萘磺酸盐类废水处理的研究进展

萘磺酸盐类有机物作为一种重要的化工原辅材料,在染料,高效减水剂,及制药行业应用十分广泛。因而,在生产与使用过程中,大量萘磺酸盐类有机废水的产生也是不可避免的。文章介绍了萘磺酸盐类废水的特性及危害,综述了我国萘磺酸盐类废水处理的研究进展,并对萘磺酸盐类废水处理的其它研究方法进行了展望。     

磺化β-环糊精对有机废水处理效果的研究

环糊精应用于有机废水及处理方面,能够对有机废水污染物产生包络作用.本实验采用直接磺化法合成了磺化β-环糊精,提出了一种用磺化β-环糊精处理有机废水的新的实验方法,并分析了它对有机废水的处理效果.本实验研究了不同量以及不同温度的磺化β-环糊精对有机废水处理效果的影响.通过实验得出磺化β-环糊精对废水有机物(农药氧化乐果)的包络随着加入量的增大而增大,达到某一数值后而下降.实验结果表明加入磺化β-环糊精后,处理效率可提高1.5至2.0倍,处理效果提高可达60％左右.     

麦草木质素水泥混凝土减水剂研究

将从麦草造纸黑液中提取的木质素进行磺化改性,探索其作为水泥混凝土减水剂的可行性,研制了ＺＳ－３号减水剂,同时对麦草造纸黑液资源化治理工艺中产生的含磺化木质素素糖液进行了水泥混凝土减水性实验,研制了ＺＳ－２号减水剂,实验结果表明,ＺＳ－３使水泥混凝土减水率达１０％,７ｄ抗压强度增加１８％,２８ｄ抗压强度增加５％,达到水泥混凝土普通减水剂性能。ＺＳ－２使水泥混凝土减水率达１０％,７ｄ抗压强度增加７３％     

萘降解菌MQ合成靛蓝的研究

利用萘降解菌(丛毛单胞菌)MQ完整细胞对吲哚进行转化合成靛蓝,结果表明菌株MQ具有较好的靛蓝合成能力,靛蓝产量在4h左右即达到稳定.薄层色谱和高效液相色谱分析结果表明,合成的蓝色产物为靛蓝.考察了反应温度及摇床转速对靛蓝合成的影响,结果表明最适温度和转速分别为25℃和150r·min-1.随后,采用表面响应法确定了菌株MQ合成靛蓝的最优条件:菌株接种量OD6602.16,吲哚浓度200.55mg·L-1,pH=6.91.在最优条件下,菌株MQ合成靛蓝的产量为53.05mg·L-1,比初始条件下的产量提高了179%.     

藻类对纳滤膜去除萘普生的影响

传统的饮用水处理工艺不能有效地去除水中痕量有机物PPCPs,纳滤(NF)膜工艺对其有较好的去除效果。水中有机物(DOM)的存在对NF膜去除PPCPs有较大的影响,藻类有机物(AOM)的组成及特性不同于天然有机物,它在膜处理工艺中对膜污染有重要的影响。试验研究了2种藻类(鱼腥藻、小球藻)AOM对纳滤膜去除萘普生(NPX)的影响效果。结果显示2种藻类AOM均能促进NF膜对NPX的分离,提高NPX的去除率,但会显著降低膜通量。AOM的分子量分布和亲疏水性与其对NPX去除率的影响有关,AOM中亲水性的多糖和蛋白类有机物质是造成膜污染和影响NPX去除率的主要物质。滤饼层的形成改变了膜表面的亲疏水性能和截流分子量(MWCO),也是造成膜通量衰减和NPX去除率提高的重要原因。     

