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1.
The diminishing resources and continuously increasing cost of petroleum in association with their alarming pollution levels from diesel engines has led to an interest in finding alternative fuels to diesel. Emission control and engine efficiency are two of the most important parameters in current engine design. The impending introduction of emission standards such as Euro IV and Euro V has forced research towards developing new technologies for combating engine emissions. This paper examines the effects of compression ratio, swirl augmentation techniques and ethanol addition on the combustion of compressed natural gas (CNG) blended with Honge oil methyl esters (HOME) in a dual fuel engine. The present results show that the combustion of HOME and 15% ethanol blend with CNG induction in a dual-fuel engine operated in optimized parameters at an injection timing of 27° Before Top Dead Centre and a compression ratio of 17.5 resulted in acceptable combustion emissions and improved brake thermal efficiencies. The implementation of swirl augmentation techniques increased brake thermal efficiencies (BTEs) and considerably reduced combustion emissions such as smoke, HC, CO and NOx. The addition of ethanol also increased BTEs. However, at more than 15% of ethanol in HOME, NOx emissions increased dramatically.  相似文献   

2.
Alternative fuels for diesel engine applications are gaining more prominence as they have numerous advantages compared to fossil fuels. They are renewable, biodegradable; provide food and energy security and foreign exchange savings. They address environmental concerns and socio-economic issues as well. Gaseous fuels such as compressed natural gas and hydrogenated compressed natural gas (HCNG) appear more attractive fuels for diesel engine applications operated in dual-fuel mode. Such dual fuel engines can replace considerable amount of liquid-injected pilot fuels by gaseous fuels besides being friendly to the environment. A small quantity of liquid fuel injected towards the end of the compression stroke initiates combustion of the inducted gas in the dual-fuel engines. The main advantage of dual-fuel engines is their lower nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate emissions. Hence renewable fuels such as biodiesels and gaseous fuels can be used predominantly for transportation and power generation applications. Gaseous fuels are clean burning and are more economical as well. A suitable carburettor was designed to supply a stoichiometric mixture of air and HCNG to the modified diesel engine operated in dual-fuel mode. The biodiesel used in this study is derived from Honge oil called the Honge oil methyl ester (HOME). This paper presents the performance, combustion and exhaust emission characteristics of a single cylinder, four stroke, direct injection, stationary diesel engine operated on HOME and HCNG in dual-fuel mode. From the results it is observed that HOME–HCNG combination gave lower brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and improved emission levels when compared with diesel/HOME in single fuel operation. Lower smoke and particulate matter were obtained with dual-fuel operation. Comparative measures of BTE, peak pressure, pressure–crank angle variation, smoke opacity, hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and NOx emissions have been made and analysed.  相似文献   

3.
Stringent environmental policies and the ever increasing demand for energy have triggered interest in novel combustion technologies that use alternative fuels as energy sources. Of these, pilot-ignited compressed natural gas (CNG) engines that employ small biodiesel pilot to ignite a premixed natural gas–air mixture have received considerable attention. This paper discusses the effect of mixing chamber venturi, injection timing, compression ratio and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on the performance of dual-fuel engine operated on biodiesel derived from honge oil and is called honge oil methyl ester (HOME) and CNG. The proposed study mainly focuses on the manifold induction of CNG along with HOME injection. However, CNG can also be injected using port or direct gas injector (Lakshmanan and Nagarajan 2010, Energy 35, pp. 3172–3178). The future study will involve these methods of CNG injection. From this study, it is concluded that an advanced injection timing and an increased compression ratio resulted in increased brake thermal efficiency and reduced smoke, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions. However, nitrogen oxides (NO x ) emission increased significantly. The increased NO x emission was effectively reduced with EGR method. A mixing chamber venturi of 3 mm size, injection timing of 27° before top dead centre (BTDC), compression ratio of 17.5 and 10% EGR were found to be optimum for the modified compression ignition engine that was operated on CNG–HOME dual-fuel mode.  相似文献   

