基于COPERT 4模型的杭州市机动车排气污染特征研究

以2015年为基准年,利用COPERT 4模型计算了杭州市分车型分排放标准下的机动车排气污染物(CO、碳氢化合物(HC)、NO_x、PM_(2.5))的排放因子,并估算了各污染物排放量及分车型分排放标准下的各污染物分担率。结果表明,随着排放标准的提升,机动车排气污染物排放因子总体呈现下降的趋势。汽油车的CO和HC排放因子高于柴油车,而柴油车的NO_x和PM_(2.5)排放因子高于汽油车;天然气车的各污染物排放因子基本接近汽油车,而汽油电混动车的各污染物排放因子则明显低于其他动力车;各污染物排放因子随车型的增大(重)而增大。2015年杭州市机动车排气污染物CO、NO_x、HC和PM_(2.5)排放量分别为48 923.0、44 713.7、7 014.7、837.9t,其中汽油车CO和HC分担率较高主要是因为小型汽油客车CO和HC分担率高,并且其保有量占比也高,应重点控制小型汽油客车的保有量;柴油车NOx和PM_(2.5)分担率较高主要是因为重型柴油货车NO_x和PM_(2.5)分担率高,但其保有量占比不高,应重点控制重型柴油货车的排放因子。     

行驶速度对机动车尾气排放的影响

利用COPERTIV模型计算和车载尾气测量系统实测得到不同行驶速度下的机动车尾气排放因子,并分析不同车型不同排放标准等级车辆的行驶速度对排放的影响。调查研究北京市城区路网早高峰、平峰、晚高峰和夜间的车流量、车型构成、行驶速度,基于Arc GIS建立平均车速和行驶里程的网格分布数据库,并对比车速修正前后不同道路类型不同污染物的排放强度。结果表明,基于COPERT IV模型和车载测量系统计算的小客车NOx和HC排放因子随车速的变化趋势类似,均随车速的增加呈现U型分布;柴油公交车与柴油卡车NOx和HC排放因子随着车速的升高而减小。4个时间段平均车速大小排序为:夜间(44 km·h~(-1))晚高峰(34 km·h~(-1))平峰(32 km·h~(-1))早高峰(28 km·h~(-1))。车速修正后CO和HC的排放量上升,上升幅度分别为10.6%~11.8%和8.8%~9.2%,NOx和PM排放量下降,下降幅度分别为22.1%~23.3%和12.7%~13.5%。     

乙醇汽油对减少机动车污染排放的机理研究与分析

以93#国Ⅲ乙醇汽油(E10)、93#国Ⅲ普通汽油和93#国Ⅳ普通汽油为实验对象,对GB18352.3-2005中要求限定的CO、HC和NOx,以及颗粒物(PM)和CO2等主要污染物的排放进行了测量和对比研究,并对CO、HC、PM、NOx、CO2和苯系物等污染物的形成原因和减排机理进行了分析.和93#国Ⅲ普通汽油相比,93 #国Ⅲ乙醇汽油(E10)排放的尾气中:CO降低了19.7％,HC降低了16.4％;和93#国Ⅳ普通汽油相比,93#国Ⅲ乙醇汽油(E10)排放的尾气中:CO降低了1.8％,HC降低了12.9％,CO2降低了2.4％.研究表明,乙醇汽油在减少CO、HC、NOx、颗粒物和苯系物等有毒物质排放方面具有显著功效,使用乙醇汽油可以减少环境污染物的排放,显著改善空气质量.     

基于车载的天津市不同交通流特征下机动车排放率精细分析

利用OBS2200车载测试系统,对天津市的道路行驶车辆进行测试,在3种不同交通流特征（交通高峰期、低峰期和平峰期）下获得了道路车载排放污染物（HC、CO、NOx和CO2）的逐秒数据,结果显示,高峰期HC和CO平均排放率（0.027±0.018 g/s和0.330±0.196 g/s）明显高于低峰期和平峰期,大约分别是低峰期的5.4倍和4.3倍,平峰期的3.9倍和9.2倍。低峰期NOx和CO2平均排放率（0.006±0.006 g/s和1.904±0.960 g/s）稍高于高峰期和平峰期。加速工况下4种排放物的平均排放率：0.022±0.019 g/s、0.243±0.234 g/s、0.007±0.007 g/s和1.766±0.946 g/s,大约分别是减速工况下4种排放物平均排放率的1.1倍、1.4倍、2.3倍和1.9倍。随着加速度增大4种排放物的排放率逐渐增大。     

