农村集体建设用地流转对资源配置的影响评析

为实现土地资源优化配置,本文系统地比较分析了农村集体建设用地流转前后的资源配置状况,以确定配置方式的有效性或选择合理的调控制度.结果表明,与土地征收相比,集体建设用地流转有助于优化资源配置.但在有无相应的制度安排或制度如何安排以及利益主体行为趋向的影响下,集体建设用地流转对实现资源优化配置不一定更有效.如果缺乏合理规范或有效的制度安排,集体建设用地流转市场功能仍然是微弱的或将带来资源配置负效应.要实现土地资源最优配置,就必须在把握集体建设用地流转系统内部结构及外部环境对资源配置影响机理的基础上,对集体建设用地流转进行优化调控.本文提出如下政策建议:完善农村集体建设用地流转立法建设,为流转提供法律支持;深化集体土地产权制度建设,明确集体土地产权主体及其产权权能;加强农村集体建设用地流转市场培育与政府管制制度的系统建设和改革,实现市场机制和政府干预的耦合;转变政府职能,多方面保障政府行为规范化.     

地方政府土地违法:财政激励还是引资激励?

地方政府的土地利用行为及动机是理解我国土地违法问题的关键。现有研究重点关注了地方政府土地违法的财政激励而忽视了引资激励,无法解释地方土地违法中涉及大量工业用地的现象。本文立足现行的分税制及官员晋升考核体制,从理论上分析了财政激励和引资激励对地方政府土地违法行为的影响及其差异,并据此提出研究假说:(1)财政激励和引资激励都是地方政府土地违法的重要驱动因素。(2)地方政府在土地财政和土地引资上的目的不同导致二者的违法收益及风险存在差异,这使得引资激励的驱动作用可能更强。然后,基于2008—2014年的省际面板数据,构建计量模型对研究假说进行了实证检验,结果表明:在全国层面,财政激励和引资激励都对地方政府的土地违法行为存在显著正向影响,且后者的作用更强。在东、中、西部的区域层面,东、中部地区的土地违法主要受引资激励影响,财政激励的作用并不显著;而西部地区的土地违法则受财政激励和引资激励的共同影响,且后者的作用更强。这一结果意味着,相对于财政激励,引资激励是驱使地方政府土地违法的更重要因素。由此,在土地违法问题的治理上,除了针对地方政府面临的财政激励进行财政体制改革,更重要的是针对引资激励开展官员绩效考核改革。     

从垄断到寡头:集体建设用地交易中政府和集体经济组织的收益分配关系研究

农村集体建设用地入市交易、建立城乡统一的建设用地市场是我国土地制度改革长久以来的方向和目标,随着集体建设用地直接入市,土地市场从政府垄断供给转变到政府和集体寡头供给,如何实现政府与集体经济组织两大供给主体科学、合理的收益分配对当前供给侧改革具有重大意义。因此,本文以广东珠三角地区的江门市为例,采用2005—2014年江门市集体建设用地出让的365宗交易数据,在运用对比分析法与东莞、顺德税费标准进行对比分析后,从供需均衡和价格均衡两方面构建集体建设用地出让市场的联立方程模型,试图从微观地块交易尺度上探索集体建设用地市场交易过程中政府和集体的市场均衡关系和收益分配关系。研究结果显示:(1)通过税费比较,江门、顺德、东莞三地的政府相关部门在集体建设用地出让交易中所收取的交易服务费基准一致,但在出让收益金和交易税费方面收取标准略有不同。(2)2005—2014年间,江门市平均每年地方政府和集体经济组织在集体建设用地出让过程中的收益比为1∶6.45,大部分集体建设用地出让收益流入了集体经济组织。(3)除交易面积外,交易价格、土地用途、交易年限和交易频率对集体经济组织和地方政府收益有显著正影响。由此得到以下结论:(1)目前集体建设用地交易市场税费设置混乱,地方政府对集体建设用地交易收益"舍不得放手"。(2)除了交易面积外,集体建设用地市场中政府租税费收入和集体卖地所得与集体建设用地变量关系呈趋同性。认为:分析集体建设用地市场交易中两主体收益分配关系可为厘清寡头土地市场供给侧收益边界奠定基础。     

农地非农化中不同利益主体博弈行为分析

随着我国社会经济的发展,城市的加剧扩张和建设用地需求的不断增长而带来的农地非农化在近年来表现得尤为突出,已经严重影响着我国的粮食安全和生态安全.因此,从决策主体行为出发,研究农地非农化问题,对于我国城市化的正常推进以及农地的有效保护具有重要的现实意义.本文从博弈论的角度探讨农地非农化过程中相关利益主体的行为倾向和博弈关系.研究结果表明:(1)中央政府应该加大给予地方政府和农民进行耕地保护的奖励以及提高违规的惩罚力度,抑制农地非农化的速度,遏制违法占用,提高土地的利用率,减少耕地资源的闲置和浪费;(2)中央政府和地方政府应完善相关政策,缩小城乡土地价格差异,提高征地补偿标准,逐步建立公正的补偿机制和科学合理的补偿标准;(3)地方政府应进行土地利用制度和模式的创新,注重力拓土地后备资源,盘活存量资源,减少建设占用农地,不仅能有效地解决经济建设和耕地保护的两难困境,而且能有效地保护生态环境,实现土地资源的可持续合理利用.     

