聚砜膜和聚乙烯膜对石油微污染水源水的处理效果研究

采用聚砜膜和聚乙烯膜对石油微污染水源水的超滤处理效果进行了中试试验,研究了原水中含油浓度、pH值、温度对两种超滤膜处理效果的影响。结果表明:当原水含油浓度≤0.5mg/L时,两种超滤膜对石油类污染物的去除率可以达到100%,当原水含油浓度≤1.0mg/L时,采用聚乙烯膜更加经济有效,当原水含油浓度>1.0mg/L时,采用聚砜膜石油类污染物的去除率可以达到90%以上,当原水含油浓度>2.0mg/L时,采用聚砜膜可以得到更为良好的处理效果;在酸性和碱性条件下,两种超滤膜对石油类污染物的去除率均随着酸性和碱性的增强而提高;当原水的温度上升时,两种超滤膜对石油类污染物的去除率明显降低。     

直接超滤和混凝-超滤组合工艺的膜污染比较

利用滤饼层过滤模型和膜孔窄化模型，结合国产中空纤维超滤膜对提取的天然腐植酸进行直接超滤和混凝－超滤2种工艺的试验结果分析，表明混凝预处理基本消除了膜孔污染，并且大大降低了膜表面滤饼层污染阻力，从而使超滤保持高渗透通量。另外，与原水直接超滤相比，混凝－超滤组合工艺对溶解性天然有机物的去除率较高，DOC去除率从28％提高到53％，UV254去除率从40％提高到78％。     

UF膜与混凝粉末活性炭联用处理冬季黄河水

针对低温低浊水处理的难题,采用混凝和粉末活性炭预处理超滤系统对冬季黄河水进行了净化研究,通过投加混凝剂Al(2SO)4·318H2O以及粉末活性炭,比较了其对于原水的处理效果和对膜过滤性能的影响。试验结果表明,混凝超滤系统用于处理冬季黄河水在技术上是可行的,混凝剂与粉末活性炭对水中污染物质的去除和膜过滤性能有很大的影响;调整合适的操作参数,其对低温黄河水中的高锰酸盐指数、UV254、NH3-N、铁和浊度的平均去除率分别达到70%、60%、30%、80%和96%以上,出水水质达到《生活饮用水源水质标准》(CJ3020-93)的标准。对于已污染的膜,水反冲洗、水/酸洗、水/碱洗可使膜通量恢复至新膜的38%,82%,89%。     

铝基无机有机复合絮凝剂对超滤膜性能的影响研究

采用铝基无机有机复合絮凝剂(PAC-JY01)对含有腐殖酸与高岭土的模拟水样进行强化混凝处理,取混凝后出水进行超滤,通过测定超滤前后出水水质以及超滤膜运行状况,探讨PAC-JY01对超滤膜工艺效能的影响.结果表明,在强化混凝-超滤联用工艺中PAC-JY01的最佳投加量为3mg/L,最佳pH=6.在最佳条件下,UV254和浊度的去除率分别达到79.30%、99.70%;在实验运行条件下,较大的絮体容易在膜表面沉积而造成膜污染.     

混凝对微滤膜处理含磷废水的影响

采用直接微滤和混凝-微滤2种工艺对高浓度含磷废水进行了处理.结果表明,混凝预处理减轻了膜孔堵塞污染,改善了膜表面沉积层的存在形态,提高了膜的渗透通量;与原水直接微滤相比,混凝-微滤组合工艺改进了出水水质,磷酸盐的去除率从11.0%提高到99.7%,出水满足国家一级排放标准;经过相同方法清洗后,混凝-微滤工艺的膜通量能恢复到初始通量的90%以上,而直接微滤工艺的膜通量只能恢复到初始通量的72%.     

膜生物反应器处理低温低浊水的工艺研究

针对低温低浊水处理的难题,采用膜生物反应器(MBR) 工艺对松花江冬季原水进行处理试验研究,考察MBR工艺对浑浊度和有机污染物的去除效果及膜过滤周期.试验结果表明,MBR工艺对浑浊度的去除率在90%以上,出水浑浊度低于1NTU.对高锰酸盐指数和UV₂₅₄的去除率分别可达40%～50%和30%～45%.膜过滤周期较长,可达60～70 h.投加PAC可提高对有机物的去除率,但对膜过滤性能的影响不显著.MBR工艺可有效处理低温低浊水,出水水质优于常规工艺出水水质.在原水有机物污染严重时,可投加PAC形成PAC-MBR组合工艺,增强对有机污染物的去除效果.     