4.
Alternative and renewable fuels have numerous advantages compared with fossil fuels as they are renewable and biodegradable, besides providing food and energy security and foreign exchange savings and addressing environmental and socio-economic issues. Therefore, these renewable fuels can be used predominantly in compression ignition (CI) engines for transportation purposes and power generation applications. Today, the use of biomass-derived producer gas is more relevant for addressing rural power generation and is also a promising technique for controlling both NOx and soot emission levels. Although a producer gas–biodiesel-operated dual-fuel diesel engine exhibits lower performance, they are independent from the use of fossil fuels. The lower performance of the engine could be due to the slow-burning and lower calorific value of producer gas. For this purpose, exhaustive experiments on the use of Honge oil methyl ester (HOME)–producer gas in a dual-fuel CI engine were carried out for the improvement of its fuel efficiency. This paper presents the effect of the compression ratio (CR) on the performance, combustion and exhaust emission characteristics of a single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection stationary diesel engine operated using HOME and producer gas in a dual-fuel mode. The results indicated that the HOME–producer gas combination exhibited lower brake thermal efficiency (BTE) with comparable emission levels with the diesel–producer gas combination at different CRs. Comparative measures of BTE, peak pressure, pressure–crank angle variation, heat release rate, smoke opacity, and hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NOx) emission levels are presented and analysed.  相似文献   

5.
Alternative fuels have numerous advantages compared to fossil fuels as they are renewable, biodegradable; provide energy security and foreign exchange saving besides addressing environmental concerns and socio-economic issues as well. Renewable fuels can be used predominantly as fuel for both transportation and power generation applications. Improved engine performance with reduced engine exhaust emissions is a major research objective in engine development. Today, the use of biomass derived producer gas is more relevant for addressing rural power generation and is a promising technique for controlling both nitric oxide (NOx) and soot emission levels. In view of this, exhaustive experiments on the use of Honge oil methyl ester (HOME)–Producer gas in a dual fuel engine have been carried out with an intension of improving its fuel efficiency. This paper mainly presents results on a single cylinder four stroke direct injection diesel engine operated in dual fuel mode using HOME–Producer gas combination with and without bio-ethanol addition and thermal barrier coating (TBC). Further, the results were compared with diesel–producer gas mode of operation. Experimental investigation on dual fuel operation using HOME+5% bioethanol (BE5)–Producer gas operation with TBC showed 12.35% increased brake thermal efficiency with decreased hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions and increased NOx emission levels compared to HOME–Producer gas mode of operation.  相似文献   

6.
Karanja oil methyl ester (KOME), a biodiesel prepared from Karanja oil, a potential source of non-edible oil in India and a prospective alternative to the diesel fuel, shows comparable performance and considerable reduction in emissions except NOx. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a popular method of reducing the NOx emission. The aim of this experimental work was to study the potential of the cooled EGR in a direct injection compression ignition engine operating with the KOME and its blend. The study was conducted with the different EGR rates. Performance and emission parameters were compared by using diesel, KOME and its blend employing EGR and with the same fuels without EGR. The study also differentiates the effect of EGR on KOME and its blend with the neat diesel. The effect of EGR was found to be slightly higher for KOME biodiesel and its blend than for neat diesel. Increased NOx emission using KOME biodiesel was also found to be reduced by using EGR.  相似文献   

7.
Over a number of years, the work of exploring different biodiesels as an alternative to diesel fuel has been carried out worldwide. Not much focus on the use of combination of different biodiesels and their behaviour in diesel engines has been reported. This work is an attempt in this direction, which reports on the use of combination of biodiesels derived from jatropha and karanja oils. Jatropha oil methyl ester (JOME) and honge oil methyl ester (HOME) represent the respective biodiesels derived from these non-edible oils. Experiments were conducted on a four-stroke, single-cylinder diesel engine using these biodiesel combinations in order to check their feasibility as alternative fuels to diesel. Initially, experiments were conducted on each biodiesel and their blends with diesel and engine parameters were optimised in terms of injection pressure and injection timing. Advancing the injection timing improved the overall performance of the engine fuelled with JOME while retarding the injection timing favoured the HOME. Both biodiesels performed better with an injector opening pressure of 230 bar. Finally, experiments were conducted with the combination of both biodiesels with different blend ratios. It was observed that increasing the JOME content in the biodiesels blend improved the performance with reduced emissions of smoke, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide emissions. However NO x emission increased.  相似文献   

