填埋垃圾和渗滤液中CH4氧化菌的丰度研究

应用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction,简称实时荧光定量PCR)技术对填埋场垃圾和渗滤液中CH₄氧化菌的pmoA基因进行定量分析. 结果表明:实时荧光定量PCR技术可用于渗滤液和垃圾中CH₄氧化菌的定量分析. 对于厌氧和准好氧填埋,初期渗滤液中CH₄氧化菌的数量均高于稳定期;准好氧填埋体渗滤液中CH₄氧化菌的数量均高于厌氧填埋体. 准好氧填埋垃圾中CH₄氧化菌的数量随着填埋龄的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,并在填埋后的9个月左右达到最大值,与准好氧填埋体CH₄产生的规律相似. 同时,准好氧填埋垃圾中CH₄氧化菌的数量随着距导气管距离的增加而降低,但不同填埋时期的变幅不同,与准好氧填埋体O₂和CH₄的迁移规律有关. 此外,对渗滤液和垃圾样品的研究表明,准好氧填埋体垃圾填埋层内部存在大量的CH₄氧化菌,具有显著的CH₄氧化能力.      

生物反应器填埋技术及其应用

本文分析了城市生活垃圾的厌氧、好氧及准好氧填埋方式的特点,介绍了当前国内外垃圾渗滤水场内循环处理的两种趋势:(1)以欧美国家为主的生物反应器填埋技术;(2)以日本为主的循环式准好氧填埋技术。根据我国城市垃圾有机物含量高的特点,提出了将准好氧填埋技术与生物反应器填埋技术特点相结合的垃圾渗滤液场内循环处理的设计思路。     

准好氧填埋氧气扩散模拟分析

依据准好氧填埋工艺的原理建立了试验装置,在填埋进入相对稳定期后,测定填埋装置内各个采样点的填埋气体积分数φ(CH)4、φ(CO)2以及φ(O)2,分析了采样点到中心导气管的距离对φ(O)2的影响,并采用数学模型进行拟合。结果表明,准好氧填埋进入相对稳定期后,由于装置内外温度差异以及氧气浓度的差异使氧气通过导排管进入装置内部,并呈现出上层下层中层的规律。在垃圾填埋体的好氧分解反应、硝化作用以及甲烷氧化作用的共同作用下,下层与中层φ(O)2与距离的关系呈现指数规律下降,上层由于结构的特殊性呈现抛物线形状。     

准好氧填埋结构耗氧半径的确定

依据准好氧填埋的原理构建了填埋试验装置.在准好氧填埋结构中,空气通过渗滤液收集主管道和竖直通风管道在垃圾层进行扩散,并在这些管道周围形成好氧区,在空气扩散不到的地方为厌氧区依据氧气浓度在垃圾层内的不同来决定它在垃圾层内的分布状态.并通过对单独的一根竖直通风管道进行氧气浓度插值分析,判断氧气通过竖直通风管道在垃圾层内的影响区域.结果表明,氧气的浓度分布顺序为上层＞中层＞下层.确立了本实验条件下准好氧填埋的好氧区域,通过二次曲面进行拟合,得到它的水平耗氧半径为7.3m,竖直耗氧半径为3.5m.     

垃圾准好氧填埋技术的研究进展

综述了近年来国内外对垃圾准好氧填埋技术和循环式准好氧填埋技术的研究情况，以便于人们在进行这方面研究和应用时参考和借鉴。     

准好氧填埋结构中氧气扩散数值模拟

依据准好氧填埋的原理构建了填埋试验装置.对试验装置的φ(CH₄),φ(CO₂)和φ(O₂)的动态变化进行了监测. 在装填完成21周后,垃圾体进入产甲烷阶段,第27周时φ(CH₄),φ(CO₂)和φ(O₂)的加权平均值分别为14.7%,18.6%和4.0%.在准好氧填埋结构中,空气通过渗滤液收集主管道和竖直导气管道在垃圾体中进行扩散,并在这些管道周围形成耗氧区域,在空气扩散不到的地方为厌氧区域. 通过数学分析判断该装置内的耗氧区域,并对浓度等值线进行拟合,得到O₂在纵剖面内呈双曲线分布,在垃圾体内呈双曲面分布,且φ(O₂)呈顶部>底部>中部的状态.推导出了氧气水平方向的扩散方程,并得出装置的水平耗氧半径为94.2 cm,约为导排管直径的23.5倍. 分析得到纵剖面内的耗氧区域占93.6%,并得出耗氧区域的纵剖面方程和空间方程.      

