日本劳动安全卫生监管模式对我国的借鉴作用

学习和借鉴国外先进的安全生产管理模式,可以促进我国安全生产监管水平的不断改善。日本的劳动安全卫生监管采用了超前管理和过程管理方式,政府监管部门通过制定和完善有关法律法规,建立政府计划指导,劳动灾害防止团体和产业协会提供技术服务,企业承担劳动安全卫生主体责任,使劳动安全卫生政策、计划得到有效的执行和不断的修正。经多年的实践和积累,日本劳动安全卫生的重点已从灾害预防控制,向劳动工作紧张焦虑预防控制、创造舒适劳动环境转移,整个劳动安全卫生监管模式进入了一个良性循环。该文借鉴日本劳动安全卫生监督管理体制四十多年的经验,提出我国职业卫生监管应该通过培训教育,提高全民的劳动安全卫生意识。要充分研究和利用第三方技术服务组织,规范第三方技术服务,承担我国劳动安全卫生的事务性工作。     

安全社区模式及其运行机制研究

社区建设是当前我国城市发展中的一个热点课题,社区安全对实现公共安全建设有着重要的意义。安全社区的概念和理论研究源自于安全管理,对社区安全理论的研究可以为安全社区的发展提供重要的依据和思路,还可以为社区安全管理体系的建立奠定基础。笔者简要论述国内外安全社区建设的发展状况,介绍世界卫生组织安全社区的认可标准及其有关指标,并评价我国实现安全活动的两大创新理论,解释当代人的安全第一公理概念,在该基础上提出了安全社区建设的基本模式———“自组织”与“他组织”相结合的模式与安全文化教育模式,并根据区域灾害形成过程中的灾害分散与转移的概念化方式,提出构建安全社区防灾减灾的运行机制及建议与对策。     

我国煤矿安全问题与工会参与研究

中国的煤矿安全问题比较严峻。中国工会一贯高度重视煤矿企业职工的生命健康与安全,在促进煤矿安全生产中扮演着重要的角色,发挥着举足轻重的作用。在煤矿安全生产方面,中国工会主张要抓紧完善《安全生产法》及配套的法规规章;切实把"预防为主"方针放在煤矿安全生产工作的首位;加大对煤矿企业安全生产的资金投入和人员配备;高度重视工人与工会组织在安全生产中的作用;强化对煤矿管理人员和职工的安全培训和教育;加强煤矿行业管理与监督,合理有序开发煤炭资源。     

Values-in-action that support safe production

Introduction: Safe production is a sustainable approach to managing an organization’s operations that considers the interests of both management and workers as salient stakeholders in a productive and safe workplace. A supportive culture enacts values versus only espousing them. These values-in-action are beliefs shared by both management and workers that align what should happen in performing organizational routines to be safe and be productive with what actually is done. However, the operations and safety management literature provides little guidance on which values-in-action are most important to safe production and how they work together to create a supportive culture. Method: The researchers conducted exploratory case studies in 10 manufacturing plants of 9 firms. The researchers compared plant managers’ top-down perspectives on safety in the performance of work and workers’ bottom-up experiences of the safety climate and their rates of injury on the job. Each case study used data collected from interviewing multiple managers, the administration of a climate survey to workers and the examination of the plant’s injury rates over time as reported to its third party health and safety insurer. Results: The researchers found that plants with four values-in-action —a commitment to safety, discipline, prevention and participation—were capable of safe production, while plants without those values were neither safe nor productive. Where culture and climate aligned lower rates of injury were experienced. Discussion and conclusion: The four value-in-actions must all be present and work together in a self-reinforcing manner to engage workers and managers in achieving safe production. Practical application: Managers of both operations and safety functions do impact safety outcomes such as reducing injuries by creating a participatory environment that encourage learning that improves both safety and production routines.     

国内公共卫生安全研究的文献计量分析

为系统掌握国内公共卫生安全领域的研究现状和发展前沿,利用Citespace,Vosviewer,Gephi软件,从发文趋势、期刊分布、作者群落、研究机构、关键词等角度分析公共卫生安全领域研究态势.结果 表明:公共卫生安全领域研究呈现萌芽起步一缓慢发展一高度关注3个阶段;载文期刊主要集中在安全科学与医疗卫生领域;领域内核...     