8.
In this study, balanites Aegyptiaca (L.) Del biodiesel was blended in proportions of 10% and 20% on the volume basis with diesel fuel and tested in a single cylinder, VCR diesel engine under measured load conditions with varied EGR rates (0, 10 and 20%). The results showed that B10 and B20 blends shown a significant reduction rate in terms of NOx emissions that were familiar with biodiesel blends. At peak load conditions, BTE increased slightly for test fuel blends compared with pure diesel fuel while the BSFC rate and EGT suffered from increasing and decreasing nature with respect to blending percentage. From the emissions point of view, with the increase in blends percentage, a significant reduction rate is observed in terms of CO and HC concentrations (up to 12.34 and 17.5%, respectively) while NOx emissions decreased at peak load conditions (up to 24.34%). HC and CO emissions decreased with increase in blends percentage. However, lower levels of NOx and EGT (up to 21.37 and 8.47%, respectively) and the average increase in terms of BTE and BSFC (up to 2.83 and 2.9%, respectively) can be realised with B20 test fuel blend under 20% EGR rate.  相似文献   

9.
ABSTRACT

Analysis of plastic oil obtained from waste plastic through pyrolysis process, as an alternative to biodiesel is presented in this paper. The HCCI engine is considered for experimental validation of combustion performance and emission characteristics. To accumulate pyrolysis oil as fuel, the design modifications were made in external mixture formation on the existing computerised 4-stroke, single cylinder, water cooled, direct injection kirloskar diesel engine connected with eddy current dynamometer to satisfy HCCI conditions. HCCI engine can be worked on wide assortment of fuels beginning from diesel to different blends (WPPO 5%,10%,15% and 20% by volume) of biodiesel .The designed additional device connected to the engine is utilised for fuel vaporisation and mixture arrangement. In the experimental study, the combustion results were initiate to be of 39.69 % higher Rate of Heat Release (RoHR) for biodiesel HCCI as compared with diesel HCCI. Higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was found 37 % without exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) at WPPO 20 % biodiesel blend. And also found 50 % and 65 % reduction in NOx emission and 18 % and 28 % reduction in smoke opacity are obtained for biodiesel vapour induction without EGR and biodiesel vapour induction with 15 % EGR as compared with diesel fuel. The CO (0.34 %), and UHC (2.15 %) emissions are increases with 15 % EGR, but the emissions are within the standard limits specified by the emissions standards.  相似文献   

10.
During recent decades, considerable effort has been expended world-wide to reduce dependency on petroleum fuels for power generation and transportation through the search for suitable alternative fuels that are environmentally friendly. In this respect, vegetable oils are a promising alternative to diesel fuel. However, the high viscosity, poor volatility and cold flow characteristics of vegetable oils can cause some problems such as injector coking, severe engine deposits, filter gumming and piston ring sticking and thickening of lubrication from long-term use in diesel engines. These problems can be eliminated or minimised by transesterification of the vegetable oils to form monoesters. Although transesterification improves the fuel properties of vegetable oil, the viscosity and volatility of biodiesel are still worse than those of petroleum diesel fuel. The performance of a diesel engine with such biodiesel operation can be improved further with the concept of the low heat rejection (LHR) engine. In the LHR engine, combustion surfaces on the pistons, cylinder walls and valves can be coated with ceramic materials. The objective of this study was to apply the LHR engine concept for improving engine performance when either honge biodiesel, known as honge oil methyl ester (HOME), or neem biodiesel, known as neem oil methyl ester (NOME) oils was used as an alternative fuel. For this purpose, experiments were conducted on a single cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection, water-cooled compression ignition engine using diesel, HOME and NOME oils at different injection timings of 19, 23 and 27° before top dead centre (BTDC) with and without the induction of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The percentage of EGR was varied from 5 to 20% in steps of 5%. The results showed that specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency were improved for both of the biodiesel fuels in the LHR engine. An EGR of 10% resulted in better performance with trade-off between oxides of nitrogen and hydrocarbons/carbon monoxide emissions and hence 10% EGR is taken as the best of the range from 5 to 20%. However, readings with other EGR ratios are not reported.  相似文献   

