用质子X荧光法对广州市气溶胶中无机元素的分析

用8级撞击式采样器在广州市五个代表点采集了大气气溶胶样品,用质子激发X荧光分析(PIXE)法进行了分析。取得了近20种元素的质量浓度及其粒径分布。分别计算了元素中粗粒子和细粒子的富集因子,对元素的产生源及广州市大气气溶胶的特征进行了讨论。文章最后,将广州市中心大气气溶胶中15种元素含量的分析测试结果与我国其它城市大气气溶胶中的元素含量进行了比较和讨论。      

北京地区一次尘暴过程的气溶胶特征

本文讨论了1980年4月北京地区一次尘暴过程的气溶胶特征。气象资料分析表明,这次尘暴大风形成于新疆哈密及内蒙西部一带,开始大风区向东移动,到内蒙、河北一带又转向东南方向移动。利用325米气象塔和探空资料讨论了尘暴过程大气边界层的结构。 尘暴气溶胶浓度比平时要高一个量级,气溶胶中元素含量是用中子活化法分析的。分析结果说明,元素Eu和Ta只存在于尘暴气溶胶中,其它元素基本一样,但其含量变化较大。富集因子的计算表明,气溶胶中元素Se、As、Br、Sb主要来源于煤的燃烧。 从形成尘暴的气象背景的讨论和尘暴气溶胶中元素资料的分析,初步认为,这次尘暴气溶胶主要是由形成尘暴大风地区及其移动路经地区的沙土微粒被风带入高空混合而形成的。     

北京地区气溶胶质量浓度及组分随高度的变化

2000年6-7月在北京北郊利用气象观测塔对近地层大气中的气溶胶及其化学组分进行了观测,获得了代表夏冬2个季节的TSP,PM₁₀,PM2.5等不同尺度的气溶胶粒子质量浓度以及气溶胶中Al,Ca,Fe,S,K,Zn,Pb等30种化学元素质量浓度随高度变化的资料.结果表明:①在近地大气层中,气溶胶质量浓度随高度增加而减小,冬季尤为明显,平均而言,夏季边界层中的气溶胶质量浓度为近地层相应值的90%左右,而在冬季,这个比率变化于70%～80%之间.②大气中的元素总质量浓度随高度增加而降低,在冬季这种降低尤为明显.③对于绝大多数元素而言,它们在TSP和PM₁₀中的富集因子夏季随高度变化不大,但冬季它们在细粒子,尤其是在PM2.5中的富集因子随高度升高明显减小,而且地壳元素的减小幅度明显大于污染元素的减小幅度.      

大连海域大气气溶胶特征分析

本文分析和讨论了１９９４、１９９５两年在大连石槽海洋大气观测站所监测的大气气溶胶及气溶胶中元素和离子的浓度、富集程度、相互关系等物理、化学特征，还讨论了天气及某些气象要素对气溶胶浓度分布特征的影响，对气溶胶的来源也作了简要探讨。     

大连海域大气气溶胶特性分析

本文分析和讨论了１９９４、１９９５两年在大连石槽海洋大气观测站所监测的大气气溶胶及气溶胶中元素和离子的浓度，富集程度，相互关系等物理，化学特征，还讨论了天气及某些气象要素对报溶胶浓度分布特征的影响，对气溶胶的来源也作了简要探讨。     

关于富集因子及其应用问题

近年来国际上常用富集因子表示大气中微量元素的分布、传输、富集,判断元素的来源,分析大气污染状况,在我国的研究工作中也开始采用。富集因子的计算是以Fe作为归一元素,先求出大气中(气溶胶颗粒物中)元素x的相对浓度,即(x/Fe)_A,再求出     