资源税改革中的经济行为和政府决策分析

资源是人类社会赖以存在的物质基础,也是社会经济发展的前提和必要条件,随着我国经济的快速发展,资源逐渐成为制约经济发展的"瓶颈",如何有效配置资源成为当前我国社会发展和经济转型的重要议题.国外经验证明可以通过资源税杠杆有效调节代际内和代际间的资源配置,提高资源使用效率.经济主体的行为和政府决策直接影响资源税改革的进程,本文构建世代交叠模型,通过资源税改革前后生产者和消费者的效用函数,分析并比较经济系统中主体不同济行为变化,在此基础上以资本和劳动动态变化来探讨资源税改革后的经济稳定性,并通过存在风险和政府声誉约束条件下的政府效用函数,分析和研究资源税改革中影响政府决策行为的主要因素,研究表明:资源税改革会对生产、消费产生影响,使经济主体的行为发生相应变化,但适当的资源税政策将保证经济稳定增长;同时改革成本、改革对产出的影响程度、政府风险态度和政府声誉等将影响政府决策行为,最后针对以上影响因素本文提出相应政策建议.     

信息传播主体对农户施肥行为的影响研究——基于长江中下游平原690户种粮大户的空间计量分析

中国化肥用量水平不断提高,并引发诸多环境问题,如何促进化肥减量化一直是政府与学者关注的焦点。首先,本文构建了信息传播主体影响农户施肥行为的传导机制的理论框架,提出三个验证假说。其次,基于长江中下游江苏、江西两省690个种粮大户的调查数据,利用空间计量模型实证分析不同性质的信息传播主体对种粮大户施肥行为的影响,并检验种粮大户之间施肥行为的空间溢出效应。结果表明:①不同性质的信息传播主体具有不同的目标函数,使用不同的传播方式,对农户生产行为的影响以及路径也存在显著差异。政府公共机构组织主要通过价值引导机制指导种粮大户减少化肥施用量,而市场化组织则侧重于通过利益引导机制激励种粮大户增加化肥施用量。从对农户化肥施用量的引导效果看,政府公共机构组织的效果大于市场化组织,政府公共机构组织可以引导农户减少氮肥用量31. 21 kg/hm~2,而市场化组织则会引导农户增加氮肥用量20. 18 kg/hm~2,后者仅占前者的64. 67%。②以亲戚朋友、种粮大户等社会网络为基础的非正式传播主体对农户的施肥行为产生明显作用,在空间上表现为种粮大户之间的氮肥用量存在显著的正空间相关性。③种粮大户的个人、家庭和土地等特征也是影响化肥施用的重要因素。最后本研究从发挥政府在化肥信息传播中的主导作用、规范市场化组织传播主体的行为、注重提升农户在信息传播中的主体地位以及有针对性地筛选化肥信息传播的重点对象等四个方面提出对策建议。     

市场化改革能提高中国工业用地利用效率吗?

工业用地利用效率低下已经成为中国土地管理领域的难题,通过市场机制调节资源利用效率是重要努力方向。但目前尚缺乏系统性评估中国工业用地市场化改革对工业用地利用效率影响相关研究。本文从地方政府干预工业用地出让市场现实出发构建了工业用地市场化改革与工业用地利用效率关系的理论分析框架,基于2007-2013年中国省级面板数据,实证检验工业用地市场化改革对工业用地利用效率的影响及其区域异质性。研究发现,工业用地市场化改革显著提高了我国工业用地利用效率,这种效应在中部和西部地区更为突出。但是由于现阶段我国工业用地市场发育仍处于较低水平,工业用地资源价值并未得到有效显化,导致工业用地市场化改革对工业用地利用效率的影响效应总体比较微弱;地方政府对工业用地出让程序和出让价格的干预,显著降低了市场化改革对工业用地资源优化配置功能的发挥,并且在经济发展水平越高的地区,地方政府干预出让市场对企业用地行为扭曲力度更大,导致工业用地市场化改革对工业用地利用效率的影响越小,东部地区甚至转为负面影响。同时,相比对工业用地出让方式的干预,地方政府操纵工业用地出让价格对企业土地利用行为的影响更为明显。本文认为在深化土地要素市场化改革过程中,要把规范地方政府土地出让行为和建立良好的土地市场生态作为重要方向,把促进工业用地价格向合理资源价值回归作为改革落脚点。     

