NH3再生提高蜂窝状V2O5/ACH催化剂脱硝活性的机理

对NH3再生提高V2O5/ACH催化剂脱硝活性的微观机理进行了分析.结果表明,在初次同时脱硫脱硝过程中,V2O5/ACH催化剂表面会形成一定量的含氧官能团和有利于NH3化学吸附的SO2-4离子,进而在330℃NH3再生过程中,含氧官能团与吸附的NH3反应转化为含氮官能团;在二次同时脱硫脱硝过程中,NO不仅与NH3反应,而且也与催化剂表面形成的含氮官能团反应,从而提高了V2O5/ACH催化剂的脱硝活性.     

ZrO2掺杂的V2O5/TiO2催化剂表征及催化还原NOx

采用共沉淀法制备出不同锆掺杂量的钛锆复合载体(TiO2-ZrO2),运用XRD和BET研究其微观结构,结果显示钛锆物质的量之比1∶1时复合载体具有最大的比表面积,可达256.01 m.2g-1.以此为载体制备了V2O5/TiO2-ZrO2催化剂,并添加少量CeO2对其改性.采用XRD、BET、H2-TPR、原位FT-IR等手段研究其活性组分的表面分散状态、氧化还原特性和表面酸性.结果显示,V2O5高度分散在载体上;与纯V2O5相比,复合载体上V2O5的还原峰向低温方向发生了偏移;催化剂表面包含了大量的B酸和L酸.模拟氨气催化还原NO(NH3-SCR)的脱硝反应活性测试表明,V2O5/TiO2-ZrO2催化剂具有较好的热稳定性和较宽的活性窗口,少量CeO2的加入提高了催化剂的低温活性.     

催化剂对甲醛废水湿式氧化的增效作用

在设定的湿式氧化条件下 ,从若干种金属盐中筛选了Cu(NO3) 2 作为氧化甲醛废水的催化剂 ,考察了Cu(NO3) 2 用量、废水的初始浓度及温度对有机物去除率的影响 ,结果表明 :Cu(NO3) 2 以 5mg·l- 1 Cu2 计量投加为宜 ,甲醛初始浓度在 480mg·l- 1 — 1 5 0 0mg·l- 1 范围内一直保持较高的去除率 ,反应的适宜温度为 1 40℃以上 ;根据反应过程数据建立了该催化氧化反应的分段一级动力学模型 ,求得甲醛氧化动力学模型快、慢步骤的表观活化能分别为7 2 9kJ·mol- 1 和 1 4 45kJ·mol- 1 ;而COD降解动力学模型快、慢步骤的表观活化能则分别为2 0 47kJ·mol- 1 和 2 9 5 2kJ·mol- 1 .     

高岭土界面Fe(Ⅱ)吸附与邻硝基苯酚还原转化的交互反应研究

研究了高岭土界面亚铁吸附与邻硝基苯酚(2-nitrophenol,2-NP)还原转化的交互作用.考察了反应pH值、界面吸附铁密度、反应温度(T)对2-NP的还原动力学的影响.结果表明,吸附态Fe(Ⅱ)为2-NP还原转化的关键物种,高龄土界面Fe(Ⅱ)吸附能明显提高还原反应的反应速率.2-NP的还原转化速率常数(k)随着反应pH值的升高、吸附铁密度的增加、反应温度的升高而增大,ln k与pH、吸附铁密度、1/T都具有明显的线性关系.2-NP还原转化的活化能为87.15 kJ·mol-1,吸附反应的活化能为18.5 kJ·mol-1.该研究可为土壤矿物界面物理化学与氧化还原的交互反应过程研究提供借鉴.     

有机无机杂化层状硫属化合物对水中六价铬的吸附

有机无机杂化层状硫属化合物[CH3NH3]2xMnxSn3-xS6·0.5H2O(x=0.5-1.1)(CMS)对水中Cr(Ⅵ)具有良好的吸附性能.采用XRD、SEM、XPS、EDS等手段表征了 CMS吸附前后的化学组成、结构和微观形貌.CMS吸附Cr(Ⅵ)后导致层间距变大和颗粒表面变粗糙.考察了 pH、反应时间、反应...     