11.
This paper presents a feasibility study of Marotti oil biodiesel as an alternative to diesel fuel for a compression ignition engine. Marotti oil is inedible and available mainly in the state of Kerala. The oil is extracted from Marotti seeds. However, the high viscosity, poor volatility and cold flow characteristics of many vegetable oils in general, and Marotti oil in particular, can cause problems such as injector coking, severe engine deposits, filter gumming, piston ring sticking and thickening of lubrication from long-term use in diesel engines. These problems can be eliminated or minimised by transesterification of the vegetable oils to form monoesters. Although transesterification improves the fuel properties of vegetable oil, the viscosity and volatility of biodiesel are still worse than for petroleum diesel fuel. Subsequently, Marotti oil was converted into its methyl ester by the process of transesterification. The methyl ester was blended with diesel in various proportions to obtain different blends of Marotti oil with diesel. The performance, emission and combustion characteristics of Marotti methyl ester and its blends with diesel were studied and the results were compared with the base line data generated for diesel operation. Experiments were conducted using an injection timing of 23° before top dead centre (BTDC) and an injection pressure of 205 bar at various power outputs and at a constant rated speed of 1500 rpm. The engine manufacturer specifies an injection timing of 23° BTDC and injection pressure of 205 bar for the standard diesel fuel operation. The heat release rates, maximum rate of pressure rise, ignition delay and combustion duration for these fuel combinations were obtained.

From the results obtained, it was observed that the biodiesel produced from Marotti oil and its blends with diesel have slightly reduced brake thermal efficiency and increased smoke, hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and reduced NO x emissions compared with diesel-only operation. The investigation showed that the B20 biodiesel blend of Marotti oil with diesel produced better performance in terms of higher brake thermal efficiency, lower specific fuel consumption and comparatively lower emissions compared to the other blend ratios considered.  相似文献   

12.
Renewable and alternative fuels have numerous advantages compared with fossil fuels, as they are renewable and biodegradable, and provide food and energy security and foreign exchange savings besides addressing environmental concerns and socio-economic issues. In this context, present work was carried out to investigate the feasibility of alternative and renewable fuels derived from biomass feedstock of different origin for engine applications. The present study was also extended to study the effect of producer gas composition derived from different biomass feedstock on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection stationary diesel engine operated on a dual-fuel mode using Honge oil methyl ester (HOME) and producer gas induction. The performance of the engine was evaluated with a constant injection timing of 27° before top dead centre, an injection pressure of 205 bar for the diesel–producer gas combination and 230 bar for the HOME–producer gas combination and a compression ratio of 17.5. The results showed that the performance of the dual-fuel engine varies with the composition of the producer gas and depends on the type of biomass feedstock used in the gasifier. Experimental investigations on the dual-fuel engine showed that brake thermal efficiency values for the engine operated using HOME–producer gas derived from babul, neem and honge woods were found to be 17.2, 14.3 and 11.56% respectively, compared to 23.8% for diesel–producer gas operation at 80% load. However, the results showed better engine performance with lower exhaust emission levels for the operation of HOME–producer gas derived from the ordinary or babul wood compared with the operation of that derived from the neem and Honge woods. In view of this, present study reveals that use of alternative and renewable fuels for dual fuel engine can be considered as an immediate solution for the development of rural areas and emergency use in the event of severe diesel fuel shortage.  相似文献   

13.
Increased petroleum prices, increased threat to the environment from exhaust emissions and global warming have generated intense international interest in developing renewable and alternative non-petroleum fuels for internal combustion engines. Evolving suitable technology for addressing energy crisis creates a continued investigation into the search for sustainable and clean-burning renewable fuels. This work investigates suitability of different non-edible-derived biodiesels such as cotton seed oil methyl ester (COME), Honne oil methyl ester (HnOME) and Rubber seed oil methyl ester (RuOME) to four stroke, single cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine. Engine tests were conducted to study the effect of fuel blending, thermal barrier coating (TBC) or Low Heat Rejection (LHR) and injector nozzle geometry on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of COME, HnOME and RuOME in the modified CI engine. Blends of biodiesels with diesel were varied from 20 to 80% in steps of 20%. Two thermal barrier coatings of partially stabilized zirconium (PSZ) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) were provided on the engine to make it fully adiabatic. Nozzle injectors of 3, 4 and 5 holes, with size of orifice varied from 0.2 to 0.3 mm size were selected for the study. It was concluded that B20 biodiesel blend, PSZ-coated engine and four hole nozzle injector of 0.2 mm size resulted in overall better engine performance with increased brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and reduced HC, CO, smoke emissions for the fuel combinations tested. Combustion analysis to study the effect of biodiesel blends, LHR coatings, injector nozzle geometry on the performance of the biodiesel-fuelled engine has been presented to give more insight into the behaviour of operation.  相似文献   