青岛市大气PM2.5元素组成及来源研究

利用2007年5月～2008年5月气溶胶观测资料和逐日天气资料,分析了青岛市2.5μm气溶胶粒子(PM2.5)浓度特征、元素组成和来源.结果表明,青岛市PM2.5和PM10年均浓度分别为86.6μg.m-3和120μg.m-3.PM2.5浓度采暖季高于非采暖季,夏季最低.PM2.5浓度在荒漠和人为共同影响下的气团中最高,在海洋影响气团中最低.PM2.5和PM10的主要组成元素是S、Ca、Cl、K和Fe,主要污染元素集中在PM2.5中;PM2.5中Cl、K、Zn、Br和Pb浓度采暖季较大,夏季较小,Ca元素变化趋势则相反.V、Cr、Cu、As、Se、Sr和Zr的浓度受不同来源气团影响不显著,S、Cl、K、Ti、Mn、Fe、Zn、Br、Pb和Ca的浓度在不同来源气团下存在较大差异.降水对S、K、Pb和Fe质量浓度的影响最为明显.富集因子分析表明,所有元素在PM2.5中的富集因子普遍大于PM10,青岛市非地壳来源的元素在PM2.5中所占比例大于PM10.Ca元素富集因子夏季较大,可能受到建筑尘影响.     

白令海峡及其附近海域气溶胶中金属元素含量特征

北极考察沿线气溶胶中金属元素质量浓度随纬度变化,其分别受到来自中国大陆粉尘及中国、日本、韩国、俄罗斯以及北美地区工业排放气溶胶的不同程度的影响.富集因子的计算结果表明,楚科奇海、日本海和白令海等海域元素的富集因子很接近. Fe,Co,Ni,As,Sb,W,Mo ,Mn和Ca与地表的风化关系密切,为地壳源元素;Ca,Mg总体为海洋源元素,主要来自海洋;Pb,Zn,Cd,V 和Cr相对地壳和海洋均为富集元素,主要可能来自矿产冶炼、工业排放、燃煤和燃油等人为污染源.北极楚科奇海、白令海、日本海、西太平洋、东印度洋、南大洋及我国中山站邻近海域海洋气溶胶中的微量重金属质量浓度均值对比表明,西太平洋气溶胶中的各种金属元素的平均质量浓度均远远高于其他地区.总体上看,北半球气溶胶受陆源性物质和人为污染源影响比南半球严重,其中楚科奇海较日本海和白令海严重,南半球气溶胶质量浓度则依纬度的升高而逐渐降低.气溶胶月总沉降通量具有明显的区域性,其大小排序为:西太平洋>楚科奇海>白令海和日本海>东印度洋>南大洋>中山站邻近海域.      

2021年一次春季北方沙尘过程对广州空气质量的影响

2021年3月,中国北方地区发生了大范围的沙尘天气,广州出现了连续3 d都以PM10为首要污染物的罕见现象.为进一步加深关于北方粗粒子气溶胶传输对广州市空气质量影响的理解,本文利用广东省广州生态环境监测中心站的污染物与气象监测数据,结合富集因子法、特征雷达图和后向轨迹法分析了沙尘影响前后广州市大气污染特征的转变.结果表明：沙尘影响期间,(1)粗细粒子浓度比(PM_2.5/PM₁₀)呈明显下降趋势,从沙尘影响前的0.59降低至0.27,广州市的污染特征由标准型、偏钢铁型转变为偏扬尘型;(2)大气颗粒物中Si、Fe、Ca、Pb、Al、Cu、K浓度显著升高,增幅超过50%,这7种元素的富集因子也显著升高,说明其污染源主要来自于粗颗粒气溶胶的长距离输送;(3)大气颗粒物中Zn和Mn浓度增长不明显,增幅均低于50%,V、Cr、Ni、As的浓度有所降低,这6种元素的富集因子也有所降低,说明其污染源主要来自于广州本地;(4)广州本次污染特征的转变受到源于蒙古国、中国内蒙古西部及南疆盆地的粗离子气溶胶远距离输送和本地生成的共同影响,反映了在大气颗粒物污染不断改...     

