云南会泽废弃铅锌矿区植物丛枝菌根和深色有隔内生真菌研究

用碱解离、酸性品红染色法对云南省会泽县者海镇废弃铅锌矿区的17科21种植物的丛枝菌根状况进行了调查,结果发现,15种植物形成典型的丛枝菌根,占所调查植物的71%;2种植物不确定是否形成丛枝菌根,占所调查植物的10%;4种植物没有形成丛枝菌根,占所调查植物的19%.用湿筛沉淀法从这些植物根际土壤中共分离鉴定出了4属20种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF),即无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)4种,球囊霉属(Glomus)14种,巨孢囊霉属(Gigaspo-ra)1种,盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)1种;其中,球囊霉属分离频率为77%,是样地的优势属.在AMF中,疣突球囊霉(G.verruculosum)分离频率最高,在20种植物的根际土中都有发现;此外,聚生球囊霉(G.fasciculatum)的相对多度最大,为56%,具有最强的产孢能力.同时,在13种植物的根中发现了深色有隔内生真菌(DSE),占调查植物的62%,其中,10种植物同时被DSE和AMF感染.本调查研究表明,AMF和DSE能普遍存在于Pb、Zn重金属污染土壤中.     

广西典型高砷区蜈蚣草根围丛枝菌根真菌多样性研究

丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AM真菌)在提高超富集植物蜈蚣草(Pteris vittata L.)修复砷污染土壤方面具有巨大的应用潜力,但是中国砷污染地区的AM真菌的分布和资源调查还不够全面。为探明砷污染地区AM真菌的多样性状况,采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,通过形态学特征分离鉴定AM真菌种属,对广西南丹县高砷矿区及周边地区蜈蚣草根围土壤中AM真菌的多样性及群落组成进行调查研究。结果表明,不同程度砷污染土壤中生长的蜈蚣草均能被AM真菌侵染,随着砷浓度的增加物种多样性总体呈下降趋势。无污染土壤中的AM真菌侵染率和孢子密度主要受土壤磷和海拔的影响。低磷促进孢子萌发和菌丝生长,从而提高侵染率,而海拔升高会导致孢子密度降低。但随着土壤砷污染水平的增加,砷浓度逐渐成为主要影响因子,使侵染率上升,孢子密度下降。孢子密度和物种丰富的变化趋势一致。鉴定出4属10种AM真菌,其中7种属于球囊霉属(Glomus),近明囊霉属(Claroideoglomus)、管柄囊霉属(Funneliformis)和盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)各1种,球囊霉属是该调查区域的优势属。AM真菌孢子的形态直接影响其适应能力,颜色深、表面网纹间隔致密的AM真菌抗逆性更好,近明球囊霉(C.claroidem)、团集球囊霉(G.glomerulatum)和地表球囊霉(G.versiforme)等适应性较强的菌种分离频度达到了100%,相对丰度也较高。研究结果将会对砷污染地区AM真菌优良菌株的筛选及超富集植物-AM真菌联合修复重金属污染土壤提供有益的指导。     

蒙古沙冬青AM真菌物种多样性研究

2012年7月选取宁夏银川、沙坡头和甘肃民勤3个样地,分0-10、10-20、20-30、30-40、40-50 cm 5个土层采集蒙古沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus monglicus)根围土壤样品,研究了AM真菌物种多样性和土壤因子生态作用。共分离AM真菌4属36种,其中,球囊霉属(Glomus)19种,无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)13种,盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)3种,多孢囊霉属(Diversispora)1种。黑球囊霉(G.melanosporum)是银川和沙坡头优势种,网状球囊霉(G.reticulatum)是民勤优势种。民勤孢子密度、种丰度和物种多样性最高,孢子密度和种丰度随土层加深而递减,在0-20 cm土层达最大值。总球囊霉素(TEG)和易提取球囊霉素(EEG)含量在3个样地均随土层加深而降低。孢子密度与土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效钾显著正相关,与总球囊霉素极显著正相关。结果表明,AM真菌物种多样性具有明显空间异质性,并与土壤环境密切相关,这为筛选优良菌种,充分利用AM真菌资源促进沙冬青生长和荒漠植被恢复提供了依据。     

