饮用水中半挥发性有机物的定性检测

内江二水厂以沱江水为水源，本文通过对该水厂出厂水的液—液萃取，用色—质联机定性检测出９７种半挥发性有机物。结果表明：沱江水质的有机污染仍很严重     

沱江富顺段水质分析及污染状况研究

为了解沱江富顺段水质情况,采用相应的国家标准方法对沱江水体的氮、磷、化学需氧量、生化需氧量等指标进行监测。3个监测断面TN、TP的平均浓度分别为3．31mg／L、0．247mg／L,其中TN含量超标3倍以上,TP含量超过标准的1．2倍,建议相关部门应在河流平水期和枯水期严格控制氮、磷的排放,可通过调高工业废水、污水处理厂氮、磷排放标准,缓解沱江氮、磷污染程度。     

《沱江水质管理规划》课题在成都通过鉴定

沱江是四川省的一条重要河流,多年来被列为四川环境保护的重要河流。1982年国家把合理开发利用沱江水环境同化容量,防治沱江水污染的《沱江水环境容量研究》正式列为“六五”期间的重大科技攻关项目,《沱江水质管理规划》是其中重要内容之一。     

四川省重点流域水质生态补偿机制的研究——以岷江、沱江为例

2011年9月起,四川省在岷江、沱江干流及其重要支流执行跨界断面水质超标扣缴制度,该项制度在增强政府改善水质的内在动力、提升水质监测和预警能力建设等方面取得了一定成效,在监测方式和试行流域范围等方面仍存在一些不足。对岷江、沱江跨界断面水质超标扣缴制度进行分析,得出其中有待优化的部分,提出了下一步构建"四川省重点流域水环境生态补偿"机制的几点看法,建议在岷江、沱江和嘉陵江流域的断面上采用上下游联合监测的方式开展水质生态补偿工作。     

“十三五”期间沱江流域水质及变化趋势

为了科学地提出沱江水污染防治的建议，系统地对前期水质情况进行梳理十分必要。根据“十三五”期间沱江流域断面的水质例行监测数据，利用内梅罗污染指数法、Spearman秩相关系数法，分析了2016～2020年沱江干流水环境质量及其变化趋势；阐述了2020年沱江流域水环境质量的时空分布。结果表明2016～2018年，干流断面中三皇庙水质相对较差，2019～2020年沱江干流沿程水质变化不大；“十三五”期间，整体上沱江流域水质变好，其中沱江干流大多数断面水质转好显著；2020年，沱江干流水质相对较好，水质较差断面位于支流，9～11月水质相对较好，3～5月水质相对较差。系统的对沱江流域水环境质量和变化趋势开展分析评价，可为沱江水环境改善及污染防治提供依据。     

岷、沱江流域水环境质量现状评价及分析

根据岷、沱江断面水质例行监测数据,采用单因子指数法评价岷、沱江流域干流及其支流水质现状,探讨了岷、沱江干流水质沿程变化和可能影响因子。结果表明:岷、沱江流域均以总磷超标为主,沱江流域水质污染重于岷江流域。岷、沱江流域水环境质量下降既有年均径流量减少导致生态基流减少自然因素的原因,也有点源污染源包括涉磷企业及城镇生活和面源污染源包括农村生活、畜禽养殖及农田径流等人为因素的原因。     

沱江流域农村径流污染因素分析及防治措施

本文分析了沱江流域农村径流的污染因素和农村径流对沱江的影响,并提出了防治径流污染的措施,通过两年逐月沱江监测数据表明,雨季沱江受到农村径流污染。根据分析,降雨冲刷时段集中、地形坡度加剧径流冲刷、农作物种植安排抗蚀能力差、农药化肥流失严重等是造成沱江流域农村径流污染的主要因素。在农村径流污染因素分析的基础上提出防治农村径流污染的措施。     

沱江水质污染特征及防治对策

本文以沱江水质监测资料为依据,揭示了沱江水质污染特征及其时空变化视律。针对沱江存在的水环境问题,从宏观上提出了防治水质污染的对策。     

污染饮用水源 追究刑事责任

案例一：2004年四川沱江特大饮用水源污染事故案 2004年3月1日晚11时,简阳市一份关于沱江流域水质异常的紧急报告送至省环保局谷声文副局长手中：沱江河简阳段氨氮指标超标40～50倍,资阳段超标20倍,沱江沿岸出现大规模死鱼现象,自来水呈现异味。     