鄂东典型工业城市大气PM10中元素浓度特征和来源分析

为了解鄂东典型工业城市——黄石市可吸入颗粒物中元素的浓度水平、污染特征及来源,于2012年4月至2013年2月在黄石市城区采集PM_(10)样品,利用能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪测定了17种元素的质量浓度.运用富集因子法讨论了PM_(10)中14种元素的污染特征,并通过主成分分析法和正定矩阵因子分析法(PMF)分析了这些元素的来源.结果表明,观测期间黄石城区PM_(10)中元素质量浓度变化范围较大,在0.01~9.83μg·m~(-3)之间,其中S的浓度最高,Ni和V的浓度最低.与国家二级标准相比,Pb和Cd日均浓度超标较为严重,全年超标天数分别达到36.4%和89.1%.富集因子分析表明,PM_(10)中Ti、V、Mn和Ni为轻度富集,受自然源和人为源的双重影响;Ca、Cr和Ba为中度富集,Cu、Zn和Pb为高度富集,Sn、Sb和Fe为超富集,说明这些元素受到人为源的影响较大.主成分分析和PMF源解析结果表明,PM_(10)中元素主要来源于地壳源/土壤扬尘、燃煤源、工业源和机动车源,且两种方法的解析结果具有较好的一致性.     

Characteristics of air particulate matter and their sources inurban and rural area of Beijing, China

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Chemical characteristics of aerosols at coastal station in Hong Kong.Ⅱ.Environmental behavior of trace elements during the April 1995 to April 1996

An one-year of sampling aerosol program was carried out during the period of April 1995 to April 1996 at coastal region, Cape D‘Aguilar, in Hong Kong. The trace element composition of aerosol particles(TSP and PM10) were measured and analyzed by using the Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis(INAA) and Inductive Couple Plasma-Mass Spectrometry(ICP-MS) techniques. The results showed that the polluted elements such as: V, Zn, As, Pb, Cd, Sb, I, Se, Bi, with high enrichment factor( E. F) values, are derived from anthropogenic sources ,while Sc, AI, Fe, Mn, Sm, La, Sr are less than 10 in E. F, these elements are related the crust and soil. The concentration of the trace elements are present seasonal variation i.e. summer low and winter high, whereas the V or noncrustal V(V^* ) present summer high and winter low, this phenomenon might be explained by local or regional oil combustion sources. Use three type of elemental ratio, e.g. La/Sm, Mn^*/V^* and Bi/Al indicate that both TSP and PM10 of La/Sm ratios are mainly related to soil and dust, Mn^*/V^* are probably represent fossil combustion and Bi/Al are possibly associated with refuse incineration, ferromanganese alloys and aluminum production. The varimax rotation factor analysis for trace elements was performed. By means of the absolute principal component analysis (APCA) and multiple regression, the contribution of trace elements to possible sources and overall means of trace elements were estimated. The results showed that the present station is impacted by the anthropogenic species, although the quantities are different during the summertime and wintertime.     

沈阳一次雾霾天气颗粒物浓度及光学特征变化

利用2011年10月17～22日连续在线观测沈阳地区大气能见度、颗粒物质量浓度ρ(PM10)、ρ(PM2.5)、ρ(PM1.0)、以及通过太阳光度计测量数据反演得到的气溶胶光学厚度、Angstrom波长指数、气溶胶粒子谱分布数据,结合相对湿度、风速、温度等气象资料,分析了2011 年秋季沈阳一次雾霾天气过程中能见度与颗粒物质量浓度及气溶胶光学特征变化.结果表明:相对温度偏高、小风天气以及颗粒物质量浓度累积是造成沈阳能见度下降、引发雾霾天气的主要因素;雾霾期间细粒子所占比例较高,ρ(PM10)、ρ(PM2.5)、ρ(PM1.0)平均值分别为138.8、103.3、94.9μg/m3,比雾霾过程前均增加约2倍左右,PM2.5/PM10和PM1.0/PM10分别为74.7%和68.6%;当RH0.90),RH >80%时, 能见度与颗粒物浓度间的相关性减弱;雾霾期间气溶胶光学厚度明显增加,雾霾前气溶胶光学厚度和Angstrom波长指数平均值分别为0.82和0.94,雾霾期间气溶胶光学厚度和Angstrom波长指数平均值分别为1.42和1.25;雾霾天气过程中,细模态粒子的峰值浓度约是雾霾前细粒子浓度的2倍,说明沈阳地区大气污染物以细粒子为主,进而影响气溶胶光学特征发生变化.     