芜湖市郊土壤污染对土壤动物群落结构的影响

研究表明，芜湖市郊农田土壤动物群落的组成与数量随污染程度的加重而减少，土壤动物密度也呈同样的变化趋势，特别是中小型土壤动物，优势类群数量发生较大消长，常见类群和稀有类群的组成逐渐减少．多样性指数H与重金属污染程度之间关系因受到季节的影响而变得复杂：冬季和初夏污染较重样地优势类群数量减少，群落均匀性指数E增加而优势度指数C减小，多样性指数H较高；而春季处于过渡阶段，某些类群(如螨类)数量爆发，C增高，H较小．土壤动物群落密度一类群指数DG随污染加重而减小．受到重金属污染的农田土壤动物的表聚性减弱，甚至出现逆分布现象．图1表4参15     

生草对油橄榄根际土壤丛枝菌根真菌多样性的影响

果园生草制可提高丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)侵染果树,而AMF侵染可促进果树营养吸收。为了给油橄榄园筛选菌根侵染率高的草种,探究生草对油橄榄根际土壤AMF多样性的影响,以盆栽油橄榄根系和根际土壤为研究对象,采用盆内移栽油橄榄苗,环形穴播不同牧草(白三叶、红三叶和百喜草)的方式进行了探究。结果表明:从4种间作处理的油橄榄根际土中共分离鉴定出4属19种AMF,其中无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)和球囊霉属(Glomus)是油橄榄根际土壤AMF的优势属;近明球囊霉(Glomus claroideum)、缩球囊霉(Glomus constrictum)、孔窝无梗囊霉(Acaulospora foveata)、明球囊霉(Glomus clarum)、脆无梗囊霉(Acaulospora delicate)和稀有内养囊霉(Entrophospora infrequens)为油橄榄根际土壤AMF的优势种。不同生草处理油橄榄AMF的种类和优势种上均表现出较大差异,其中间作百喜草和红三叶处理的油橄榄AMF种类最多,生草种类对油橄榄根际土中AMF多样性产生重要影响,间作百喜草处理油橄榄根际AMF的物种多样性高于其他处理。生草促进了油橄榄根际土壤中AMF对油橄榄根的侵染,使AMF孢子密度增加。间作百喜草和白三叶处理的总球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(T-GRSP)含量显著高于红三叶和无草处理;间作百喜草、白三叶和红三叶处理的易提取球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(EE-GRSP)含量均显著高于无草处理。果园生草能增加油橄榄根际土中土壤微生物量,特别是间作百喜草处理对微生物量磷以及间作白三叶和红三叶处理对微生物量氮的影响较为明显;间作百喜草对油橄榄根际AMF的增进效果好于间作白三叶、红三叶和无草种植。可见,生草提高了油橄榄根际土壤AMF多样性,且以间作白喜草效果最为显著。     

西藏当雄拉屋矿区污染土壤微生物及其活性研究

通过现场采样及室内培养分析,研究了西藏当雄拉屋矿区污染土壤微生物区系组成、主要生理类群及其活性。结果表明：矿区土壤受重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd不同程度污染,矿区污染土壤几种重金属质量分数比非矿区土壤有明显的增加。矿区土壤微生物区系组成和各生理类群发生了明显变化,土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌以及各生理类群数量均显著降低,且3大微生物以及各生理类群对矿区污染的敏感性大小分别表现为放线菌〉细菌〉真菌,硝化细菌〉氨化细菌〉纤维分解菌。矿区土壤酶活性较低,对照土壤的各种酶活性最高,而矿区土壤基础呼吸和代谢商则受到刺激明显提高,其中土壤脱氢酶的活性变化最大,作为矿区重金属污染的指标更灵敏。可见,土壤中微生物区系组成及参与物质转化的生理类群种类、数量及土壤酶活和微生物活性在一定程度上可反映该矿区污染生境的重金属污染特征及其生态功能的演变规律。     

