论有机质在湖泊水环境中的作用

国内外学者在湖泊水环境方面开展了大量的研究,然而主要集中在各种形态氮、磷等营养盐上,对有机质的来源、循环及生态学效应的研究比较缺乏。近期研究表明：有机质是水体及沉积物中的重要组分,沉积物中有机质可经分解、矿化,释放到上覆水体,重新进入营养循环;同时,有机质对重金属及有机污染物的迁移转化有着重要影响。本文简要分析了湖泊有机质已有的研究进展,论述了有机质在湖泊水环境中的重要作用、主要技术突破及难点,指出有机质研究对水环境质量评价、污染控制和生态修复都具有重要意义。研究表明,开展有机质在水环境中循环转化、生物有效性及其与富营养化之间关系的研究,将是湖泊水环境研究领域未来的主要研究方向之一。     

微生物硫酸盐同化的调控及其在提高重金属抗性中的研究进展

硫酸盐同化是微生物将环境中硫元素整合到细胞内的主要途径,在微生物硫代谢中发挥至关重要的作用。近年来,基因组学和转录组学研究发现硫酸盐同化途径参与调控了微生物的重金属抗性。综述了微生物硫酸盐同化途径调控的最新研究进展,分析其在重金属抗性中的作用,旨在为深入揭示微生物硫酸盐同化途径及其与重金属抗性的关系提供参考。     

塔中油田硫酸盐还原菌恶性繁殖机理分析＊

硫酸盐还原菌等的恶性繁殖使油田生产管线设施腐蚀破坏、结垢堵塞,注入地层后对油层造成伤害。研究发现,塔中油田联合站水体可检测SRB菌数高达2.5×104个/mL,注水管垢含FeS高达29.8%,属硫酸盐还原菌恶性繁殖代谢产物。塔中油田水系统各主要环节中硫酸盐还原菌和硫化氢含量与油田水处理工艺特点密切相关,其中塔中油田联合站完全密闭的水处理压力流程是造成该站硫酸盐还原菌恶性繁殖的主要原因。实验表明,前端适度曝氧、添加H2O2等氧化性杀菌剂和300mg/L冲击式加药等都是抑制硫酸盐还原菌的有效方法。     

水体沉积物磷形态及释放风险分析——以苏州工业园水体为例

应用SMT法测定了苏州工业园内水体沉积物各形态磷的含量,并对沉积物磷的释放风险进行了评估。结果表明园区内水体沉积物磷污染较严重,吴淞江沉积物中总磷(TP)含量最高,达到了1 604.59 mg/kg;沉积物中磷主要赋存形态为生物可利用磷,其中金鸡湖沉积物中生物可利用磷占比最高,占总磷含量的59.59%,湖泊水体流动性较弱,存在非常大的释放风险。     

微生物烟气脱硫技术研究进展

通过对微生物烟气脱硫方法的介绍，综述了微生物烟气脱硫原理、工艺和技术。叙述了烟气吸收和吸收尾液的处理工艺所利用的脱硫微生物种类，并阐述了氧化亚轶硫杆菌、硫酸盐还原茵、丝状硫细菌、光合硫细菌、无色硫细菌和脱氮硫杆菌的代谢途径、作用效果和关键影响因素，并且指出其优缺点。文章总结了国内外在微生物烟气脱硫工艺的研究进展，并对我国今后微生物烟气脱硫技术发展趋势进行了简要分析。     

乌鲁木齐东道海子湖岸表层沉积物对氨氮的等温吸附特征研究

乌鲁木齐东道海子是乌鲁木齐河与头屯河下游的尾闾湖泊,东道海子水体氮素主要受放牧和采樵对荒漠植被破坏和农业排碱影响。而湖泊沉积物是湖泊水体污染物源汇关系中的重要介质,这些沉积物可能成为污染物运移转化的载体。本文通过野外采样与实验室模拟的方法,研究东道海子湖岸沉积物对氨氮的吸附特征。在吸附动力学特征中,准二级反应动力学达到极显著水平,沉积物Q_(max)变化范围在179~450mg/kg之间,平均值为238mg/kg,沉积物对氨氮的最终平衡时间在2h,均遵循先快后慢的规律,在前30min的吸附量基本已经与最终的吸附平衡浓度差别不大。在吸附热力学特征中,在低浓度条件下,对吸附浓度与吸附量进行拟合,Henry模型的拟合效果基本达到了显著水平,东道海子沉积物对氨氮吸附规律适用于低浓度吸附氨氮,在低浓度下Langmuir和Freundlich模型对数据没有达到显著水平,拟合效果不如Henry模型。     