北京土壤对甲苯和萘的吸附及影响因素分析

通过静态吸附实验,研究了北京地区土壤对甲苯和萘的吸附行为,考察了温度和表面活性剂对甲苯和萘吸附的影响.结果表明,尽管7种土壤对甲苯和萘的吸附能力差别较大,但其吸附等温线均很好的符合Freundlich吸附模式;同一土壤中,萘的吸附量大于甲苯的吸附量.温度升高不利于甲苯和萘在土壤中的吸附.十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)均利于甲苯和萘在土壤表面的解吸,CTAB和SDBS对甲苯和萘的解吸率最高分别可达27.5%、12.1%和64.3%、48.8%,说明SDBS的解吸效果更好.甲苯     

2-萘酚生产废水综合治理与资源化利用工程实例

针对2-萘酚生产废水p H值低、色泽深,亚硫酸盐和萘磺酸盐高、COD浓度高的特点,采用酸化脱硫-两级络合萃取-氧化絮凝工艺处理,介绍了专利工艺的流程设计,给出了主要工艺设计参数及投资运行成本。工程运行结果表明,该工艺设计合理、技术成熟、处理效果稳定,2-萘酚生产废水经处理后达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》一级排放标准要求;回收的萘磺酸钠固体可返回2-萘酚生产系统套用;反萃取黑液经蒸发浓缩,合成的减水剂产品各项指标达到或超过GB 8076—2008《混凝土外加剂》高效减水剂指标要求。     

环境因子对南极海洋芳香烃降解微生物生长和降解的影响

以从南极地区分离纯化的具有低温芳香烃降解功能的嗜冷菌Planococcus sp.NJ41为研究对象,模拟低温海洋环境对影响其生长和降解的环境因子进行分析研究,确定其最适的萘降解条件:动球菌Planococcus sp.NJ41可在以萘为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基中生长并在低温(0～10℃)下高效降解萘等芳香烃;其最适生长...     

厌氧污泥降解萘动力学与生物多样性研究

为对工业废水中的萘进行高效的生物处理,采集某石油工业废水处理装置的厌氧活性污泥,以萘和萘与乳酸钠为电子供体进行驯化培养.当一个驯化周期中萘去除率达到90%以上时,研究间歇反应条件下分别以萘和萘与乳酸钠为电子供体时的降解动力学,并提取去除率高的污泥中微生物总DNA,构建16S rDNA基因片段克隆文库分析细菌群落结构.结果表明,以单一萘为电子供体时萘的降解率远远小于萘与乳酸钠共代谢时的降解率;两种驯化模式下萘浓度与时间符合一级反应动力学,动力学常数K分别为3.5×10-3h-1和16×10-3h-1.萘与乳酸钠共代谢污泥中细菌类群主要为Deltaproteobacteria、Thermotogae、Bacteroidetes、Chloroflexi和Unclassified bacteria,其中Deltaproteobacteria类细菌占主导地位.在成熟的厌氧活性污泥中Desulfobulbus sp.所占比例为24.2%;Kosmotoga占21.0%.此外,反应器中还存在Smithella、Syntrophobacter、Levilinea等细菌.对厌氧活性污泥中细菌多样性的研究有利于优化反应条件,从而提高污泥中萘的去除率.     

新工艺制备聚合氯化铝絮凝剂的实验研究

以Al2O3和CaO为原料用焙烧酸溶制备工艺合成新型高效的聚合氯化铝。研究结果表明,提高焙烧温度时有利于新型絮凝剂制备合成反应,最佳原料配比为(Al2O3)60%,最佳酸溶时间为3h。。     

基于绿色投入产出模型的资源补偿费及经济影响模拟

在编制的绿色投入产出表基础上,对我国煤炭和石油资源的使用补偿费和理论价格进行计算,并分三种情景对征收资源使用补偿费产生的经济影响进行模拟。模拟结果显示,煤炭和石油资源的使用补偿费分别为623 元/t 和7 688 元/t,其理论价格分别是实际价格的5.3 和3.9 倍,我国煤炭和石油资源的价格偏低。如果征收理论资源使用费用将对石油和天然气开采业、 煤炭开采和洗选业、电力、热力的生产和供应业、黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业、化学原料及化学制品制造业、石油加工及炼焦业等部门的价格影响较大,如果按照新修订的资源税进行征收,将对石油和天然气开采业的影响较大。     