混凝预处理对超滤膜通量的影响

为探讨混凝预处理对改善超滤膜过滤通量的效果.试验采用了4种具有不同亲疏水性的水样,着重探讨混凝对有机物的疏水性和亲水性组分的去除效果以及所带来的通量改善.试验结果表明,超滤膜直接过滤原水时,4种水样的有机物截留率在12%～20%,但其中的疏水性组分均超过了50%,说明膜倾向于截留疏水性有机物.投加25 mg/L的混凝剂,4种水样的有机物去除率在12%～28%,投加量增加至100 mg/L,去除率也相应增加至25%～38%,但其中的疏水性组分均占50%以上.混凝预处理均可有效提高通量.对有机物各组分的分析表明,膜处理混凝预处理水时,主要截留亲水性组分,这是由于混凝可有效去除疏水性组分的缘故.由此也可得出结论.超滤膜的通量下降主要是由疏水性有机物引起的,亲水性组分对通量的影响较小.     

磁性离子交换树脂对原水中有机物去除效能的研究

采用磁性离子交换树脂(MIEX)预处理原水中有机物的中试试验结果表明,MIEX技术可有效地去除原水中的有机物,对UV254,DOC和CODMn的去除率分别稳定在82%、66%和50%,MIEX预处理可以有效强化混凝沉淀对有机物、藻细胞和浊度的去除.与常规工艺相比,在混凝剂聚合氯化铝投加量降低56%时,该工艺对UV254和CODMn的去除率分别为90%和71%,对藻细胞数和浊度的去除率分别为99%和95%.对溶解性有机物分级和分子量分布的测定表明,MIEX预处理主要去除混凝沉淀无法有效去除的小分子区间的亲水性和疏水性有机物,可以有效控制消毒副产物的产生,MIEX预处理与混凝沉淀联用工艺出水的三卤甲烷生成势(THMFP)和卤乙酸生成势(HAAFP)比原水降低了88%和87%.     

超滤-反渗透双膜技术深度处理乙烯生产废水

采用超滤-反渗透双膜技术对乙烯化工厂二级生化处理出水进行深度处理,考察了超滤膜对乙烯生产废水的预处理性能,研究了超滤-反渗透双膜技术各单元对废水中污染物的去除效果,并探索了不同清洗方式下膜通量的恢复情况。试验结果表明:超滤能有效地去除废水浊度、胶体物质和细菌,为反渗透提供良好的进水水质;超滤-反渗透膜系统产水水质稳定,平均脱盐率达到98%以上。采用0.2%HCl和反渗透产水配制的清洗液(pH>2)对系统进行循环清洗,能够有效去除膜污染,恢复膜通量。     

水中污染物对阳离子交换膜分离去除Cu2+的影响

基于Donnan dialysis原理,在无外加电压作用下采用阳离子交换膜分离去除原水中的Cu2+,研究原水中可能出现的无机颗粒物,有机物质,EDTA酸、氨水、Fe3+、表面活性剂等对阳离子交换膜分离去除Cu2+效果的影响.研究表明:原水中添加二氧化硅、腐殖酸、EDTA酸、氨水、Fe3+、表面活性剂等物质,在长时间运行后均会对离子交换膜去除Cu2+有不同程度的影响;二氧化硅和非离子表面活性剂等污染物不会和膜及Cu2+发生物理化学反应,对膜去除Cu2+效果影响较小,相比空白样,Cu2+去除率下降约4%;氨水、阴离子表面活性剂等会导致Cu2+发生沉淀反应,腐殖酸会吸附Cu2+,使原水中游离态Cu2+浓度显著降低约50%;EDTA酸、氨水、阴离子表面活性剂等会与Cu2+形成络合物,对去除Cu2+有严重影响,相比空白样, Cu2+去除率分别下降约100%(EDTA酸)、78%(氨水)、56%(阴离子表面活性剂);阳离子表面活性剂存在时,其会大量占据膜内空间,Cu2+基本无去除;Fe3+在弱酸性或中性水中会水解生成氢氧化铁胶体,对去除Cu2+有一定影响,相比空白样, Cu2+去除率下降约12%.     