广州市秋季PM2.5中重金属的污染水平与化学形态分析

采用消解法和连续提取法分析了广州市秋季PM_2.5样品中10种重金属元素的总量和化学形态,对广州市PM_2.5中重金属的污染水平和生物有效性进行了评价.结果表明,广州市PM_2.5和重金属污染非常严重,其中PM_2.5日浓度高达0.083 3～0.190 0 mg·m^-3,为1997年美国EPA相应标准的1.3～2.9倍.PM_2.5中Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu和Mo的富集因子K>10,是典型的污染元素;而Ni、Mn、Co和Fe的K值为1～10,除部分来自人为活动外,主要还是自然作用来源.化学形态分析结果显示,超过80％的Al和Fe分布在有机质、氧化物与硫化物结合态和残渣态,而大部分Zn、Pb、Cd 和Cu分布在可溶态、可交换态、碳酸盐态、可氧化态和可还原态.生物有效性系数(K)分析结果说明,PM_2.5中重金属的生物有效性相对强弱顺序为：Cd>Zn>Pb>Cu>Mn>Mo>Co>Ni>Fe>Al.其中Cd、Zn和Pb的K>0.8,为生物可利用性元素;Cu、Mn、Mo、Co和Ni的K值在0.5左右,为潜在生物可利用性元素;Fe和Al的K<0.2,为生物不可利用性元素.     

Aerosol-soil fractionation for Namib Desert samples

Four soil samples, collected in the central Namib Desert, were fractionated by dry sieving and aerosol generation into 16 size fractions in the range 0.15–300 μm diameter. The mass-size function of each soil and the dust (mineral aerosol) generated from the soil were studied. Due to the preferential lifting of smaller soil particles by the air stream, the soil underwent strong physical fractionation resulting in the bulk of the dust being found in the range of 1.3–10.3 μm, whereas the bulk of the soil was found in the range 63–300 μm. The concentrations of 11 elements in eight soil size fractions (from <45 to >300 μm) obtained by dry sieving were measured by X-ray fluorescence analysis while the concentration for these elements in eight size ranges (from <0.15 to >10.3 μm) obtained by aerosol generation were determined by particle-induced X-ray emission. The concentrations of the elements Al, Si, K, Rb and Sr were found to vary by less than a factor of two throughout the particle size range studied. However, the concentration of the elements Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Y and Zr increased when the particle size decreased below 150 μm to reach a maximum around 63-45 μm and then to decrease. The concentrations of the elements in the generated aerosol particles were found to be more similar to those in the bulk soil than any particular size fraction. For the aerosol size fraction, elemental enrichment factors were calculated with respect to the composition of average crustal rock, average soil, the bulk Namib soil and the small size fraction of the Namib soil. For several elements, the enrichment factors varied quite significantly, depending on the choice of the reference material. The elemental ratios in the mineral aerosol were also compared to those in the atmospheric aerosol from the Namib Desert. It was confirmed that there is a marine contribution for S, Cl and Sr in the Namib natural aerosol. The composition of the mineral aerosol generated in this study should be useful in source apportionment studies for the Namib Desert and sorrounding regions.     

Sources and composition of aerosol from Khartoum,Sudan

Aerosol sampling was carried out during December 1989 in Khartoum, Sudan, using Nuclepore membrane filters. Twenty-four aerosol samples were collected and analysed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry and particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). In addition, individual particle analysis was also performed on 19 samples using electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPXMA). Good agreement between XRF and PIXE results was obtained for most of the elements. Enrichment factor calculations indicated that soil dispersion is the dominant source for most elements in the aerosol. However, certain elements showed high enrichment factors indicating the presence of anthropogenic sources. From a comparison with available literature data it appeared that the enrichment factors for the enriched elements in the Khartoum aerosol are among the lowest recorded values for urban aerosol. Absolute principal components analysis (APCA) was performed on the data and confirmed the findings from the enrichment factor calculations, i.e. a dominant soil dispersion source and an anthropogenic source for some of the elements. Because of the very limited number of impotant aerosol sources, the data set was reporduced by the APCA model with a reasonable degree of success. Single particle analysis also showed that most of the particles were soil dust. These particles could further be differentiated into alumino-silicates, quartz and CaCO₃ particles. Some of the particles were found to originate from combustion sources. EPXMA gave clues to the process of formation for some of the particles from combustion sources.