14.
The main objective of this work is to control the NOx emission of a stationary diesel engine fuelled with crude rice bran oil methyl ester blend with less sacrifice on smoke density and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and also to investigate the factors influencing the objective. Fuel injection timing, percentage of exhaust gas recirculation and fuel injection pressure are chosen as the promising factors for the objective and NOx emission, smoke density and BTE are considered as response variables. Tests were conducted as per Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array and the most influencing factor for each response variable and also the significance of each factor on the same was found out through analysis of variance (ANOVA). Response graph was drawn for each response variable and from the results of response graph and ANOVA the optimum combination of the factor levels in achieving the objective was obtained and the same was confirmed experimentally.  相似文献   

15.
This paper reports the results of research conducted to study the fuel properties of Honge oil and blends of its ester and the subsequent testing of these oils in a four‐stroke, single cylinder, water‐cooled, direct injection, compression‐ignition (CI) engine. Experiments were conducted with injection timings of 19, 23 and 27° BTDC at various loads and at a constant rated speed of 1500?rev?min?1. The performance and emission characteristics of Honge oil and Honge oil methyl ester (HOME) blended with diesel, to produce blends designated B20, B40 and B80, were studied. The heat release rates, maximum rate of pressure rise, ignition delay, and combustion duration for these fuel combinations were determined.  相似文献   

16.
Renewable and alternative fuels have numerous advantages compared with fossil fuels as they are renewable and biodegradable and provide food and energy security and foreign exchange savings besides addressing environmental concerns and socio-economic issues (Yaliwal et al. 2013. International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, doi:10.1080/19397038.2013.801530. Zhu et al. 2011a, Applied Thermal Engineering 31 (14–15): 2271–2278; Zhu et al. 2011b, Fuel 90: 1743-1750; Banapurmath, Tewari, and Hosmath 2008, Renewable Energy 33: 2007-2018; Banapurmath 2009, “Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Single Cylinder Direct Injection CI Engine Operated on Dual Fuel Mode Using Honge Oil and Producer Gas.” PhD thesis, 1–195; Banapurmath et al. 2011, Waste and Biomass Valorization 2: 1–11). In this context, the main objective of the present work is to study methods of biofuel production such as Honge oil methyl ester (HOME) using a conventional transesterification process and bioethanol from the Calliandra calothyrsus shrub using a new pretreatment method known as hydrothermal explosion. Further, experimental investigations were carried out on a single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct-injection stationary diesel engine operating in a dual-fuel mode using HOME, bioethanol and producer gas combinations to determine its performance, combustion and emission characteristics. The performance of the dual-fuel engine was analyzed at optimized engine conditions. HOME-Bioethanol (BE) blends such as HOME+ 5% bioethanol (BE5), HOME+ 10% bioethanol (BE10) and HOME+ 15% bioethanol (BE15) were prepared by adding bioethanol to HOME (on volume basis) in different proportions ranging from 5 to 15% with an increment of 5%. In this present work, the effect of different BE blends on the performance of producer gas fuelled dual fuel engine was studied. Experimental investigation on dual fuel engine using BE5-Producer gas operation resulted in up to 4–9% increased brake thermal efficiency with decreased hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and marginally increased nitric oxide (NOx) emission levels compared to HOME-Producer gas, BE10-producer gas and BE15-producer gas mode of operation. However, it was observed that, the overall performance of BE-producer gas operation was found to be lower compared to diesel-producer gas operation.  相似文献   

17.
Increasing cost of fossil fuels, environmental threats from exhaust emissions and their depleting nature have generated intense international interest in developing renewable and alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. This study investigates the suitability of different non-edible-derived biodiesels such as cottonseed oil methyl ester (COME), honne oil methyl ester (HnOME) and honge oil methyl ester (HOME) to four-stroke, single-cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine. Engine tests were conducted to study the effect of fuel injection timing (IT), fuel injector opening pressure (IOP) and injector nozzle geometry on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of COME, HnOME and HOME in the modified CI engine. IT was varied from 19° to 27° before top dead centre (bTDC) in steps of 4° bTDC; IOP was varied from 205 to 240 bar in steps of 10 bar. Nozzle injectors of three to five holes, each of 0.3 mm size, were selected for the study. It was concluded that a retarded IT of 19° bTDC increased IOP of 230 bar, and four-hole nozzle injector of 0.3 mm size resulted in overall better engine performance with increased brake thermal efficiency and reduced hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide smoke emissions for the fuels tested.  相似文献   