饮用水处理过程中全氟化合物的分布、转化及去向

全氟和多氟烷基物质(PFASs)存在于地表水、自来水甚至商业饮用水中,对人类健康构成威胁.在以太湖为源头的某大型饮用水处理厂(DWTPs)中研究了14种PFASs的检出和转化.结果表明,共有10种PFASs在水样中被检测到,说明PFASs在饮用水中分布广泛.原水中的PFASs总浓度为127.4ng·L^-1,其中最高浓度为全氟辛酸(PFOA, 49.8ng·L^-1).预臭氧会导致PFASs的浓度反向升高,这可能是由于前体物的存在或由短链向长链进行转化导致.常规处理工艺无法有效去除PFASs, O₃-BAC在DWTPs的处理过程中对PFASs的去除(20.74%)具有主导作用.O₃-BAC作为DWTPs的主要去除工艺,其反冲洗水中含有浓度较高的PFASs,分布特征与原水相似.利用中试装置,对比了5种常见的滤池反冲洗水处理工艺,结果表明,GAC-超滤可以在保证浊度较高去除率(99.08%)的基础上,吸附并截留一定量的PFASs.从三维荧光分析可得,GAC-超滤也可去除大部分荧光微污染物,对于原水含有较高浓...     

Drinking water treatment using a submerged internal-circulation membrane coagulation reactor coupled with permanganate oxidation

A submerged internal circulating membrane coagulation reactor(MCR) was used to treat surface water to produce drinking water. Polyaluminum chloride(PACl) was used as coagulant,and a hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF) submerged hollow fiber microfiltration membrane was employed. The influences of trans-membrane pressure(TMP), zeta potential(ZP) of the suspended particles in raw water, and KMnO_4 dosing on water flux and the removal of turbidity and organic matter were systematically investigated. Continuous bench-scale experiments showed that the permeate quality of the MCR satisfied the requirement for a centralized water supply, according to the Standards for Drinking Water Quality of China(GB 5749-2006), as evaluated by turbidity(1 NTU) and total organic carbon(TOC)(5 mg/L)measurements. Besides water flux, the removal of turbidity, TOC and dissolved organic carbon(DOC) in the raw water also increased with increasing TMP in the range of 0.01–0.05 MPa. High ZP induced by PACl, such as 5–9 mV, led to an increase in the number of fine and total particles in the MCR, and consequently caused serious membrane fouling and high permeate turbidity.However, the removal of TOC and DOC increased with increasing ZP. A slightly positive ZP, such as 1–2 mV, corresponding to charge neutralization coagulation, was favorable for membrane fouling control. Moreover, dosing with KMnO_4 could further improve the removal of turbidity and DOC, thereby mitigating membrane fouling. The results are helpful for the application of the MCR in producing drinking water and also beneficial to the research and application of other coagulation and membrane separation hybrid processes.     

Drinking water production by uitrafiltration of Songhuajiang River with PAC adsorption

In recent years, membrane ultrafiltration (UF) of surface water for drinking water treatment has become a more attractive technology worldwide as a possible alternative treatment to conventional clarification. To evaluate the performance of ultrafiltration membranes for treatment of surface water in North China, a 48-m2 low pressure hollow fiber membrane ultrafiltration pilot plant was constructed. Ultrafiltration was operated in cross-flow and with powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption. Turbidity was almost completely removed to less than 0.2 NTU (below Chinese standard 1 NTU). It was found that PAC addition enhanced organic matter removal. The combined process of PAC/UF allowed to 41% removal of CODMn 46% removal of DOC and 57% decrease in UV254 absorbance. The elimination of particles, from average 12000/ml in the raw water to approximately 15/ml in the permeated, was observed. When PAC concentration was below 30 mg/L, backwashing could recovery the membrane flux with backwash interval/backwashing duration of 1/30.     

Selection of magnetic anion exchange resins for the removal of dissolved organic and inorganic matters

Four magnetic anion exchange resins (MAERs) were used as adsorbents to purify drinking water. The effect of water quality (pH, temperature, ionic strength, etc.) on the performance of MAER for the removal of dissolved organic matter (DOM) was also investigated. Among the four studied MAERs, the strong base resin named NDMP-1 with high water content and enhanced exchange capacity exhibited the highest removal rate of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (48.9% removal rate) and UV-absorbing substances (82.4% removal rate) with a resin dose of 10 mL/L after 30 min of contact time. The MAERs could also effectively remove inorganic matter such as sulfate, nitrate and fluoride. Because of the higher specific UV absorbance (SUVA) value, the DOM in the raw water was found to be removed more effectively than that in the clarified water by NDMP resin. The temperature showed a weak influence on the removal of DOC from 6 to 26℃, while a relatively strong one at 36℃. The removal of DOM by NDMP was also affected to some extent by the pH value. Moreover, increasing the sulfate concentration in the raw water could decrease the removal rates of DOC and UV-absorbing substances.     