微小铅锌矿区土壤和植物重金属污染特征及风险评价

对华东某微小型铅锌矿点周边农田土壤和植物进行采样调查,结合不同土壤剖面土壤样品,分析、评价其土壤和植物中重金属的污染特征,并探讨蔬菜中重金属对当地居民的潜在健康风险.结果表明,矿点周边土壤受到不同程度的重金属污染,单因子污染指数法评价结果显示镉的污染程度最严重,所采集的11个土壤样品中有1个样点属中度污染,其余均属重度污染.对污染程度最低的剖面土壤进行分析后发现,研究区内较高的土壤重金属含量主要与采矿活动有关,同时也受到土壤母质的影响.研究区内农作物均受到不同程度的镉和铅污染,长期食用当地生产的蔬菜可引起潜在的人体健康风险,种植桑树(Morus alba)是当地污染农田的合理利用模式之一.     

矿粮复合区土壤-作物系统重金属污染风险性评价

为分析矿区污染农田农作物生产的生态安全性,以焦作市中马村矿区的典型农田为例,对矿区农田土壤及植物中Zn、Cr、Cd、Cu和Pb等重金属的质量分数进行了测定,并对重金属污染风险进行了评价。结果表明,根据重金属的单项污染指数,在矿井水污灌农田（F1样地）土壤中Zn和Cd的质量分数达到中度污染水平,Cr的质量分数达到轻微污染水平,Cu和Pb元素质量分数未达到污染水平。在煤矸石污染农田（F2样地）土壤中Zn、Cr和Cd的质量分数达到轻度污染水平,Cu和Pb元素质量分数未达到污染水平。在矿区公路侧农田（F3样地）土壤中各元素质量分数均未达到污染水平。采用潜在生态风险指数法对土壤重金属污染的生态风险进行评价,F1和F2样地综合生态风险指数分别为239．60和178．42,达到中等水平,F3样地土壤达到轻微生态风险水平。采用单项污染指数和综合污染指数法对小麦（Triticumaestivum）籽粒中重金属风险进行评价,在F1和F2样地中,小麦籽粒中Cu质量分数均未达到污染水平,Pb、Cd和Cr质量分数均达到重度污染水平。Zn质量分数在Fl样地中达到轻度污染水平,在F2样地中达到中度污染水平。在F3样地中,小麦籽粒中Cd和Cu质量分数未达到污染水平,Zn质量分数达到轻度污染水平,Pb、Cr质量分数达到重度污染水平。从综合污染指数评价来看,F1、F2和F33个样地小麦籽粒中重金属污染综合指数均达到重度污染水平。评价结果对科学治理矿区污染土壤,确保矿区农田生态安全、粮食生产安全具有重要意义。     

VA菌根对喀斯特草本群落植物根际养分影响研究

以贵州花江喀斯特高原生态综合治理试验示范区内草本群落阶段的几种主要植物为材料,对其根际微生态环境进行了研究,包括根际土壤化学性质、土壤酶活性和VA菌根侵染率及AMF孢子密度。结果表明：VA菌根侵染率和根际土壤中AMF孢子密度存在极显著正相关,相关系数达到0.97;不同植物根际土壤的化学指标和土壤酶活性均表现出较强的根际效应,即R/S〉1;VA菌根侵染率与pH值存在显著负相关,与有效磷质量分数存在极显著正相关,与碱性磷酸酶存在显著正相关,说明VA菌根能够促进土壤中难溶态磷往有效磷方向转化;AMF对宿主植物的侵染能够在一定程度上改善根际微生态环境的营养状况。     