城市开敞空间的避难容灾能力评价研究——以深圳市南山区为例

避难场所的规划选址与开敞空间的避难容灾能力密切相关,但较少研究关注到人口分布现状对避难场所空间选址的影响。以深圳市南山区为例,采用遥感及GIS技术,结合社区人口统计数据,通过分析区内开敞空间的有效性、安全性、通达性及收容性,综合评价其避难容灾能力,为城市避难场所选址筛选出适宜的空间。结果表明:量化的评价程序可有效地剔除有安全隐患或通达性较差、容灾能力不足的空间,结合人口分布现状更能凸显区域内避难场所空间分布的不足,容灾缺口计算结果可作为城市避难场所增设选址的参考依据。     

建筑施工安全事故损失内部化分析

当前,安全损失外部化倾向未能从根本上有效调动建筑企业致力于改善安全生产业绩。笔者认为,要从本质上改善我国建筑安全生产状况,必须促使安全损失内部化,该理念不仅有利于落实“企业安全生产责任主体”制度、保护建筑工人及其家庭的权益以及减轻政府负担,而且还能促使整个社会共同致力于改善职业安全与健康状况,从而促进建筑市场的持续健康发展和确保社会的和谐稳定。市场经济条件下,安全损失内部化须借助经济杠杆的调节作用,通过提高赔偿额度、提取安全生产抵押金、制裁或罚款、浮动保险费率、带薪工伤病假以及市场进退机制等手段,加大安全损失内部化力度。安全损失内部化力度的加大,对预防未来的安全事故将起到积极的经济刺激作用,从本质上提高我国建筑业整体安全管理水平。     

呼和浩特市黄河蒲滩拐水源地水环境现状及防范措施研究

饮用水安全直接关系人民群众的身体健康和生命安全,加强饮用水安全管理是关乎民生的重要任务。本文简述了呼和浩特市黄河蒲滩拐水源地的风险源调查情况,并分别采用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对区域水环境质量现状进行评价,在此基础上提出了风险防范措施。     

Factors related to youth self-efficacy for injury prevention bicycle skills

Introduction: Bicycle riding is a common activity for children, but they are prone to bicycle-related injuries. It is well-established that injury prevention measures such as wearing a helmet and correctly riding a bicycle can reduce the severity of an injury and the likelihood of having an accident. However, how to increase bicycle injury prevention behaviors among children, who collectively fail to engage in injury prevention behaviors, is less well understood. Self-efficacy is consistently predictive of injury prevention behavior, making it an important approach to understanding injury prevention skills among this key population. The objective of this study was to explore and identify factors internal to the child as well as factors about his or her environment that predict a child’s self-efficacy for injury prevention skills. Method: Two generalized linear mixed effects models were created from survey data collected from elementary school students (n = 2,255) as part of a school-based bicycle education program. Models focused on self-efficacy for riding a bicycle and self-efficacy for wearing a helmet correctly. Results: In both models, road safety knowledge, opportunity for skill building through owning appropriate equipment (a bicycle or helmet), and situation through perception of neighborhood safety were predictive. The analyses reveal these variables as key factors for greater confidence, with feeling safe riding in the neighborhood, in particular, emerging as highly predictive of self-efficacy for injury prevention skills. Conclusions: These findings highlight the interplay of individual and environmental factors within confidence for injury prevention behavior. Given self-efficacy’s strong relationship to prevention behavior, these findings indicate actionable strategies. Practical Applications: The key factors highlighted in this study can be used by policymakers to target specific areas (e.g., neighborhood safety) to promote self-efficacy and thus improve injury prevention. These factors can also inform strategies for establishing safety skills in bicycle-safety education programs.     

创建安全社区之伤害调查与风险辨识方法探讨

从事故与伤害预防和干预的角度,提出社区事故和伤害的种类,风险识别的范围和内容。依据较为成熟的伤害流行病学和系统安全工程理论,结合中国社区的构成特点,指出以社区事故预防为目的,不仅要提高社区居民的安全意识、行为和能力,更要为居民提供安全的工作场所和居住环境,加强危险因素的识别和控制。强调对设备设施、环境进行风险识别时,应采用安全检查表法和经验法;社区人群伤害基础调查可采用普查、随机抽样、医疗机构诊疗记录、特定人群调查、特定场所调查和伤害类型调查等6种方法;同时介绍了上述方法的基本原理、内容、实施步骤和适用范围,可供安全社区创建时参考。     

超大城市昼夜交通事故严重程度致因对比分析——以深圳市为例

为研究夜间交通事故严重程度致因，基于深圳市3年3 244起交通事故数据，获取昼夜交通事故分布的时空特征；进一步选取交通事故集聚的南山区、福田区、罗湖区的1 798起交通事故，以交通事故严重程度为因变量，以事故原因、日期、事故形态等10个因素为候选自变量，构建广义有序Logit回归模型，对比分析昼夜不同严重程度交通事故的影响因素。结果表明:路口路段类型、疲劳驾驶、事故日期在夜间模型参数估计值分别为0.493，-0.363，-0.309，而在日间模型表现为不显著，道路路面材料在日间模型参数估计值为-0.232，而在夜间表现为不显著；事故原因、道路横断面渠化方式等因素在日间和夜间所引起交通事故的严重等级均存在较大差异。     