生活垃圾填埋过程含水率变化研究

为分析垃圾在好氧和厌氧条件下降解过程中含水率变化的规律,采用时域反射测量(time domain reflectometry,TDR)技术监测了垃圾填埋过程中含水率的变化情况.结果表明,填埋过程中垃圾体积含水率随时间逐渐增大,垃圾持水性能不断提高.好氧初期垃圾内水量变化与含水率变化正相关,好氧后期则为负相关;厌氧填埋过程中,垃圾沉降压缩是含水率变化的主要原因.垃圾TDR读数与基于物质衡算的垃圾体积含水率计算值之间有较好的相关性,好氧填埋过程两者最大偏差约为±5%,厌氧填埋过程两者最大偏差约为±2%,TDR技术适用于实际填埋工程的含水率测量.     

准好氧生物反应器填埋系统的渗滤液变化特性研究

针对传统卫生填埋过程中存在的不足,开展了准好氧生物反应器填埋场的室内模拟试验,以导气管管径为参照变量,设计两组准好氧生物反应器填埋场并对其进行连续监测。研究表明:在填埋处理的300 d内,垃圾沉降比例接近40%,固相垃圾的有机质含量可降至24%,渗滤液的COD、BOD5、TOC、氨氮与总氮等污染物指标可得到高效去除,分别降至3 643,73,1 284,67,109 mg/L,VFA物质可降至20 mmol/L,B/C降至0.02~0.03,渗滤液的可生化性大大降低,填埋垃圾减量化、无害化、稳定化效果显著。     

风帽在准好氧填埋的应用及对填埋初期的影响

首次将风帽应用于准好氧填埋,以2 m×1 m×2 m的准好氧模拟箱为对象,考察了风帽对准好氧填埋环境形成过程的影响,比较了不同风速条件下二氧化碳和甲烷的浓度变化,并对风帽应用于准好氧填埋的作用原理进行了分析,以期为设计和优化准好氧填埋结构提供参考.结果表明,风帽可以加快准好氧环境的形成,将传统的准好氧环境的形成期由常规的50 d以上提前到40 d左右.通过比较风帽先拆后装二氧化碳和甲烷的浓度变化,表明风帽可以促进甲烷向二氧化碳的转化,减少甲烷的排放.卸下风帽后二氧化碳的浓度由最初的16.67%降为15.88%,甲烷从6.14%增大到16.12%;装上后二氧化碳的浓度增至19.18%,甲烷降为10.05%.考察了风速为2.0、3.5、5.0、6.5、8.0 m/s 5种条件下导气管出口处的甲烷排放情况,表明风速可以加强风帽的作用,有利于甲烷的减排,当风速增至8 m/s时,甲烷浓度由最初的15%以上降为5%以下.     

准好氧填埋场中间覆盖层CH_4释放及减排潜力

针对河北省某准好氧垃圾填埋场进行了CH_4释放通量测定,同时测验了中间覆盖材料的CH_4氧化性能,并在此基础上分析了准好氧垃圾填埋场作业过程中的CH_4减排潜力.结果表明,作业台阶表面中午和下午的CH_4释放通量相对较大,填埋龄为4、8、12、16个月的CH_4平均释放通量分别为4.79,21.16,81.04,7.44g/(m~2·d).CH_4氧化材料的氧化能力大小为:厌氧填埋陈腐垃圾准好氧填埋陈腐垃圾老覆盖土陈腐垃圾:新土(1:10,m/m)禽畜粪便堆肥生活垃圾堆肥新覆盖土.填埋龄为4、8、16个月填埋堆体选用厌氧填埋陈腐垃圾、准好氧填埋陈腐垃圾、老覆盖土、陈腐垃圾:新土(1:10,m/m)为覆盖层,理论上可以完全氧化作业台阶表面释放的CH_4气体;填埋龄为12个月填埋堆体采用陈腐垃圾和老覆土作为覆盖层,理论上可以氧化去除填埋堆体导气管周边5~15m范围内释放CH_4气体,但不能完全去除导气管5m范围内释放的CH_4.     