韶关矿产资源开采地区土壤生态系统的微生物生态效应研究

韶关地区大宝山铁多金属矿产资源的开采给环境带来了严重的危害。采选冶产生的废液及固体废弃物堆积的淋滤酸水,携带浸滤出的大量重金属离子排入下游河道,严重影响矿区及酸水流域的生态环境。通过对该铅锌矿区土壤重金属分布、土壤微生物数量与植物重金属积累特征进行采样分析研究,结果表明：铅锌矿区土壤各重金属元素质量分数均高于对照土壤,矿区土壤均受到不同程度的污染;五节芒（Miscanthusfloridulus）植物中的元素质量分数表现为Zn〉Pb〉Cu〉Cd,Zn与土壤元素的相关性最为显著,其次为Pb;与对照土壤相比,矿区土壤微生物总数下降了68．43％-80．32％,各主要生理类群数量均呈下降趋势。矿区土壤生态系统处于不利于有益微生物的繁殖和活动的境地,从而大大削弱了土壤中C、N营养元素循环速率和能量流动。     

基于环境背景值的重金属污染地块划定——以浙东沿海某典型固体废物拆解区污染土壤为例

通过对浙江东部沿海某典型固体废物拆解区污染土壤的调查与分析,评价了其土壤重金属的污染程度。结果表明,与土壤环境背景值相比,研究区土壤污染较为严重,Cd、Cu中等程度以上污染土壤均在50%以上。在此基础上,重点对重金属污染土壤的划定进行了探讨,提出了适合土地质量差别化管护的污染土壤表达方法。     

甘肃某冶炼厂区土壤重金属铅、镉污染特征及其对微生物群落结构的影响

长期受到重金属铅(Pb)和镉(Cd)污染的土壤生态危害指数较高,土壤微生物群落结构容易受到重金属的影响,重金属对土壤微生物的毒性与重金属的生物利用度直接相关。以白银市重金属污染土壤为样本,分析了土壤的理化性质、重金属Pb和Cd的污染状况及土壤微生物群落结构,探究它们之间的关联性。样本采自距离污染中心由近及远的4个位置(分别命名为S1、S2、S3和S4)。采用Hakanson指数法来评估该地重金属生态风险;选用改进的BCR顺序提取法分析Pb与Cd的组分分布情况;利用SPSS和Canoco 4.5对土壤性质、重金属和细菌群落进行相关性分析和冗余分析,探究微生物群落结构与土壤性质和重金属污染之间的相关性。结果表明:白银市该处重金属污染场地3 km以内的土壤均受到严重的Pb、Cd污染。Pb主要以弱酸可提取态和可还原态的形式存在于土壤中,Cd则以弱酸可提取态为主;土壤重金属的危害生态指数均已经达到极高污染风险程度,且危害程度S1>S3>S2>S4;微生物丰度和多样性可能受到土壤性质及重金属的共同影响,与Pb、Cd的污染程度大致呈负相关(S2相似文献   

Spatial distribution and risk assessment of soil heavy metal contamination along roadsides of the northwestern Sichuan Plateau,China北大核心CSCD

Traffic activities in roadways are the major source of heavy metal contamination on the northwestern Sichuan Plateau, China. To characterize the spatial pattern of heavy metal distribution, we collected soil samples and measured the concentrations of five heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) from nine sites in Hongyuan County, Sichuan Province, including three transects that reflected typical gradients of traffic density. Each transect consisted of three levels of traffic density sites. We calculated single pollution index, Nemerow multi-factor index, and potential ecological risk index, to assess the ecological risk of the heavy metal contamination. Results showed that the soils were contaminated by Cd and Zn, with higher concentrations than that of the natural soil background values in all sampling sites. Moreover, Cd and Zn concentrations increased with increasing traffic density, suggesting that traffic activities were potentially responsible for the metal contaminations. The single pollution index indicated that the study sites were heavily contaminated by Cd and slightly polluted by Ni, Pb, and Zn, and the Nemerow multi-factor and potential ecological risk indexes indicated moderate potential ecological risks at the study sites. Specifically, the sites with high traffic density were moderately contaminated and the sites with low traffic density were mildly contaminated. In general, Cd and Zn were highly accumulated in soils of the study region; therefore focus should be on the high ecological hazard associated with soil heavy metal contamination, even in undeveloped regions. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Importance of dispersal and thermal environment for mycorrhizal communities: lessons from Yellowstone National Park