沱江氮污染物转化规律

本文研究沱江氮污染物转化规律及主要影响因素。通过实验室模拟试验野外现场水团追踪试验求得氨氮在沱江水体中的总消失速度常数KT,硝化速度常数KJ温度校正系数θ以及氨氮的耗氧系数。建立计算沱江氮污染容量的数学模式,从而可算沱江不同流量和不同水温条件下的氮污染物容量。     

土壤对钻井废水中有机污染物吸附作用研究

分析了钻井废水中有机污染物在土壤中吸附的机理,对吸附量和有机负荷的关系进行了阐述;针对钻井废水有机污染物在土壤中的吸附和解吸过程进行了实验研究。实验表明:钻井废水中有机污染物在土壤中的吸附量与土壤有机负荷的关系符合初始质量等温线;土壤中天然有机质含量越高,对钻井废水中有机污染物吸附能力越强;土壤对钻井废水中有机污染物具有一定的持久吸附作用;天然有机质含量越高的土壤对钻井废水中有机污染物的持久吸附能力越强。     

Organic Matter Loading Affects Lodgepole Pine Seedling Growth

Organic matter plays important roles in returning nutrients to the soil, maintaining forest productivity and creating habitats in forest ecosystems. Forest biomass is in increasing demand for energy production, and organic matter has been considered as a potential supply. Thus, an important management question is how much organic matter should be retained after forest harvesting to maintain forest productivity. To address this question, an experimental trial was established in 1996 to evaluate the responses of lodgepole pine seedling growth to organic matter loading treatments. Four organic matter loading treatments were randomly assigned to each of four homogeneous pine sites: removal of all organic matter on the forest floor, organic matter loading quantity similar to whole-tree-harvesting residuals left on site, organic matter loading quantity similar to stem-only-harvesting residuals, and organic matter loading quantity more similar to what would be found in disease- or insect-killed stands. Our 10-year data showed that height and diameter had 29 and 35 % increase, respectively, comparing the treatment with the most organic matter loading to the treatment with the least organic matter loading. The positive response of seedling growth to organic matter loading may be associated with nutrients and/or microclimate change caused by organic matter, and requires further study. The dynamic response of seedling growth to organic matter loading treatments highlights the importance of long-term studies. Implications of those results on organic matter management are discussed in the context of forest productivity sustainability.     

有机肥释放面源污染物的危害与调控对策

有机肥是一把“双刃剑”，其施用不当也是引发面源污染的重要源头。本文分析了有机肥的主要来源，重点阐述了有机肥释放面源污染物对水体、大气、土壤、农作物以及人畜健康所带来的危害。在此基础上，提出控制有机肥释放面源污染物的措施，即合理施用有机肥、规范养殖污染管理、提高畜禽粪肥的还田利用率、有机肥资源商品化及发展有机农业。     

发展中国有机食品产业

本文根据有机食品的概念，中国有机食品发展现状，论述了发展有机食品是时代进步的要求，中国应发展有机食品产业。     

Trihalomethane reactivity of water- and sodium hydroxide-extractable organic carbon fractions from peat soils

Certain organic carbon moieties in drinking source waters of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta can react with chlorine during disinfection to form potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic trihalomethanes. The properties of reactive organic carbon in Delta waters, particularly those of soil origin, have been poorly understood. This study attempts to characterize trihalomethane reactivity of soil organic carbon from three representative Delta peat soils. Soil organic carbon was extracted from all three soils with either deionized H2O or 0.1 M NaOH and sequentially separated into humic acids, fulvic acids, and nonhumic substances for quantitation of trihalomethane formation potential. Water-extractable organic carbon represented only 0.4 to 0.7% of total soil organic carbon, whereas NaOH extracted 38 to 51% of total soil organic carbon. The sizes and specific trihalomethane formation potential (STHMFP) of individual organic carbon fractions differed with extractants. Fulvic acids were the largest fraction in H2O-extractable organic carbon, whereas humic acids were the largest fraction in NaOH-extractable organic carbon. Among the fractions derived from H2O-extractable carbon, fulvic acids had the greatest specific ultraviolet absorbance and STHMFP and had the majority of reactive organic carbon. Among the fractions from NaOH-extractable organic carbon, humic acids and fulvic acids had similar STHMFP and, thus, were equally reactive. Humic acids were associated with the majority of trihalomethane reactivity of NaOH-extractable organic carbon. The nonhumic substances were less reactive than either humic acids or fulvic acids regardless of extractants. Specific ultraviolet absorbance was not a good predictor of trihalomethane reactivity of organic carbon fractions separated from the soils.     