18.
ABSTRACT

Renewable and sustainable fuels for diesel engine applications provide energy protection, overseas exchange saving and address atmospheric and socio-economic concerns. This study presents the investigational work carried out on a single cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection diesel engine operated in dual fuel (DF) mode using renewable and sustainable fuels. In the first phase, a Y-shaped mixing chamber or venture was developed with varied angle facility for gas entry at 30°, 45° and 60°, respectively, to enable homogeneous air and gas mixing. Further effect of different gas and air mixture entry on the DF engine performance was studied. In the next phase of the work, hydrogen flow rate influence on the combustion and emission characteristics of a compression ignition (CI) engine operated in DF mode using diesel, neem oil methyl ester (NeOME) and producer gas has been investigated. During experimentation, hydrogen was mixed in different proportions varied from 3 to 12 l/min (lpm) in step of 3 lpm along with air-producer gas and the mixtures were directly inducted into engine cylinder during suction stroke. Experimental investigation showed that 45° Y-shaped mixing chamber resulted in improved performance with acceptable emission levels. Further, it is observed that investigation showed that at maximum operating conditions and hydrogen flow rate of 9 lpm, Diesel–producer gas and NeOME–producer gas combination showed increased thermal efficiency by 13.2% and 3.8%, respectively, compared to the DF operation without hydrogen addition. Further, it is noticed that hydrogen-enriched producer gas lowers the power derating by 5–10% and increases nitric oxide (NOx) emissions. However, increased hydrogen addition beyond the 12 lpm leads to sever knocking.

Abbreviations: NeOME: Neem oil methyl ester; BTE: brake thermal efficiency; CI: compression ignition; ITE: indicated thermal efficiency; PG: producer gas; CA: crank angle; K: Kelvin; BP: brake power; IP: indicated power; H2: hydrogen; HC: unburnt hydrocarbon; CO: carbon dioxide; CO2: carbon dioxide; NOx: nitric oxide; HRR: heat release rate; %: percentage; PPM: parts per million; CMFIS: conventional mechanical fuel injection system.  相似文献   

19.
ABSTRACT

This paper mainly focuses on the utilisation of plastic pyrolysis oil (PPO) and its’ blends with diesel and ethanol in different proportions in a modified diesel engine fitted with common rail direct injection (CRDI) facility. PPO was subsequently blended with diesel and ethanol and characterisation has been done. Experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of injection timing (IT) and injection pressure (IP) on the performance of modified CRDI engine fuelled with PPO and its blends with diesel and ethanol. From the experimental investigations, IT of 10°bTDC and IP of 900 bar were found as best operating parameters to obtain maximum brake thermal efficiency (BTE) with lowered emissions for the fuel combinations utilised in the investigations. PPO as substitute to diesel fuel could be viable if its major concern is to finding permanent resources.  相似文献   

20.
Biomass fuels have attracted an increase in interest due to the alarming rise in global greenhouse gases and the rapid rise of petroleum prices. Energy security on a sustainable basis can come only with the responsible use of home-sourced resources and not from imported fossil fuels such as coal or crude petroleum products. Partial combustion of biomass in the downdraft gasifier generates producer gas that can be used as the sole fuel or as a supplementary fuel for internal combustion engines. A dual fuel mode of operation, in which producer gas is used as a supplementary inducted fuel along with injected pilot fuels of Honge or Jatropha biodiesels, can be a promising alternative to diesel only usage. Two different carburettors were designed and fabricated to facilitate gas entry at 45° and 90° to the engine cylinder. The engine was experimentally optimised using Honge or Jatropha biodiesels–producer gas combinations with respect to maximum pilot fuel savings in the dual fuel mode operation, optimum air and gas mixing with different tested carburettors. The performance, combustion and emission characteristics of these dual fuel combinations were compared at different load conditions. The results showed that biodiesels of Honge or Jatropha oils–Producer gas combinations with carburettor of 90° gas entry resulted in better performance.  相似文献   

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