超滤-反渗透集成膜技术深度处理酒精废水

采用超滤-反渗透集成膜技术对酒精废水二级生化处理出水进行深度处理,考察了不同超滤膜对废水的预处理性能,研究了超滤-反渗透集成膜技术对废水污染物的去除效果,并探索了不同清洗方式对反渗透膜通量恢复的影响。试验结果表明:超滤能有效地去除废水浊度和大分子有机物,为反渗透提供良好的进水水质;超滤-反渗透膜系统产水浊度、硬度、总铁均小于0.1 NTU、0.03 mmol/L和0.03 mg/L,电导率处于60~120μS/cm之间,可回用作锅炉补充水;酸洗+碱洗组合清洗方式能有效恢复反渗透膜通量,其废水膜通量可恢复为新膜废水通量的93.75%。     

基于化学反应动力学的饮用水铝形态分布模型研究

目前饮用水中的总铝超标现象十分严重,其危害与铝的存在形态密切相关.本研究利用三层前反馈式的人工神经网络技术,建立了基于化学反应动力学的铝形态预测模型.结果表明,无机单核铝和溶解铝的浓度变化速率与反应时间及水温、pH、总铝、氟离子、磷酸根和硅酸根等水质参数密切相关,二者的反应级数均为三级.通过人工神经网络可有效地进行饮用水中无机单核铝和溶解铝反应动力学参数的预测;反应速率常数k和初始浓度项1/c02的计算值和模型预测值的相关系数R均大于0.999.由M市管网水铝形态的预测结果可知:当总铝浓度0.05mg·L-1时,模型对无机单核铝浓度的预测误差较大;而当总铝浓度0.05mg·L-1时,模型有较好的预测能力,无机单核铝和溶解铝的相对预测误差分别为±15%和±10%.     

GC/MS检测某市自来水深度处理工艺对有机物的去除效果

以某江水为原水，研究某市自来水深度处理工艺和常规处理工艺对有机污染物的去除效果，用GC／MS分析仪对水样进行了分析，结果表明：原水中有机物53种，陶粒滤池对有机物总量(峰面积)的去除率为83％，有效威小了后续单元的负担，O3／GAC单元对有机物总量的去除率为53．4％，深度处理工艺对有机物总量的去除率为95％；常规处理工艺对有机物总量的去除率为86％。     

Drinking water production by ultrafiltration of Songhuajiang River with PAC adsorption

In recent years, membrane ultrafiltration （UF） of surface water for drinking water treatment has become a more attractive technology worldwide as a possible alternative treatment to conventional clarification. To evaluate the performance of ultrafiltration membranes for treatment of surface water in North China, a 48-m^2 low pressure hollow fiber membrane ultrafiltration pilot plant was constructed. Ultrafiltration was operated in cross-flow and with powdered activated carbon （PAC） adsorption. Turbidity was almost completely removed to less than 0.2 NTU （below Chinese standard 1 NTU）. It was found that PAC addition enhanced organic matter removal. The combined process of PAC/UF allowed to 41% removal of CODMn, 46% removal of DOC and 57% decrease in UV254 absorbance. The elimination of particles, from average 12000/ml in the raw water to approximately 15/ml in the permeated, was observed. When PAC concentration was below 30 mg/L, backwashing could recovery the membrane flux with backwash interval/backwashing duration of 1/30.     

鲢鱼联合常规水处理工艺除藻特性

将鲢鱼引入到某水厂预沉池中用以去除藻类,并对该水厂从原水到滤后水中藻类种类和数量进行监测.结果表明,鲢鱼对水华微囊藻可进行有效滤食,但对单细胞绿藻滤食效果不佳,从而导致预沉池出水中水华微囊藻数量和比例大幅下降,使单细胞绿藻获得了更大的生长优势.预加氯对叶绿素a氧化作用显著.混凝沉淀过程对杆状藻类去除明显,具有较长突起尖刺的藻类会阻碍混凝沉淀效果.少量个体较小和突起物带有尖刺的藻类能够深入滤池.当原水中微囊藻浓度较高时,鲢鱼联合常规水处理工艺能够对藻类实现较为彻底的去除.