the organic pollutants sampled, especially Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs).

Although the PAHs mean concentration is about one hundred times lower in the output samples, the mean toxic units are similar in drinking and surface water.

Our data indicate that the SPMD is a suitable tool to assess the possible toxicity in drinking water.     

降解水源氨氮的高效菌株及组合筛选

通过实验证实,无论采用何种来源的硝化菌、亚硝化菌、芽孢杆菌、假单孢菌接种于广州市西村水厂水源水中,均可降解氨氮,其去除率为40．0％－94．5％,在降解氨氮过程中,硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的含量有的增加,有的减少,但增加的均未超过GB3838－88规定标准,不会影响水的质量。     

浙江近岸海域有害赤潮发生区麻痹性贝毒素研究

用小白鼠生物检测法和高效液相色谱法对采自浙江舟山海域和浙江中南部海域的麻痹性贝毒素进行了调查分析。结果表明,浙江舟山海域六横岛的西格织纹螺含有贝毒,其毒素为3,7Mu／g,舟山海域有毒贝类检出率为3．1％;浙江中南部海域南麂列岛的棒锥螺含有贝毒,其毒素〈1.7Mu／g,浙江中、南部海域有毒贝类检出率为9．1％。     

Investigating the sources of the mutagenic activity found in a river using the Salmonella assay and different water extraction procedures

In the routine São Paulo state (Brazil) surface water quality-monitoring program, which includes the Salmonella microsome mutagenicity assay as one of its parameters, a river where water is taken and treated for drinking water purposes has repeatedly shown mutagenic activity. A textile dyeing facility employing azo-type dyes was the only identifiable source of mutagenic compounds. We extracted the river and drinking water samples with XAD4 at neutral and acidic pH and with blue rayon, which selectively adsorbs polycyclic compounds. We tested the industrial effluent, raw, and treated water and sediment samples with YG1041 and YG1042 and compared the results with the TA98 and TA100 strains. The elevated mutagenicity detected with YG-strains suggested that nitroaromatics and/or aromatic amines were causing the mutagenicity detected in the samples analyzed. Positive responses for the blue rayon extracts indicated that mutagenic polycyclic compounds were present in the water samples analyzed. The mutagen or mixture of mutagens present in the effluent and water samples cause mainly frameshift mutations and are positive with and without metabolic activation. The Salmonella assay combined with different extraction procedures proved to be very useful in the identification of the origin of the pollution and in the identification of the classes of chemical compounds causing the mutagenic activity in the river analyzed.     

姚江水源及饮用水Ames试验研究

对宁波姚江原水及梅林水厂各净水工艺进行了致突变性研究,研究结果表明,姚江水源已受到污染,传统的净水工艺难以保证饮用水的安全,极需提高受污染原水的净化程度。     

中国主要湖泊营养氮沉降临界负荷的研究

水体营养氮沉降临界负荷是不致使水体产生富营养化的最高氮沉降量。文中探讨了一种依据湖泊氮质量平衡原理计算营养氮沉降临界负荷的方法。用该方法计算表明 ,我国主要湖泊的营养氮沉降临界负荷比较低 ,大部分小于 1keq· hm- 1 · a- 1 ,部分已为目前的氮沉降量或者两者相当接近 ,意味着只接受氮沉降也能导致这些湖泊产生富营养化。但实际统计结果表明 ,氮沉降在导致受工农业生产和生活影响很大的城市和郊区湖泊的水质富营养化的所有氮污染源中所占比例较低 ,而其它来源的氮输入如河道入湖、工业生活废水和农田径流等才是导致富营养化的最主要因素 ,它们的量已远远超过了这些水体可随最高允许氮负荷。因此 ,对控制这些湖泊的水质富营养化而言 ,控制氮沉降并不是目前最紧迫的任务 ,而其它人为污染源的控制才是最急需的。但氮沉降临界负荷在湖泊富营养化的中长远控制中仍具有十分重要的意义。     

Genetic damage in urban mice exposed to traffic pollution

Wild rodents (Mus domesticus) were collected in three areas in Rome exposed to different traffic flows to ascertain a possible correlation between genetic damage and heavy metal concentration. The concentration of lead, cadmium and zinc were determined in liver, kidney and bones and two mutagenicity tests (micronucleus test and sperm abnormality assay) were employed. The results obtained showed that the contents of lead and cadmium were higher in animals collected in areas with high traffic flows than in those from control areas. A statistically significant increase of the frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes and of abnormal sperm cells was also obtained in animals collected in sites with high traffic flows. The investigation confirmed the suitability of using wild rodents as bioindicators of environmental pollution and as key-organisms in programs of pollution monitoring and environmental conservation.