苯胺-2,4-二氨基酚共聚物吸附水中Hg(Ⅱ)的动力学和热力学研究

利用化学氧化法合成苯胺-2,4-二氨基酚共聚物,通过静态吸附实验研究了该共聚物吸附水中汞离子的动力学和热力学.对实验数据采用准一级和准二级动力学方程、Langmuir等温线方程、Freundlich等温线方程进行拟合,并进行相应的热力学分析.研究结果表明,苯胺-2,4-二氨基酚共聚物对水中Hg(Ⅱ)具有很好的去除效果,最大吸附容量达800mg·g-1,吸附等温线符合Langmuir单层吸附模型;动力学过程符合准二级动力学模型;吸附焓变化量ΔH=58.51kJ·mol-1,表明该吸附反应为化学吸附且为吸热反应;三种实验温度下吉布斯自由能变化量均为负值,表明该吸附反应能自发进行。     

V2O5/AC催化剂对氨还原NO的研究

考察了V2O5/AC催化剂对NH3选择催化还原NO的影响，结果表明，以浓硝酸预氧化处理的活性焦为载体对催化剂活性有很大提高，这是由于浓硝酸预氧化后，活性焦表面产生了较多的含氧官能团可能吸附更多的NH3,并且提高了活性组分V2O5的含量，反应气氛中加入SO2后，二都活性都增加，但差异消失，这是由于SO2存在时，反应生成的SO4^2-离子的酸性强于浓硝酸预氧化产生的含氧官能团的酸性，催化剂在使用前经过煅烧和氧化对催化剂活性有很大改善。SO2存在时，V2O5含量为1wt%的催化剂活性提高。     

氯苯类还原性气氛下高温降解反应机理

氯苯类化合物(CBz)是生活垃圾热处置过程中存在的重要污染物,热解、气化技术能够有效降低热处置过程的CBz排放.为了探究其在热解、气化环境下的降解机理,以1,2,4-三氯苯(1,2,4-TrCBz)为研究对象,进行了1,2,4-TrCBz在中高温段(550-850℃)还原性气氛(H2,CO等)下的降解特性实验,同时通过量子化学计算,利用Gaussian 09W软件模拟了降解过程中可能存在的多条反应路径,并比较了各路径的竞争关系.结果 表明温度越高,1,2,4-TrCBz的降解效率越高.降解效率在750℃和850℃时,分别为14.07％和60.27％,1,2,4-TrCBz分子的C—Cl键解离能在370 kJ·mol-1左右,温度在650℃以下时,环境提供的热量不足以使C—Cl键断裂,H2降低了40 kJ.mol-1左右的C—Cl键断裂所需的能量,提高了降解反应速率.单独的CO不参与1,2,4-TrCBz的降解反应,实验降解特性与N2气氛相似.CO与H2共存时,在相同温度下,降解表现呈现H2＞H2+CO＞CO的规律,CO的存在提高了H2近20 kJ·mol-1的降解反应活化能,从而降低了反应速率.1,2,4-TrCBz的降解过程存在3条有效降解路径,反应更趋向于通过生成1,3-二氯苯(1,3-DCBz)的路径进行.     

纳米负载型V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂碱及碱土金属中毒

实验制备了陶瓷颗粒为骨架的纳米级V2O5-WO3/TiO2(C)催化剂,采用浸渍法模拟碱及碱土金属中毒,研究中毒对催化剂脱硝活性的影响,通过BET、XPS、NH3-TPD技术分析了碱及碱土金属对催化剂的失活作用.结果表明,碱及碱土金属K、Na、Ca能够明显降低催化剂脱硝活性,350℃时,K、Na中毒催化剂活性降低了约30%左右,Ca中毒催化剂降低了20%.碱及碱土金属没有改变催化剂表面物种组成,催化剂活性与催化剂表面强氨气吸附位数量具有线性关系,K、Na、Ca与催化剂表面活性酸位结合,使催化剂中毒.     

互花米草基活性炭对水中对硝基苯胺的等温吸附

以互花米草为原料,采用氢氧化钾活化法制备了低成本高性能的活性炭SAAC,通过静态实验法,测定了活性炭SAAC对对硝基苯胺的吸附行为及其热力学性质.结果表明,互花米草活性炭SAAC对对硝基苯胺有较大的吸附能力,Langmuir最大吸附量为726 mg·g-1,吸附平衡数据符合Freundlich方程与 Redlich-Peterson方程,表现为优惠吸附.吸附焓变△H0<0且绝对值均小于42 kJ·mol-1,表明对硝基苯胺在活性炭SAAC上的吸附属于放热的物理吸附过程;吸附自由能变△G0<0且其绝对值随温度降低而增大,表明吸附驱动力随温度降低而增大,吸附为自发的反应,低温有利于反应;吸附熵变△S0><0说明对硝基苯胺在活性炭表面上的运动比在溶液中受到了更大的限制.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.