硫酸盐废水处理产电过程中的电子分流机制研究

为探讨废水中硫酸盐对微生物燃料电池（MFC）产电效能的影响,采用单室空气阴极MFC反应器处理模拟硫酸盐废水,并对硫酸盐的电子分流过程进行了监测。结果表明,在一定范围内,提高硫酸盐浓度能使MFC的稳定电压上升,电池持续时间延长,MFC输出功率增大。随着进水硫酸盐浓度提高,微生物产生的电子总量中,硫酸盐还原捕获的电子和通过外电路的电子所占的比例均下降,分别由12．54％和31．45％下降至7_32％和8．49％。研究表明,较低浓度硫酸盐能够提高MFC的电能输出功率,但由于硫酸盐的还原将消耗掉大量电子,进而降低MFC的库伦效率。     

我国煤炭开采和燃烧过程中的硫污染对土壤环境的影响

我国煤炭在开采和燃烧过程中形成的硫污染物主要是酸性矿井水和二氧化硫,由煤炭燃烧造成的硫的干湿沉降以及煤炭开采过程中形成的酸性矿井水使土壤的物理化学性质发生变化,从而对土壤造成严重的破坏。主要表现在造成土壤中可溶性硫酸盐的大幅度升高;引起土壤的pH值下降;植物营养元素特别是K、Na、Ca、Mg等产生淋失;活性铝溶出量增加;有毒重金属活化;抑制土壤酶的活性等方面。可以通过脱硫除尘、加强绿化、建立合理的工业布局、加入土壤改良剂等措施来减少硫污染物的排放量和改善其对土壤环境的影响,但总量控制是关键,是最根本的途径。     

内源磷的释放作用及影响因素研究进展

水体的富营养化已成为目前环境研究中的焦点问题，磷在湖泊中的浓度高低是衡量湖泊富营养化水平的重要指标，是水生态系统基本营养盐之一，并且是淡水湖泊的最主要限制性营养因子。在外源磷得到有效的控制之后，内源磷的污染仍然能够保持湖泊的富营养化状态，此时内源磷的控制就成为了难点和重点。在底泥中的结合态磷，主要是以无机磷和有机磷的形式存在，有机磷与微生物活性密切相关，无机磷则主要与底泥存在的环境联系紧密。湖泊底泥内源磷释放受到一系列物理、化学、生物过程的控制，其影响因素主要包括扰动、氧化还原电位、pH值等，是多种因子综合作用的结果，同时，扰动引起的底泥再悬浮对内源磷有吸附固定作用。故底泥内源磷的释放机理有待进一步探索，在多种影响因素作用下，进一步研究底泥再悬浮对磷的吸附释放作用，从而明确内源磷的主要来源及吸附释放过程，为内源磷的控制提供理论依据，进而控制水体富营养化。     

西宁市硫氧化物污染分布规律

空气是人类赖以生存的必不可少的物质之一 ,空气中硫氧化物污染对人体健康和人民生活会带来严重危害 ,硫酸盐化速率是反映空气中硫氧化物污染状况的监测项目。本文探讨了其在西宁市的分布规律。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Effect of Light on Biodegradation of Estrone, 17β‐Estradiol,and 17α‐Ethinylestradiol in Stream Sediment

Biodegradation of [A‐ring ¹⁴C] Estrone (E1), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) to ¹⁴CO₂ was investigated under light and dark conditions in microcosms containing epilithon or sediment collected from Boulder Creek, Colorado. Mineralization of the estrogen A‐ring was observed in all sediment treatments, but not epilithon treatments. No difference in net mineralization between light and dark treatments was observed for ¹⁴C‐E2. Net mineralization of ¹⁴C‐E1 and ¹⁴C‐EE2 was enhanced in light treatments. Extents of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were significantly greater for E2 than E1 under dark conditions, but were comparable under light conditions. These results indicate substantial differences in the uptake and metabolism of E1 and E2 in the environment and suggest biorecalcitrance of E1 relative to E2 in light‐limited environments. The extent of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rate of mineralization for EE2 in dark treatments were less than half of that observed for E2 and generally lower than for E1, consistent with previous reports of EE2 biorecalcitrance. However, ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were comparable for EE2, E2, and E1 under light conditions. These results indicate photoactivation and/or phototransformation/photodegradation processes can substantially enhance heterotrophic biodegradation of estrogens in sunlit environments and may play an important role in estrogen transport and attenuation.