Effect of mass fraction of long flame coal on swelling pressure and microstructures of cokes

Long flame coal are abundant and widely distributed in China, but the resource utilization is quite low, the production efficiency is not high. Stamp-charging coke making technology can bend some long flame coal, which can reduce production cost and expand the coking coal resources. The long flame coal of different mass fraction is added into prime coking coal including fat coal from Longhu, 1/3 coking coal from Xinjian and coking coal from Didao in experiment. The swelling pressure is tested on-line detection using pressure sensor in coke making process, and the pores are observed by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that, the swelling pressure first increase and then decrease with the temperature increased and the maximum swelling pressure reduces gradually with mass fraction of the Long flame coal from Shenmu increased in coke making process. The SEM images of resultant coke display that the coke get more and more loose and the amount of pores is increased with mass fraction of the long flame coal from Shenmu increased. The amount pores and the pore diameter both is minimum for coking coal from Didao as prime coking coal under the same fraction of long flame coal.     

Effect of mass fraction of long flame coal on swelling pressure and microstructures of cokes

Long flame coal are abundant and widely distributed in China, but the resource utilization is quite low, the production efficiency is not high. Stamp-charging coke making technology can bend some long flame coal, which can reduce production cost and expand the coking coal resources. The long flame coal of different mass fraction is added into prime coking coal including fat coal from Longhu, 1/3 coking coal from Xinjian and coking coal from Didao in experiment. The swelling pressure is tested on-line detection using pressure sensor in coke making process, and the pores are observed by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that, the swelling pressure first increase and then decrease with the temperature increased and the maximum swelling pressure reduces gradually with mass fraction of the Long flame coal from Shenmu increased in coke making process. The SEM images of resultant coke display that the coke get more and more loose and the amount of pores is increased with mass fraction of the long flame coal from Shenmu increased. The amount pores and the pore diameter both is minimum for coking coal from Didao as prime coking coal under the same fraction of long flame coal.     

煤炭生产企业碳排放状况分析研究

通过对原煤开采环节能源消耗构成和副产物排放的分析研究,提出把煤炭开采环节的碳排放分为能源消耗产生的碳排放和系统副产排放产生的碳排放两大类。详细分析了原煤开采过程中电力消耗的碳排放、煤炭消耗的碳排放、油品消耗碳排放及煤层气排放所引起碳排放的排放源和排放量及其核算方法,简单介绍了伴随煤矸石与矿井水排产生的少量碳排放。提出煤炭生产企业的碳排放总量的计算公式为：Q=Q1＋Q2＋Q3＋Q4＋Q5＋Q6＋Q7。     

民用清洁煤技术的定量评价与筛选

选用合适的民用清洁煤技术是提高居民生活用煤能源利用效率、减少环境污染的重要途径之一,本文利用笔者提出的清洁煤技术定量评价方法对民用清洁煤技术进行了定量评价与筛选,评价结果表明,在标准状态下各种民用适用清洁煤技术的单位综合成本分别为选煤48元/GJ,民用型煤45.73元/GJ,炼焦制气28.53元/GJ,加压气化联产甲醇54.73元/GJ,加压气化联产油蜡50.71元/GJ,两段炉气化88.66元/GJ,直立炉气化38.84元/GJ,其中炼焦制气是单位综合成本最小的民用清洁煤技术．敏感度分析表明,煤气化将是民用清洁煤技术的主要发展方向     

Research on the evolvement of morphology of coking coal during the coking process

The evolvement of morphology and structure of the coal with different metamorphic degrees during coking process in the vertical furnace was investigated by infrared Image detector. Moreover, the temperature distribution in the radial direction and the crack formation were also studied in heating process. The results show that the amount of crack and the shrinkage level of char decrease with the coal rank rising. In addition, the initial temperature of crack formation for char increases with the coal rank rising.     