A qualitative investigation of factors affecting school district administrators’ decision to adopt a national young worker curriculum

Introduction: Even though the majority of youth in the U.S. work, and workers under the age of 18 are seriously injured on the job at higher rates when compared to adults, most adolescents lack instruction on workplace safety and health. Method: This qualitative study examines the extent to which selected U.S. school districts provide workplace safety and health instruction to students and explores the factors that influence districts’ decision to adopt a free, foundational occupational safety and health (OSH) curriculum. Results: Results from key informant interviews conducted with a purposive sample of 34 school administrators revealed that only a third of the districts have at least 75% of their students receive some instruction on workplace safety and health, while 15% indicated they provide no instruction on this topic. District staff who indicated that they provide OSH instruction stated that it is most often taught through career and technical education (CTE; 65%) and/or health classes (26%). They believed the benefits of providing this instruction include assisting students to get jobs (38%) and helping students learn about safety (32%), while competing demands (44%) and time constraints (41%) were identified as barriers to providing OSH education to students. Conclusions: Given the importance of work to teens and their increased risk of work injury, interested stakeholders—including parents, teachers, employers, and the public health community—should promote the inclusion of workplace safety and health instruction in U.S. secondary schools. Practical Applications: This research fills a gap in current knowledge about the extent to which OSH is currently taught within U.S. secondary schools, enumerates barriers and facilitators to the inclusion of workplace safety and health instruction in schools, presents a free, foundational curriculum in workplace safety and health, and provides directions for future research on the vital role schools can play in preparing the future workforce for safe and healthy employment.     

重大危险源普查与建立重大事故预防控制体系

本简要介绍了重大危险源普查技术方法和北京、上海等6城市重大危险源普查结果。论述了重大事故预防控制体系要素，包括重大危险源普查(辨识)、评价、安全管理、应急计划、安全规划、安全监察，GIS网络监控系统等。     

中国安全社区建设的若干对策探讨

简要论述了安全社区和安全促进的概念以及国内外安全社区建设的发展状况 ,介绍了世界卫生组织安全社区的认可标准及其有关指标。笔者提出了中国安全社区建设若干建议和对策 ,尽快制定我国安全社区建设标准及其考核管理办法 ,将安全社区建设作为和谐社会、全面小康社会建设的重要组成部分 ,把安全社区建设作为公共安全、事故预防体系、应急救援体系和安全文化建设的基石 ,将社区安全水平纳入各级政府政绩考核和经济社会发展水平评价体系 ,积极开展安全社区建设的跨学科合作研究 ,开展城市安全社区与农村安全社区的建设试点工作。     

Occupational Safety Culture Index (OSCI)——measuring the community and employees awareness,attitude and knowledge towards workplace safety and health in Hong Kong SAR

Promoting occupational safety and health in Hong Kong,Special Administrative Region of China is an important and ongoing mission. As the major organization with statutory responsibilities,the Occupational Safety and Health Council understand the importance to strengthen and cultivate our safety culture. It is widely believed that numbers of occupational related diseases and injuries could be prevented with the improvement of the awareness and attitudes of the employees and the public. Therefore,a comprehensive and in-depth study to monitor the occupational health and safety level and status of the community and working population is needed. Objectives: Our Council has developed the Occupational Safety Culture Index ( OSCI) to measure the current level of community and workplace safety and health awareness,knowledge and attitude. Benchmarking measures of the key safety performance indicators are to be derived thereof. Methods: A territory-wide random telephone survey was conducted to assess the community and employees’awareness,attitude and knowledge in 2008. A structured questionnaire was designed with the content validity and reliability assessed before the survey administration. A series of quality control approaches were also applied to assure the quality of the fieldwork and the reliability of the data. Results: 1,531 eligible participants’data were collected and computed into 2 types of composite indices,Occupational Safety Culture Index ( Community) ( OSCIC) and Occupational Safety Culture Index (Workplace) (OSCIW) . With the maximum score of index at 100,the overall score of OSCIC is 66. 9 and the OSCIW is 61. 3 in Hong Kong. Achievements: OSCI served as an effective management tool to measure the safety culture in Hong Kong. With a representative sample and high quality study control and validated assessment approaches,the OSCI and the sub-indices are reliable indicators to assess the effectiveness of safety culture enhancement strategy and the OSH intervention measures.     