农村集体建设用地市场效率测度及其影响因素研究——基于广东省南海区372份数据的供给侧实证分析

研究根据广东省南海区农村集体建设用地市场发展现状,对农村集体建设用地市场效率进行测度,并分析效率受到抑制的障碍因子,以完善农村集体建设用地市场发展制度,推进建立高效、安全的城乡统一建设用地市场。研究利用两阶段DEA模型测度农村集体建设用地市场交易过程中供给侧投入——产出效率,再根据Tobit模型探析农村集体建设用地市场效率受到抑制的障碍因子。结果表明:(1)南海区农村集体建设用地市场综合效率较低。农村集体建设用地规模对于市场总体效率的影响更大。区位属性及地方社会经济发展水平差异影响区域农村集体建设用地市场效率。目前南海区农村集体建设用地市场交易可以通过扩大规模以提高农村集体经济组织生产总值。(2)从交易费用方面看,农村集体建设市场制度存在无效率因素(制度建立的滞后性和产权的不清晰),农村集体建设用地市场制度改革具有重要意义。从交易主体方面看,农村集体经济组织自治化水平越高,政府等行政干预程度相对较低,有助于提高市场效率。交易客体结果表明,加大市场投入有助于规模报酬向着规模报酬不变的阶段发展,以提高市场资源配置效率以及总体效率。从交易行为方面来看,缔约和履约安全性、市场化程度、第三方规制机制影响市场交易行为的风险,从而影响市场效率。从交易环境方面来看,市场透明化程度、规范化程度越高,交易环境风险较低,有助于提高市场效率。因此,农村集体经济组织应提高集体经济组织的组织化水平,明晰集体建设用地和地上物业产权,降低市场风险,以提高农村集体建设用地市场效率。     

土地制度安排与半城镇化问题研究:分野、论争及引申

以城市融入为主导的城镇化学术主张,不断成为国家制度建设的重要内容。然而伴随城市户籍改革的持续深化与相关障碍的逐步扫清,"半城镇化"问题依然没有得到实质性解决。因此,重新审视半城镇化问题的发生机制,是一个值得关切的议题。中国的城镇化发展存在两个典型事实:城市建设的规模偏向、农村人口的永久性迁移与制度性迁移分化,均明确指向现行的土地制度安排。基于文献研究,本文凝练概括了两大经验假说:农村地权退出与土地财政冲动,并力图统一于一个土地制度的分析框架内,以寻求半城镇化的发生机制。现行土地制度以城市征用地制度为地方政府的土地财政行为提供制度庇护,同时,以村集体所有权配置土地权利,无法为农村人口的土地财产权实现提供制度通道。当前,关于土地制度与半城镇化关系及改革方向,出现了三类分歧:土地制度优势论认为半城镇化是制度运行的理想结果,土地制度扭曲论认为要重构土地私权;稳健的改革论认为关键是提防城镇化中的土地私有化陷阱与重构利益分配机制。本文分析认为,在现行土地制度框架内,"半城镇化"问题是农村人口微观行动策略与地方政府宏观政策选择共同的合意均衡。半城镇化向彻底城镇化的转型建设,不能以互相割裂的改革方案替代。土地制度改革的核心议题是农地制度改革,国家关于农地制度改革的基本取向是,公权之上重塑私权,即坚持土地集体所有制的基础地位不动摇,并逐渐向追求效率的经济功能与赋予权利的保护功能让渡,将人地依附关系转向人地保障关系。制度建设要允许偏远农村人口将退地后新增的建设用地指标作为流动资产,可以有偿进行转让;要探索带"地标"城镇化方案,以构建建设用地指标物权化机制。一则纠正地方政府的土地财政冲动与错配支持,二则赋予进城农民的土地退出权或市场化收益权。改革理想状态是,地方政府与非属地进城农民建立起激励相容机制,以走出地方政府增长选择与农民损失厌恶的博弈困局,实现半城镇化到完全城镇化的转型。     

开发区闲置土地成因及其治理路径——以北方A市高新技术产业开发区为例

开发区闲置土地治理是健全我国节约集约用地制度必须重视的问题。以我国北方A市高新技术产业开发区为例,通过实地调查和典型剖析,探讨开发区闲置土地现状、成因,以及闲置土地治理的现实障碍和具体路径。结果表明,开发区闲置土地总量大,其中以征而未供土地、工矿仓储和商住用地为主,且政府规划调整、大量征地却出让不畅、用途争议、拆迁未完成等原因导致的土地闲置远远多于企业拖延开发、破产等原因导致的闲置;开发区科学发展机制缺失、土地财政强力驱动、土地价格偏离市场需求、违法成本较低等深层次原因则构成了开发区土地闲置的必然逻辑。总体上,开发区土地闲置与开发区建设由政府主导的特点紧密相关,土地闲置又给开发区建设带来资源浪费、环境脏乱等问题,对开发区后续发展造成不利影响。同时,开发区闲置土地治理面临闲置土地认定法律依据不足、违法行为查处体制不畅和再利用机制缺失等现实障碍。因此,今后开发区闲置土地治理的路径是,创新开发区供地和用地机制,改革土地储备、集体建设用地流转制度,建立开发区用地企业综合审查机制,减少闲置土地来源;完善闲置土地处置法制体制,修改闲置土地认定标准,建立闲置土地查处的多部门联合执法模式及公众参与机制,增加闲置土地违法成本;健全和创新闲置土地处置机制,落实征而未供、供而未用的耕地恢复耕种的制度,建立企业闲置建设用地的流转机制和闲置土地利益纠纷协调解决机制,加速闲置土地再利用。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.