渗滤液循环对填埋气体产生量影响的实验研究

以上海市生活垃圾组成为依据,通过填埋模拟柱实验研究了不同渗滤液循环方式对新鲜垃圾填埋层填埋气体(LFG)产生的影响.渗滤液循环方式包括:原液循环、厌氧预处理后循环、好氧预处理后循环、原液与陈垃圾柱出水混合后循环.结果表明,原液循环抑制了甲烷化进程,产气速率小,产气期分散.渗滤液经适当预处理后循环均能改善LFG的各项气量指标,表现为产气速率显著提高、产气期集中(本实验条件下约1a);Qt(实际累积产气量)增加,Q有效 Qt值(甲烷浓度大于50%的填埋气体量与实际累积产气量的比值)大于0 80,Qt Qp值(实际累积产气量与计算总产气量的比值)大于0 4.但渗滤液经不同预处理后循环对LFG各项气量指标的优化效果不同,排序为厌氧预处理后循环>原液与陈垃圾柱出水混合后循环>好氧预处理后循环.优化LFG各项气量指标的关键是:①缩短填埋层进入稳定的甲烷化阶段的时间;②减少垃圾中有机物的场外去除量.而渗滤液的预处理程度和方式对这两个因素有直接影响.     

Life cycle assessment as a decision support tool for landfill gas-to energy projects

The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from MSW landfill, and control methods to eliminate or minimize these impacts including energy recovery from landfill gas (LFG) of MSW landfill in Thailand have been evaluated. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is used as the analytical tool to evaluate the environmental consequences of landfilling holistically. The economic implications of the control methods are also briefly assessed. The results show that in terms of GHG emissions as well as in terms of economics, it is more advantageous to have a large centralized landfill and produce electricity from the LFG rather than having several small, localized landfills despite significantly lower transportation requirement for the latter case. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the global warming potential was sensitive to gas collection efficiency as well as methane oxidation rate in the landfill. This study shows the utility of a life cycle approach for evaluating LFG-to-energy (LFGTE) projects.     

垃圾填埋气制汽车燃料气的主要环境影响分析

文章从垃圾填埋气的危害、垃圾填埋气制汽车燃料气的环境影响、压缩垃圾填埋气代替燃油的环境影响等方面进行了具体分析。提出垃圾填埋气制汽车燃料气既降低了垃圾卫生填埋场的安全隐患,减少包括温室气体在内的大气污染物排放量,又可代替不可再生能源,降低汽车尾气的污染程度,环境效益显著。     

边界元法在填埋场气体运移数值模拟中的应用

基于多孔介质流体动力学理论和边界元法原理,构建了填埋气运移边界元数值模型,进行填埋场内部填理气的运动规律研究;通过与理想条件下的解析解对比分析,检验了该边界元数值模型方法本身;进行了垂直抽气井设施的填埋场实例气体运动数值模拟,得到了填埋场内部填埋气体的压力分布情况,由此确定了集气井的影响范围.模型精度分析和模型验证结果表明,该模型与解析解的平均相对误差在3%以下,与实测数据的平均相对误差均在10%左右,具有较高的精度;抽气井模拟结果表明,该模型可应用于填埋场气体运移的模拟预测和现场分析,能够为填埋场释放气体控制系统设计和优化提供理论依据.     

填埋气产气量估算模型在我国的应用

填埋气(LFG)是一种利用价值高的高热值清洁燃料,对LFG进行控制和利用已成为城市垃圾处置技术的重要组成部分,但有效开发利用的前提是对LFG产量及产气速率进行较为准确的估算。重点分析了两中典型的生活垃圾填埋气估算模型:Land GEM模型、Scholl Cayon模型,探讨了这两种模型参数的确定。并以北京市某填埋场为例,运用两种模型预测该填埋场填埋气产气量,比较讨论分析了两模型预测结果的差异,为LFG的利用提供了设计依据。     

生活垃圾填埋场春夏季CH4释放及影响因素

采用静态箱法监测了2个生活垃圾填埋场春、夏季及昼夜的CH₄释放通量,并分析了影响CH₄释放的相关因素. 结果表明:填埋气体(LFG)主动收集对填埋场CH₄释放的影响显著. 在填埋龄相近的条件(4.0～4.5年)下,无LFG主动收集的填埋场春、夏季CH₄的释放通量(以CH₄计)平均值〔(541±1　005) mg/(m2·h)〕比有LFG主动收集的填埋场提高4.4倍. 在有LFG主动收集的填埋场内,填埋龄为1.0～1.5年的非渗滤液灌溉区的CH₄释放通量均值〔(324±847)mg/(m2·h)〕为灌溉区的10.0倍左右. 在有LFG主动收集的填埋场内,CH₄释放通量与各环境因子间无显著相关;而在无LFG主动收集的填埋场内,CH₄释放通量分别与覆土温度和气温呈显著正相关,与大气压强呈显著负相关.相关性分析结果表明,CH₄释放通量与填埋场覆土中含水率,w(有机碳)和w(总氮)呈显著正相关.      