论新疆有机食品建设方略

随着人们健康意识和生态意识的日益增强，选择对健康有益、对环境有利的纯天然、无污染、安全营养的有机食品就成了一种必然的结果。新疆拥有发展有机食品应当具备的所有条件和资源，有些自然资源优势是新疆独有的。本文从介绍有机食品基本概念着手，导出了加快发展新疆有机食品的重要性，健全组织机构的紧迫性以及开展有机食品的总体设想，力争用较短的时间，实践将新疆建成全国有机食品强区的宏伟目标。     

溶解性有机质对有机污染物环境行为的影响及其环境意义

DOM是陆地及水生生态系统中十分活跃的组分，是土壤圈与相关圈层物质交换的重要形式，对有机污染物质的毒性、迁移转化以及生物降解性等有着重要影响。文章在论述DOM来源、组成及结构特征的基础上，重点阐述了DOM对有机物的环境行为的影响。DOM主要通过氢键、电荷转移、范德华力、配位体交换、疏水分配、共价键结合、螯舍等增强或抑制有机物在土壤的吸附／解吸、生物有效性，阐述了DOM与有机物结合的两重性；同时，DOM不同组分和分子量大小对有机物环境行为的影响有着较大的差别。     

Concepts of Animal Health and Welfare in Organic Livestock Systems

In 2005, The International Federation of Organic Agricultural Movements (IFOAM) developed four new ethical principles of organic agriculture to guide its future development: the principles of health, ecology, care, and fairness. The key distinctive concept of animal welfare in organic agriculture combines naturalness and human care, and can be linked meaningfully with these principles. In practice, a number of challenges are connected with making organic livestock systems work. These challenges are particularly dominant in immature agro-ecological systems, for example those that are characterized by industrialization and monoculture. Some of the current challenges are partly created by shortages of land and manure, which encourage zero-grazing and other confined systems. Other challenges are created in part by the conditions for farming and the way in which global food distribution systems are organized, e.g., how live animals are transported, how feed is traded and transported all over the globe, and the development of infrastructure and large herds. We find that the overall organic principles should be included when formulating guidelines for practical organic animal farming. This article explores how the special organic conceptions of animal welfare are related to the overall principles of organic agriculture. The aim is to identify potential routes for future development of organic livestock systems in different contexts and with reference to the specific understanding of animal welfare in organic agriculture. We include two contrasting cases represented by organic livestock systems in northwestern Europe and farming systems in tropical low-income countries; we use these cases to explore the widely different challenges of organic livestock systems in different parts of the world.     

Human urine as a source of alternative natural fertilizer in agriculture: A flight of fancy or an achievable reality

Organically agricultural products are gaining popularities through out the world as it gives the consumer satisfaction with a basket of safer and better trusted foods. It is also well established that intensive conventional agricultural practices can introduce contaminants into the food chain with adverse affect on environment. However, organic agricultural practices give an alternative environmental friendly sustainable agriculture among the farmers. Beside this fact, organic crops contain fewer nitrates, nitrites, pesticide residues and trace elements than conventional crops. Even though, in organic systems generally have 20% lower yields than conventionally produced crops. One of the major constrains of organic farming is decrease of raw organic matters to prepare compost. Therefore, scientists are looking forward for different organic sources which are plenty in nature and available at little-to-no cost. Human urine is one of them, and has been gaining popularities as a raw material for organic cultivation. However, several important merits and demerits of application of human urine are needed to be addressed in agriculture.     

Carbon and nitrogen stocks and nitrogen mineralization in organically managed soils amended with composted manures

The use of composted manures and of legumes in crop rotations may control the quality and quantity of soil organic matter and may affect nutrient retention and recycling. We studied soil organic C and N stocks and N mineralization in organically and conventionally managed dryland arable soils. We selected 13 extensive organic fields managed organically for 10 yr or more as well as adjacent fields managed conventionally. Organic farmers applied composted manures ranging from 0 to 1380 kg C ha yr and incorporated legumes in crop rotations. In contrast, conventional farmers applied fresh manures combined with slurries and/or mineral fertilizers ranging from 200 to 1900 kg C ha yr and practiced a cereal monoculture. Despite the fact that the application of organic C was similar in both farming systems, organically managed soils showed higher C and similar N content and lower bulk density than conventionally managed soils. Moreover, organic C stocks responded to the inputs of organic C in manures and to the presence of legumes only in organically managed soils. In contrast, stocks of organic N increased with the inputs of N or C in both farming systems. In organically managed soils, organic N stocks were less mineralizable than in conventional soils. However, N mineralization in organic soils was sensitive to the N fixation rates of legumes and to application rate and C/N ratio of the organic fertilizers.