生产安全事故风险分级与分级监察研究

针对我国安全生产形势严峻现状，为进一步提高安全生产监察效率和质量，强化行政执法力度，提出了在我国建立生产安全事故风险分级与分级监察系统，其方法是首先确定行业相对风险度，再计算企业职业伤害风险系数，据此对企业风险进行分级，根据监察力量和监察计划对不同风险级别的企业进行分级监察，为实行集约型安全生产监察工作提供参考。     

国内外安全生产发展规划编制的研究

为指导全国安全生产工作 ,促进安全生产与经济建设和社会进步协调发展 ,亟需编制国家安全生产发展规划 ,对我国安全生产进行科学规划。为此 ,笔者针对我国安全生产监督管理机构频繁改革、长期以来无安全生产发展指导性文件的情况 ,对美国、欧共体、澳大利亚等安全生产发展规划的目标、主要指标、行动计划、保障措施等方面进行了分析和研讨 ,对比分析了编制符合自身安全生产发展规划的趋势、风险预防及控制的原则和思路等内容 ,并结合我国实际 ,借鉴国外安全生产发展规划编制经验 ,探讨了我国安全生产发展规划编制的总体思路、原则、目标和指标类别、主要内容和编制程序等问题 ,取得的成果 ,对我国安全生产发展规划编制具有一定的参考意义。     

我国生产安全卫生法律法规体系的特点

2010年底中国特色社会主义法律体系的形成,也包括生产安全卫生法律法规体系的形成。作为中国特色社会主义法律体系组成部分的生产安全卫生法律法规体系必将具有中国特色社会主义的性质;我国处于并将长期处于社会主义初级阶段,所以生产安全卫生法律法规体系具有社会主义初级阶段的阶段性特征;我国的生产安全卫生法制早经过了革命法制阶段,但还没有完全进入到平衡法制阶段,主体处于管制法制阶段;我国生产安全卫生法调节的是劳动者与业主的劳动安全卫生关系,生产安全卫生法律法规体系属于社会法部门。     

安全工程专业学历教育方案的中西对比研究

根据学科研究对象的异同 ,对中外不同名称的安全科学技术学科领域间对应关系的分析表明 ,我国的安全科学技术学科与美国、英国等西方国家称为公共健康的学科 ,我国的安全工程与西方国家的职业安全健康学科分别在宽泛和具体的意义上基本对应 ,相应的学历教育方案具有可比性。以此为据 ,运用案例比较研究了安全工程与职业安全健康学科专业学历教育方案中课程设置的多方面差别 ,分析了通过改善学历教育方案、加强职业安全培训途径来提高我国安全管理水平的努力方向。     

A framework for evaluating OSH program effectiveness using leading and trailing metrics

Introduction

Many employers and regulators today rely primarily on a few past injury/ illness metrics as criteria for rating the effectiveness of occupational safety and health (OSH) programs. Although such trailing data are necessary to assess program success, they may not be sufficient for developing proactive safety, ergonomic, and medical management plans.

Methods

The goals of this pilot study were to create leading metrics (company self-assessment ratings) and trailing metrics (past loss data) that could be used to evaluate the effectiveness of OSH program elements that range from primary to tertiary prevention. The main hypothesis was that the new metrics would be explanatory variables for three standard future workers compensation (WC) outcomes in 2003 (rates of total cases, lost time cases, and costs) and that the framework for evaluating OSH programs could be justifiably expanded. For leading metrics, surveys were developed to allow respondents to assess OSH exposures and program prevention elements (management leadership/ commitment, employee participation, hazard identification, hazard control, medical management, training, and program evaluation). After pre-testing, surveys were sent to companies covered by the same WC insurer in early 2003. A total of 33 completed surveys were used for final analysis. A series of trailing metrics were developed from 1999-2001 WC data for the surveyed companies. Data were analyzed using a method where each main 2003 WC outcome was dichotomized into high and low loss groups based on the median value of the variable. The mean and standard deviations of survey questions and 1999-2001 WC variables were compared between the dichotomized groups. Hypothesis testing was performed using F-test with a significance level 0.10.

Results/Discussion

Companies that exhibited higher musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) WC case rates from 1999-2001 had higher total WC case rates in 2003. Higher levels of several self-reported OSH program elements (tracking progress in controlling workplace safety hazards, identifying ergonomic hazards, using health promotion programs) were associated with lower rates of WC lost time cases in 2003. Higher reported exposures to noise and projectiles were also associated with higher rates of WC cases and costs in 2003.

Impact on Industry

This research adds to a growing body of preliminary evidence that valid leading and trailing metrics can be developed to evaluate OSH effectiveness. Both the rating of OSH efforts and the regular trending of past loss outcomes are likely useful in developing data-driven improvement plans that are reactive to past exposures and proactive in identifying system deficiencies that drive future losses.