基于实际道路测试的大型客车排放特征研究

应用车载排放测试系统(PEMS)对天津市4辆大型客车(国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ、国Ⅴ柴油车和国Ⅴ液化天然气车)进行了实际道路尾气排放测试。结果表明,3辆柴油车CO、NOx、总碳氢化合物(THC)和颗粒物(PM)的平均排放因子分别为3.435、6.431、0.131、0.324g/km,天然气车CO、NOx、THC和PM的排放因子分别为1.240、17.451、6.535、0.003g/km。总体看来,3辆柴油车的污染物排放速率随着排放标准的提高而降低,与其相比,天然气车的CO和PM排放速率相对较低,而NOx和THC排放速率较高;4辆大型客车各污染物排放速率在加速工况下排放速率最高,怠速工况下排放速率最低。随着国Ⅳ柴油车行驶速度从0~20km/h提高到80~100km/h,尾气温度逐渐上升,选择性催化还原装置对NOx的削减率可从41.8%升高到64.5%。     

负载对实际道路重型柴油车排放的影响研究

利用车载测试系统对重型柴油货车空载、50％负载和100％负载不同负载情况下在实际道路的排放进行测试,基于测试数据分析负载对重型柴油货车排放CO、HC、NOx和微小颗粒物(PM)等4种污染物的影响.不同速度区间和行驶模式下负载对排放的影响分析表明,在有负载时,大多数工况下4种污染物排放呈现增加趋势,但各速度区间和行驶模式下的增幅不尽相同,部分工况出现下降.空载时测试柴油车基于新欧洲行驶循环测试(NEDC)工况的标准化CO、HC、NOx和PM排放因子分别为3.38、0.39、6.27、0.39 g/km.对于柴油车重点污染物NOx和PM而言,与空载相比,50％负载时分别增加43％和59％,100％负载时分别增加62％和44％.     

低温环境中乙醇汽油和普通汽油的冷凝水与污染物排放

对低温环境中乙醇汽油和普通汽油的冷凝水、CO、HC、NOx和CO2排放特性进行了研究,并对5种排放物的形成机理和排放趋势进行了分析。ECE工况(-20、-10和0℃)和怠速工况(-30、-20、-10和0℃)下,乙醇汽油和普通汽油的冷凝水排放量主要受含氢量、车辆构造和外界环境的共同影响。ECE工况中冷凝水的总体排放趋势是随着温度降低而增加,乙醇汽油的总排水量持平或略低于普通汽油。-10℃时乙醇汽油的高含氧量能促进燃烧速度和燃烧效率,减少CO和HC排放,增加NOx排放;0℃时低温环境和乙醇的高汽化潜热会影响可燃混合气形成和燃烧速度,降低缸壁温度,增加CO和HC排放。     

液化石油气轿车实际道路污染物排放特征

利用PEMS对国2技术LPG出租轿车和汽油轿车的实际道路排放进行测试,基于测试数据对LPG轿车排放特征进行解析,并与汽油轿车的排放因子进行对比分析.结果显示:速度和行驶模式对LPG轿车污染物排放影响明显;LPG轿车CO 2、CO、HC和NOx污染物的实测排放因子分别为(169.5±22.2)、(2.18±2.38)、(...     

混合动力轿车城市典型道路排放特性

基于车载式排放测试系统(PEMS),对混合动力轿车进行典型城市道路行驶工况下的排放测试,对比分析实验车辆速度、加速度和比功率区间下的排放特性。混合动力轿车在车速低于50 km/h时,发动机处于关闭状态无排放,温度也下降,会降低NOx排放。主干道上NOx排放最少,快速路上NOx排放较高,高速公路上NOx排放最多。车速超过50km/h时发动机再起动,产生CO和HC排放峰值。主干道上CO和HC排放峰值最频繁,总平均排放因子最高;快速路上排放峰值稀少,总平均排放因子居中;高速公路上没有很大的排放峰值,总平均排放因子最低。     

城市大气中NOx和CO对质子交换膜燃料电池性能的影响研究

研究了城市主要大气污染物NOx和CO对质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)性能的影响.电池恒流放电下的电压-时间曲线、极化曲线显示,体积分数为1×10-4左右的NOx对单电池性能造成严重的影响,但这种影响是可逆的.与此不同的是,往阴极通入7.9×10-5至1.56×10-3三种不同体积分数的CO65 h后,电池性能没有明显的下降.气相色谱和质谱数据表明,Pt能快速将空气中的CO氧化成CO2.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.