Research on the evolvement of morphology of coking coal during the coking process

The evolvement of morphology and structure of the coal with different metamorphic degrees during coking process in the vertical furnace was investigated by infrared Image detector. Moreover, the temperature distribution in the radial direction and the crack formation were also studied in heating process. The results show that the amount of crack and the shrinkage level of char decrease with the coal rank rising. In addition, the initial temperature of crack formation for char increases with the coal rank rising.     

浅议环境风险评价--以焦化行业为例

近年来,我国工业恶性事故不断发生,不仅严重污染了环境,危害了大量人群的生命和健康,造成了巨大的经济、社会损失,而且还引起了环境纠纷.因此对建设项目进行环境风险评价是十分必要的.焦化行业是以煤为原料,在高温、干馏炼焦的同时会产生荒煤气发散,苯并芘是焦化项目的特征污染物,荒煤气放散对周围环境和人身健康造成严重影响.以焦化项目为例阐述了环境风险评价的程序和方法.     

Effect of bulk density of coking coal on swelling pressure

Coking coals are the important raw materials for the iron and steel industries and play an important role on its sustainable development, especially on the stamp-charging coke making with the characteristics of increasing the bulk density. There is a significance on the reasonable usage of the coking coal resource with the reduced production cost, improved efficiency of the economy to develop the stamp-charging coke making technology. Important effects of the density of coking coal on the coking and caking properties were investigated. In the article, the maximum values of swelling pressure and variation of Laowan gas coal and Xinjian 1/3 coking coal, Longhu fat coal and Didao coking coal, which were mined at Shenyang and Qitaihe respectively, were investigated under different bulk densities during the coking. The results showed that when the values of density increased from 0.85 ton/m³ to 1.05 ton/m³, for the Laowan gas coal, swelling pressure variation and even the maximum value changed slightly. The swelling pressure was 3.63 KPa when the density was improved to 1.05 ton/m³; for the Xinjian 1/3 coking coal, the values of swelling pressure changed significantly and the maximum values was 82.88 KPa with the density improved to 1.05 when the coal was heated to 600°C. The coke porosity, which was investigated by automatic microphotometer, decreased from 47.4% to 33.1% with the increasing of the density from 0.85 ton/m³ to 1.05 ton/m³, and the decreased value was 14.3%. Meanwhile, the pore structures of four cokes were characterized by an optical microscope.     

我国常规焦炉危险废物产生和利用处置现状及对策

我国是世界上最大的焦炭生产国和供应商,以常规焦炉炼焦工艺为主,常规焦炉会排放气体、液体和固体污染物.常规焦炉危险废物的产生现状是种类多、产生工艺节点多样、产生量大、污染物种类繁杂、对生态环境和人体的潜在危害大.对高附加值的高温煤焦油采取深加工的方式生产多种化工原料,脱硫废液的利用方式是提取单品精盐和制酸,其他低附加值的常规焦炉危险废物回配煤单元炼焦.当前,我国常规焦炉危险废物利用处置存在3个问题:①部分高温煤焦油深加工技术不属于清洁生产技术;②脱硫废液提取的盐缺乏污染控制标准或技术规范,脱硫废液制酸设备稳定运行难度较大;③危险废物回配煤单元可能引起炼焦产品质量下降和环境风险增大.针对我国常规焦炉危险废物产生和利用处置存在的问题,建议从3个方面提高炼焦危险废物利用率和加强安全处置:①遵循《国家危险废物名录》中"危险废物豁免管理清单"利用环节豁免条件,采取先进的清洁生产技术,促进高温煤焦油利用;②制定以脱硫废液为原料提取盐的污染控制标准或技术规范,将小规模企业产生的脱硫废液"点对点"集中输送至专门利用脱硫废液制酸的企业生产硫酸,开发易于推广、平稳高效连续运行和自动化控制的提盐和制酸技术,提高脱硫废液利用水平;③常规焦炉危险废物返回配煤工序炼焦时应精准管控,确保炼焦产品质量,防范环境风险.