Bioenergy recovery from landfill gas: A case study in China

Landfill gas (LFG) utilization which means a synergy between environmental protection and bioenergy recovery was investigated in this study. Pressure swing adsorption technology was used in LFG purification, and laboratory experiment, pilot-scale test, and on-site demonstration were carried out in Shenzhen, China. In the laboratory experiment, A-type carbon molecular sieve was selected as the adsorbent by comparison of several other adsorbents. The optimal adsorption pressure and adsorption time were 0.25 MPa and 2 min, respectively, under which the product generation rate was 4.5 m³/h and the methane concentration was above 90%. The process and optimization of the pilot-scale test were also reported in the paper. The product gas was of high quality compared with the National Standard of Compressed Natural Gas as Vehicle Fuel (GB18047-2000), when the air concentration in feed gas was under 10.96%. The demonstration project was composed of a collection system, production system, and utilization system. The drive performance, environmental protection performance, and economic feasibility of the product gas — as alternative fuel in passenger car, truck, and bulldozer—were tested, showing the feasibility technology for LFG utilization.     

填埋场释放气体运移数值模型及应用

以多也介质流体动力学理论为基础，在考虑填埋场内气体压力变化较小、相应气体密度变化小的情况下建立了填埋场释放气体运移数值模型。该模型具有适用范围广的特点，如边界形状任意、介质性质空间变化。模型中考虑了填埋场中介质含水量变化对气体运移的影响，利用本数值模型对无控制系统和有控制系统时释放气体运移进行了对比模拟分析，给出了有水平气体控制系统时的优化排气量并得出相庆的释放气体收集率，可为填埋场释放气体控制系     

Modified landfill gas generation rate model of first-order kinetics and two-stage reaction

This investigation was carried out to establish a new domestic landfill gas (LFG) generation rate model that takes into account the impact of leachate recirculation. The first-order kinetics and two-stage reaction (FKTSR) model of the LFG generation rate includes mechanisms of the nutrient balance for biochemical reaction in two main stages. In this study, the FKTSR model was modified by the introduction of the outflow function and the organic acid conversion coefficient in order to represent the in-situ condition of nutrient loss through leachate. Laboratory experiments were carried out to simulate the impact of leachate recirculation and verify the modified FKTSR model. The model calibration was then calculated by using the experimental data. The results suggested that the new model was in line with the experimental data. The main parameters of the modified FKTSR model, including the LFG production potential (L ₀), the reaction rate constant in the first stage (K ₁), and the reaction rate constant in the second stage (K ₂) of 64.746 L, 0.202 d⁻¹, and 0.338 d⁻¹, respectively, were comparable to the old ones of 42.069 L, 0.231 d⁻¹, and 0.231 d⁻¹. The new model is better able to explain the mechanisms involved in LFG generation.     

Evolution on qualities of leachate and landfill gas in the semi-aerobic landfill

To study the characteristics of stabilization in semi-aerobic landfill, large-scale simulated landfill was constructed based on the semiaerobic landfill theory. Consequently, the concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen, and nitrite nitrogen, and the pH value in leachate, as well as the component contents of landfill gas composition (methane, carbon dioxide, and oxygen) in landfill were regularly monitored for 52 weeks. The results showed that COD and ammonia concentrations declined rapidly and did not show the accumulating rule like anaerobic landfill, and remained at about 300 and 100 mg/L, respectively, after 48 weeks. Meanwhile, the descending rate reached 98.9% and 96.9%, respectively. Nitrate concentration increased rapidly after 24 weeks and fluctuated between 220–280 mg/L after 43 weeks. The pH values were below 7 during the first 8 weeks and after that leachates appeared to be alkaline. Carbon dioxide was the main composition in landfill gas and its concentration remained at a high level through the whole stabilization process. The average contents of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and methane varied between 19 vol.%–28 vol.%, 2 vol.%–8 vol.%, and 5 vol.%–13 vol.%, respectively. A relative equilibrium was reached after 48 weeks. The highest temperature in the landfill chamber could amount to 75.8 degrees centigrade.