The relative importance of dispersal and niche restrictions remains a controversial topic in community ecology, especially for microorganisms that are often assumed to be ubiquitous. We investigated the impact of these factors for the community assembly of the root-symbiont arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) by sampling roots from geothermal and nonthermal grasslands in Yellowstone National Park (YNP), followed by sequencing and RFLP of AMF ribosomal DNA. With the exception of an apparent generalist RFLP type closely related to Glomus intraradices, a distance-based redundancy analysis indicated that the AMF community composition correlated with soil pH or pH-driven changes in soil chemistry. This was unexpected, given the large differences in soil temperature and plant community composition between the geothermal and nonthermal grasslands. RFLP types were found in either the acidic geothermal grasslands or in the neutral to alkaline grasslands, one of which was geothermal. The direct effect of the soil chemical environment on the distribution of two AMF morphospecies isolated from acidic geothermal grasslands was supported in a controlled greenhouse experiment. Paraglomus occultum and Scutellospora pellucida were more beneficial to plants and formed significantly more spores when grown in acidic than in alkaline soil. Distance among grasslands, used as an estimate of dispersal limitations, was not a significant predictor of AMF community similarity within YNP, and most fungal taxa may be part of a metacommunity. The isolation of several viable AMF taxa from bison feces indicates that wide-ranging bison could be a vector for at least some RFLP types among grasslands within YNP. In support of classical niche theory and the Baas-Becking hypothesis, our results suggest that AMF are not limited by dispersal at the scale of YNP, but that the soil environment appears to be the primary factor affecting community composition and distribution.     

基于PCR-DGGE的重金属污染土壤微生物种群指纹分析

采用变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）分析方法,研究沈阳市细河沿岸重金属污染土壤中微生物结构多样性、种群丰富度及种群结构的动态变化规律。结果表明：直接从土壤中抽提总DNA,对16SrRNAV3可变区序列进行扩增,DGGE指纹图谱分析,微生物种群结构和变化规律明显,同时也表现为重金属污染程度越重,多样性指数越低;其中细河底泥重金属含量严重超标,多样性指数最低。经方差分析,重金属污染情况与Shannon-wiener多样性指数呈负相关,其中重金属污染对微生物的均匀度指数影响最显著,并且锌污染对其影响最大为-0.985。表明PCR-DGGE技术可以用于污染环境下微生物多样性研究,也为污染环境下土壤微生物多样性研究提供了新的实验方法与依据。     

Increase of multi-metal tolerance of three leguminous plants by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of the colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus mosseae on the growth and metal uptake of three leguminous plants (Sesbania rostrata, Sesbania cannabina, Medicago sativa) grown in multi-metal contaminated soil. AMF colonization increased the growth of the legumes, indicating that AMF colonization increased the plant’s resistance to heavy metals. It also significantly stimulated the formation of root nodules and increased the N and P uptake of all of the tested leguminous plants, which might be one of the tolerance mechanisms conferred by AMF. Compared with the control, colonization by G. mosseae decreased the concentration of metals, such as Cu, in the shoots of the three legumes, indicating that the decreased heavy metals uptake and growth dilution were induced by AMF treatment, thereby reducing the heavy metal toxicity to the plants. The root/shoot ratios of Cu in the three legumes and Zn in M. sativa were significantly increased (P < 0.05) with AMF colonization, indicating that heavy metals were immobilized by the mycorrhiza and the heavy metal translocations to the shoot were decreased.     

丛枝菌根对土壤-植物系统中重金属迁移转化的影响

丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF)是一类在自然和农业生态系统中广泛存在并能与多数陆生植物形成共生关系的土壤真菌,在重金属污染土壤中对宿主植物的生长及吸收累积重金属具有重要影响,因而对污染土壤的生物修复具有潜在应用价值。以重金属从根际土壤进入植物并在植物体内再分配过程为主线,介绍丛枝菌根在这一过程中对重金属环境行为,特别是根际土壤中重金属赋存形态及植物吸收重金属的影响。最后,对丛枝菌根影响植物重金属耐性机制研究前沿和菌根修复技术的应用前景进行展望。